Steganography, the art of hiding of information in apparently innocuous objects or images, is a field with a rich heritage, and an area of rapid current development. This clear, self-contained guide shows you how to understand the building blocks of covert communication in digital media files and how to apply the techniques in practice, including those of steganalysis, the detection of steganography. Assuming only a basic knowledge in calculus and statistics, the book blends the various strands of steganography, including information theory, coding, signal estimation and detection, and statistical signal processing. Experiments on real media files demonstrate the performance of the techniques in real life, and most techniques are supplied with pseudo-code, making it easy to implement the algorithms. The book is ideal for students taking courses on steganography and information hiding, and is also a useful reference for engineers and practitioners working in media security and information assurance.

http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/608077828.PDF

Steganography in Digital Media: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications

This paper describes a novel high-capacity steganography algorithm for embedding data in the inactive frames of low bit rate audio streams encoded by G.723.1 source codec, which is used extensively in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). This study reveals that, contrary to existing thought, the inactive frames of VoIP streams are more suitable for data embedding than the active frames of the streams; that is, steganography in the inactive audio frames attains a larger data embedding capacity than that in the active audio frames under the same imperceptibility. By analyzing the concealment of steganography in the inactive frames of low bit rate audio streams encoded by G.723.1 codec with 6.3 kb/s, the authors propose a new algorithm for steganography in different speech parameters of the inactive frames. Performance evaluation shows embedding data in various speech parameters led to different levels of concealment. An improved voice activity detection algorithm is suggested for detecting inactive audio frames taking into packet loss account. Experimental results show our proposed steganography algorithm not only achieved perfect imperceptibility but also gained a high data embedding rate up to 101 bits/frame, indicating that the data embedding capacity of the proposed algorithm is very much larger than those of previously suggested algorithms.

/pdf/steganography-in-inactive-frames-of-voip-streams-encoded-by-1harygnlpp.pdf

Steganography in Inactive Frames of VoIP Streams Encoded by Source Codec

Steganography is an ancient art that encompasses various techniques of information hiding, the aim of which is to embed secret information into a carrier message. Steganographic methods are usually aimed at hiding the very existence of the communication. Due to the rise in popularity of IP telephony, together with the large volume of data and variety of protocols involved, it is currently attracting the attention of the research community as a perfect carrier for steganographic purposes. This article is a first survey of the existing Voice over IP (VoIP) steganography methods and their countermeasures.

http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/rm/survey/computer%20vision/Mazurczyk%20-%20VoIP%20Steganography%20and%20Its%20Detection%20-%202014.pdf

VoIP steganography and its Detection—A survey

Steganography is an ancient art that encompasses various techniques of information hiding, the aim of which is to secret information into a carrier message. Steganographic methods are usually aimed at hiding the very existence of the communication. Due to the rise in popularity of IP telephony, together with the large volume of data and variety of protocols involved, it is currently attracting the attention of the research community as a perfect carrier for steganographic purposes. This paper is a survey of the existing VoIP steganography (steganophony) methods and their countermeasures.

VoIP Steganography and Its Detection - A Survey

An effective covert communication system can be achieved based on steganography in stream media such as VoIP (Voice over IP), and the LSB-based (Least-Significant-Bit) methods are the most popular strategies. However, LSB embedding in the flat regions of the speech could inevitably bring about the perceptible distortion leading to the degradation of speech quality. Besides, LSB methods are vulnerable for manifold corresponding steganalysis like RS detection. This paper presents an adaptive steganography scheme that selects lower embedding bit rate in the flat segments, while the sharp segments can camouflage more secret message. Further, synchronous overflow judgment and the tradeoff between hiding requirement and speech quality are also taken into account to construct a practical covert communication system on G.711 VoIP. Extensive experiments showed that the proposed adaptive scheme outperformed the LSB and could evade RS steganalysis. This proposed scheme is efficient, simple and can be used in real-time VoIP network with high hiding capacity.

An Approach of Covert Communication Based on the Adaptive Steganography Scheme on Voice over IP

This paper presents an adaptive LSB (Least Significant Bit) algorithm to embed dynamic secret speech information data bits into public speech of G.711-PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) for the purpose of secure communication according to energy distribution, with high efficiency in steganography and good quality in output speech. It is superior to available classical algorithms, LSB. Experiments show that the proposed approach is capable of embedding up to 20 Kbps information data of secret speech into G.711 speech at an average embedded error rate of 10−5. It meets the requirements of information hiding, and satisfies the secure communication speech quality constraints with an excellent speech quality and complicating speakers’ recognition.

G.711-Based adaptive speech information hiding approach

This paper presents an approach for speech information hiding based on G.721 scheme. This approach proposes an Analysis-By-Synthesis (ABS)- based speech information hiding and extracting algorithm, is called ABS algorithm, which form the theoretical basis for designing a secure speech communication system. The ABS algorithm adopts a speech synthesizer in a speech coder. Speech embedding and coding are synchronous, i.e. fusing of secret speech information data into speech coding. Dynamic secret speech information data bits can be embedded into original carrier speech data, with high efficiency in steganography and good quality in output speech. This method is superior to available classical algorithms on hiding capacity and robustness. This paper implements the proposed approach based on speech coding scheme G.721 and the experiments show that this approach meets the requirements of information hiding, satisfies the constraints of speech quality for secure communication, and achieves high hiding capacity of 1.6Kbps with an excellent speech quality and complicating speakers' recognition.

Approach to hide secret speech information in G.721 scheme

This paper presents an speech information hiding model for transmitting secret speech through subliminal channel covertly for secure communication over PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). This model's main statement is that the embedding operation of a secure communication system should work indeterminate from the attacker's point of view. This model for secure communication based on the technique of information hiding has more severe requirements on the performances of data embedding than watermarking and fingerprinting in the aspects of real time, hiding capacity, and speech quality. Experiments show that this model meets the requirement of secure communication and suits for practical application of covert communication. The security analysis of this model by means of information theory and actual test proved that it is theoretically and practically secure. This information theory based model can be commonly used to help design a system of speech secure communication with different coding schemes.

An information-hiding model for secure communication

With the consideration of the system features, an indicator system of information assurance for aeronautical information system is established. The indicator system is based on SSE (Systems Security Engineering) theory, and DSC (Dynamic System Control) method. The indicator system is established from four aspects, stratagem, technique, management and engineering. Fuzzy-AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is used to evaluate the static indicators. A quite good result is got.

Indicator-system based adaptive information assurance evaluation for aeronautical information system

This paper presents a method for dynamically optimizing business application deployment for improving the overall stability of the SOA in Aviation SWIM. The solution analyses Web Service call logs with association rules analysis and deploys business applications, which are in a tight coupling relationship in the chain of synchronously interconnected service components, into one physical system. The aim of this solution is to decrease long-distance calls of Service and to enhance stability of SOA. The association rules analysis improves Apriori Algorithm based on the incidence matrix, and Hadoop cloud computing platform verifies that this algorithm can work out the result faster with better parallelism.

Zhijun Wu

Papers

G.711-Based adaptive speech information hiding approach

Approach to hide secret speech information in G.721 scheme

An information-hiding model for secure communication

Indicator-system based adaptive information assurance evaluation for aeronautical information system

The Research on Optimizing Deployment Strategy for Aviation SWIM Application Servers