저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

Groupes et algébres de lie

Determine the value of the variable in each equation.

Basic Algebra = 代数学入門

Introduction Classical theory of symmetric bilinear forms and quadratic forms: Bilinear forms Quadratic forms Forms over rational function fields Function fields of quadrics Bilinear and quadratic forms and algebraic extensions $u$-invariants Applications of the Milnor conjecture On the norm residue homomorphism of degree two Algebraic cycles: Homology and cohomology Chow groups Steenrod operations Category of Chow motives Quadratic forms and algebraic cycles: Cycles on powers of quadrics The Izhboldin dimension Application of Steenrod operations The variety of maximal totally isotropic subspaces Motives of quadrics Appendices Bibliography Notation Terminology.

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The Algebraic and Geometric Theory of Quadratic Forms

ALGEBRAIC VARIETIES By ALEXANDER GROTHENDIEGK It is less than four years since eohomologieal methods (i.e. methods of Homologieal Algebra) were introduced into Algebraic Geometry in Serre's fundamental paper, and it seems already certain that they are to overflow this part of mathematics in the coming years, from the foundations up to the most advanced parts. All we can do here is to sketch briefly some of the ideas and results. None of these have been published in their final form, but most of them originated in or were suggested by Serre's paper. Let us first give an outline of the main topics of eohomologieal investigation in Algebraic Geometry, as they appear at present. The need of a theory of cohomology for 'abstract' algebraic varieties was first emphasized by Weil, in order to be able to give a precise meaning to his celebrated conjectures in Diophantine Geometry. Therefore the initial aim was to find the 'Weil cohomology' of an algebraic variety, which should have as coefficients something 'at least as good as a field of characteristic 0, and have such formal properties (e.g. duality, Runneth formula) as to yield the analogue of Lefschetz's 'fixed-point formula '. Serre's general idea has been that the usual ' Zariski topology ' of a variety (in which the closed sets are the algebraic subsets) is a suitable one for applying methods of Algebraic Topology. His first approach was hoped to yield at least the right Betti numbers of a variety, it being evident from the start that it could not be considered as the Weil cohomology itself, as the coefficient field for cohomology was the ground field of the variety, and therefore not in general of characteristic 0. In fact, even the hope of getting the 'true ' Betti numbers has failed, and so have other attempts of Serre's to get Weil's cohomology by taking the cohomology of the variety with values, not in the sheaf of local rings themselves, but in the sheaves of Witt-vectors constructed on the latter. He gets in this way modules over the ring W{h) of infinite Witt vectors on the ground field h, and W{h) is a ring of characteristic 0 even if h is of characteristic p =t= 0. Unfortunately, modules thus obtained over W{h) may be infinitely generated, even when the variety V is an abelian variety. Although interesting relations must certainly exist between these cohomology groups and the 'true ones', it seems certain 104 ALEXANDER GROTHENDIECK now that the Weil cohomology has to be defined by a completely different approach. Such an approach was recently suggested to me by the connections between sheaf-theoretic cohomology and cohomology of Galois groups on the one hand, and the classification of unramified coverings of a variety on the other (as explained quite unsystematically in Serre's tentative Mexico paper), and by Serre's idea that a 'reasonable' algebraic principal fiber space with structure group G, defined on a variety V, if it is not locally trivial, should become locally trivial on some covering of V unramified over a given point of V. This has been the startingpoint of a definition of the Weil cohomology (involving both 'spatial' and Galois cohomology), which seems to be the right one, and which gives clear suggestions how Weil's conjectures may be attacked by the machinery of Homological Algebra. As I have not begun these investigations seriously as yet, and as moreover this theory has a quite distinct flavor from the one of the theory of algebraic coherent sheaves which we shall now be concerned with, we shall not dwell any longer on Weil's cohomology. Let us merely remark that the definition alluded to has already been the starting-point of a theory of eohomologieal dimension of fields, developed recently by Tate. The second main topic for eohomologieal methods is the cohomology theory of algebraic coherent sheaves, as initiated by Serre. Although inadequate for Weil's purposes, it is at present yielding a wealth of new methods and new notions, and gives the key even for results which were not commonly thought to be concerned with sheaves, still less with cohomology, such as Zariski's theorem on 'holomorphic functions' and his 'main theorem'—which can be stated now in a more satisfactory way, as we shall see, and proved by the same uniform elementary methods. The main parts of the theory, at present, can be fisted as follows: (a) General finiteness and asymptotic behaviour theorems. (6) Duality theorems, including (respectively identical with) a eohomologieal theory of residues. (c) Riemann-Roch theorem, including the theory of Chern classes for algebraic coherent sheaves. (cu) Some special results, concerning mainly abelian varieties. The third main topic consists in the application of the eohomologieal methods to local algebra. Initiated by Koszul and Cartan-Eilenberg in connection with Hubert's 'theorem of syzygies', the systematic use of COHOMOLOGY THEORY 105 these methods is mainly due again to Serre. The results are the characterization of regular local rings as those whose global eohomologieal dimension is finite, the clarification of Cohen-Macaulay's equidimensionality theorem by means of the notion of eohomologieal codimension\ and especially the possibility of giving (for the first time as it seems) a theory of intersections, really satisfactory by its algebraic simplicity and its generality. Serre's result just quoted, that regular local rings are the only ones of finite global eohomologieal dimension, accounts for the fact that only for such local rings does a satisfactory theory of intersections exist. I cannot give any details here on these subjects, nor on various results I have obtained by means of a local duality theory, which seems to be the tool which is to replace differential forms in the case of unequal characteristics, and gives, in the general context of commutative algebra, a clarification of the notion of residue, which as yet was not at all well understood. The motivation of this latter work has been the attempt to get a global theory of duality in cohomology for algebraic varieties admitting arbitrary singularities, in order to be able to develop intersection formulae for cycles with arbitrary singularities, in a nonsingular algebraic variety, formulas which contain also a 'Lefschetz formula mod.p'. In fact, once a proper local formalism is obtained, the global statements become almost trivial. As a general fact, it appears that, to a great extent, the 'local' results already contain a global one; more precisely, global results on varieties of dimension n can frequently be deduced from corresponding local ones for rings of Krull dimension n + l. We will therefore turn now to giving some main ideas in the second topic, that is, the cohomology theory of algebraic coherent sheaves. First, I would like, however, to emphasize one point common to all of the topics considered (except perhaps for {d)), and in fact to all of the standard techniques in Algebraic Geometry. Namely, that the natural range of the notions dealt with, and the methods used, are not really algebraic varieties. Thus, we know that an affine algebraic variety with ground field h is determined by its co-ordinate ring, which is an arbitrary finitely generated ^-algebra without nilpotent elements; therefore, any statement concerning affine algebraic varieties can be viewed also as a statement concerning rings A of the previous type. Now it appears that most of such statements make sense, and are true, if we assume only J. to be a commutative ring with unit, provided we sometimes submit it to some mild restriction, as being noetherian, for instance. In 106 ALEXANDER GROTHENDIECK the same way, most of the results proved for the local rings of algebraic geometry, make sense and are true for arbitrary noetherian local rings. Besides, frequently when it seemed at first sight that the statement only made sense when a ground field k was involved, as in questions in which differential forms are considered, further consideration of the matter showed that this impression was erroneous, and that a better understanding is obtained by replacing k by a ring B such that A is a finitely generated J5-algebra. Geometrically, this means that instead of a single affine algebraic variety V (as defined by A) we are considering a 'regular map' or 'morphism' of V into another affine variety W, and properties of the variety V then are generalized to properties of a morphism V -> W (the 'absolute' notion for V being obtained from the more general 'relative' notion by taking W reduced to a point). On the other hand, one should not prevent the rings having nilpotent elements, and by no means exclude them without serious reasons. Now just as arbitrary commutative rings can be thought of as a proper generalization of affine algebraic varieties, one can find a corresponding suitable generalization of arbitrary algebraic varieties (defined over an arbitrary field). This was done by Nagata in a particular case, yet following the definition of schemata given by Chevalley he had to stick to the irreducible case, and with no nilpotent elements involved. The principle of the right definition is again to be found in Serre's fundamental paper, and is as follows. If A is any commutative ring, then the set Spec {A) of all prime ideals of A can be turned into a topological space in a classical way, the closed subsets consisting of those prime ideals which contain a given subset of A. On the other hand, there is a sheaf of rings defined in a natural way on Spec {A), the fiber of this sheaf at the point p being the local ring Ap. More generally, every module M over A defines a sheaf of modules on Spec {A), the fiber of which at the point p is the localized moduleMp over Ap. Now we call pre-schema a topological space X with a sheaf of rings Gx on X, called its structure sheaf, such that every point of X has an open neighborhood isomorphic to some Spec {A). If X and Y are two pre-schemas, a morphism f fro

Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero, let $G$ be a connected reductive algebraic group over $k$ and let $\mathfrak{g}$ be its Lie algebra. Let $k(G)$, respectively, $k(\mathfrak{g})$, be the field of $k$-rational functions on $G$, respectively, $\mathfrak{g}$. The conjugation action of $G$ on itself induces the adjoint action of $G$ on $\mathfrak{g}$. We investigate the question whether or not the field extensions $k(G)/k(G)^G$ and $k(\mathfrak{g})/k(\mathfrak{g})^G$ are purely transcendental. We show that the answer is the same for $k(G)/k(G)^G$ and $k(\mathfrak{g})/k(\mathfrak{g})^G$, and reduce the problem to the case where $G$ is simple. For simple groups we show that the answer is positive if $G$ is split of type ${\sf A}_{n}$ or ${\sf C}_n$, and negative for groups of other types, except possibly ${\sf G}_{2}$. A key ingredient in the proof of the negative result is a recent formula for the unramified Brauer group of a homogeneous space with connected stabilizers. 
As a byproduct of our investigation we give an affirmative answer to a question of Grothendieck about the existence of a rational section of the categorical quotient morphism for the conjugating action of $G$ on itself. The results and methods of this paper have played an important part in recent A. Premet's negative solution (arxiv:0907.2500) of the Gelfand--Kirillov conjecture for finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras of every type, other than ${\sf A}_n$, ${\sf C}_n$, and ${\sf G}_2$.

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Is the function field of a reductive Lie algebra purely transcendental over the field of invariants for the adjoint action

Let $G$ be an algebraic group, $X$ a generically free $G$-variety, and $K=k(X)^G$. A field extension $L$ of $K$ is called a splitting field of $X$ if the image of the class of $X$ under the natural map $H^1(K, G) \mapsto H^1(L, G)$ is trivial. If $L/K$ is a (finite) Galois extension then $\Gal(L/K)$ is called a splitting group of $X$. 
We prove a lower bound on the size of a splitting field of $X$ in terms of fixed points of nontoral abelian subgroups of $G$. A similar result holds for splitting groups. We give a number of applications, including a new construction of noncrossed product division algebras.

Splitting fields of G-varieties

Let Q m,n be the space of m-tuples of n × n-matrices modulo the simultaneous conjugation action of PGL n . Let Q m,n (τ) be the set of points of Q m,n of representation type τ. We show that for m ≥ n + 1 the group Aut(Q m,n ) of representation type preserving algebraic automorphisms of Q m,n acts transitively on each Q m,n (τ). Moreover, the action of Aut(Q m,n ) on the Zariski open subset Q m,n (1, n) of Q m,n is s-transitive for every positive integer s. We also prove slightly weaker analogues of these results for all m ≥ 3

On automorphisms of matrix invariants

In this paper we address questions of the following type. Let k be a base field and K/k be a field extension. Given a geometric object X over a field K (e.g. a smooth curve of genus g) what is the least transcendence degree of a field of definition of X over the base field k? In other words, how many independent parameters are needed to define X? To study these questions we introduce a notion of essential dimension for an algebraic stack. Using the resulting theory, we give a complete answer to the question above when the geometric objects X are smooth or stable curves.

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Zinovy Reichstein

Papers

Is the function field of a reductive Lie algebra purely transcendental over the field of invariants for the adjoint action

Splitting fields of G-varieties

On automorphisms of matrix invariants

Essential dimension of moduli of curves and other algebraic stacks

Free subgroups of division algebras