Showing papers by "Hofstra University published in 1974"
TL;DR: The relation of blood lead levels to cognitive and perceptual-performance functioning was determined for 80 black preschool children as discussed by the authors, and the relationship was significant and as lead level increased general cognitive, verbal, and perceptual abilities decreased.
Abstract: The relation of blood lead levels to cognitive and perceptual-performance functioning was determined for 80 black preschool children. Their lead levels were below the criteria set for lead poisoning, but a regression formula revealed that the relationship was significant and as lead level increased general cognitive, verbal, and perceptual abilities decreased. Lead levels were not related significantly to parental intelligence, birth order, birth weight, and number of siblings. Lead level was, however, related to the educational level of the parents. It was concluded that the criteria set for lead poisoning warrant re-examination.
117 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual and methodological structure for examination of communication processes in organizations is presented in this paper, where components of the communication system are identified, a taxonomical table of acti...
Abstract: A conceptual and methodological structure is presented for examination of communication processes in organizations. Components of the communication system are identified, a taxonomical table of act...
71 citations
TL;DR: Differences in the singly-pointed papillae located along the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces may well account for the absence of oral mites in the oral cavity of L. sanborni.
Abstract: Anatomically and histologically, tongues of two species of long-nosed bats, Leptonycteris sanborni and L. nivalis , are generally similar. The tongue in each species is highly adapted for pollen- and nectar-feeding, which is characteristic of glossophagine bats. Differences in the singly-pointed papillae located along the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces were studied in detail by means of histological techniques and the scanning electron microscope. It was concluded that differences in these papillae may well account for the absence of oral mites ( Radfordiella oricola : Macronyssidae) in the oral cavity of L. sanborni .
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the factors influencing children's concepts of death, and present a survey of the factors that influence children's concept of death in clinical child psychology, focusing on the following:
Abstract: (1974). Factors influencing children's concepts of death. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 3, Death and Children, pp. 17-19.
31 citations
01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: There is presented, first, a logic for the identification of communication systems, and then, a method by which these systems can be examined, audited, or evaluated.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual and methodological structure for the examination of organizational communication processes. To fulfill this purpose, there is presented, first, a logic for the identification of communication systems, and then, a method by which these systems can be examined, audited, or evaluated. Organizational communication is defined as a system in terms of purpose, operational procedures, and structure. The achievement of organizational goals is stated as the purpose of organizational communication; and for the particular organization unit, this is accomplished through the appropriate employment of communication networks, communication policies, and communication activities. Four communication networks are identified: (1) regulative, (2) innovative, (3) integrative (maintenance), and (4) informative-instructive. To further the explicit identification of the organizational communication system, an exploratory taxonomy of communication activities is exhibited. It i...
26 citations
TL;DR: In a more recent interpretation of public policy goals, however, future protection activities will also encompass the ''doctrine of unfairness to consumers'' as discussed by the authors, which has been interpreted as a way to expand the consumer protection network emanating from advertising.
Abstract: P of the consumer from advertising abuses evolved slowly in American legislative history. Recently, however, this evolution has shown signs of accelerating. One such indication is the expansion of the consumer protection network emanating from advertising legislation. Based on past public policy constraints, activities in this area have been restricted to the elimination of deceptive practices. As a result of a more recent interpretation of public policy goals, however, future protection activities will also encompass the \"doctrine of unfairness to consumers.\
26 citations
22 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the ENA may complex with DNA in vivo and that these complexes may retard the formation of anti-DNA-DNA complexes.
Abstract: Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) has been shown to inhibit the combination of anti-DNA with double stranded DNA. ENA has also been found to complex with DNA by two different techniques. In one, red cells coated with DNA were shown to retain significantly more radiolabeled ENA than uncoated controls. In a second, DNA-125I was found to be retained on a membrane filter after incubation with ENA, indicating DNA-protein complex formation. It is suggested that the ENA may complex with DNA in vivo and that these complexes may retard the formation of anti-DNA-DNA complexes.
21 citations
TL;DR: A comparative analysis of the use of computer to process personnel work in the private sector and the government sector in the U.S., as of 1974 is presented.
Abstract: The article presents a comparative analysis of the use of computer to process personnel work in the private sector and the government sector in the U.S., as of 1974. Using data from 87 organization...
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an adult patient agreed to contribute money to a strongly disliked organization for failure to increase fingernail length, but the increase in nail length was not maintained by the organization.
13 citations
TL;DR: The early months of the New Deal seem a vibrant period of pragmatic action, particularly in contrast to Herbert Hoover's cautious policies of adjustment as mentioned in this paper, but a more careful examination reveals that the President acted upon coherent, though sometimes unsophisticated prescriptions for economic recovery.
Abstract: THE early months of the New Deal seem a vibrant period of pragmatic action, particularly in contrast to Herbert Hoover's cautious policies of adjustment. Most historians have argued that the new administration randomly mixed panaceas in an effort to experiment the country out of depression. The novelty of federal action cloaked its economic uncertainty, its lack of unity. Yet a more careful examination reveals that the President acted upon coherent, though sometimes unsophisticated prescriptions for economic recovery. Franklin D. Roosevelt's eclecticism was not a jumble of palliatives but a rapid movement from one approach to another. The international dimension often directed the veering course of New Deal economic policy during 1933. Roosevelt and his advisers never ignored developments abroad; the President initially sought domestic recovery through collaboration on world wide programs. Only reluctantly, and then as a result of events in Europe, did Roosevelt discard this strategy and its conventional economic formulas. The collapse of the nation's banking system in early 1933 temporarily shunted other New Deal recovery measures into limbo while the administration dealt with the emergency.' Three years of deflation had already
TL;DR: Analysis showed that significant decreases in smoking frequency occurred only in the contingent-shock group, and it was suggested that this procedure might be useful in the initial phases of a program for reduction of smoking.
Abstract: An attempt was made to examine the effects of negative practice with both contingent and non-contingent electric shock upon the cigarette smoking of 15 college students. A control group participated but received no treatment. An analysis of co-variance (co-varying initial smoking rate) yielded a significant experimental effect. Further analysis showed that significant decreases in smoking frequency occurred only in the contingent-shock group. It was suggested that this procedure might be useful in the initial phases of a program for reduction of smoking.
TL;DR: It is hoped that in the field of product liability such joint efforts will lead to a more sophisticated and technologically sound litigation process, one in which the technologist can be true to himself while operating within a strong and responsive adversary system.
Abstract: The refinement of the product liability litigation process requires a continuing substantive dialogue between the legal and technical communities. The common problem-solving orientation of the two disciplines bodes well for such interaction. We have shared in the exciting beginnings of this legaltechnical interaction (7) and hope that in the field of product liability such joint efforts will lead to a more sophisticated and technologically sound litigation process, one in which the technologist can be true to himself while operating within a strong and responsive adversary system.
TL;DR: Thumbsucking decreased markedly after introduction of the reinforcement contingencies and was maintained as frequency of reinforcement was reduced.
Abstract: A child who habitually sucked his thumb in the classroom was rewarded if the teacher or any classmate did not catch him thumbsucking for a specified length of time. Each time S was caught by a peer, the peer was rewarded. Thumbsucking decreased markedly after introduction of the reinforcement contingencies. The decrease was maintained as frequency of reinforcement was reduced. During a follow-up period, when there was no attempt at behavioral control, thumbsucking reverted to the baseline level.
TL;DR: The scales here were designed to reflect a child's total area of functioning and to require the least amount of inference on the part of the rater.
Abstract: The present study focuses on the potential use of factor analytic techniques for the identification of personality dimensions in young children. Earlier work in this area has tended to rely on rating scales which predetermined the outcome of the analyses by their built-in theoretical biases. The scales here were designed to reflect a child's total area of functioning and to require the least amount of inference on the part of the rater. Three studies were done with a total of 129 nursery and kindergarten children. Of the factors identified, three were reproduced consistently in each of the studies. Factor I, Social Confidence, is characterized by leadership and assertiveness in interpersonal relations. Factor II, Cooperation, suggests a passivity in interpersonal relations and somewhat of a dependent stance. Factor III, Persistence, reflects a potential for problem solving and task orientation. It seems to have some relationship, as well, to autonomy. Two additional factors which appear rather co...
01 Feb 1974
TL;DR: Byrne et al. as mentioned in this paper found that neither authoriatarianism nor dogmatism (Gormly & Clore, 1969) interact with attitudinal simlaritydissimilarity to influence interpersonal attraction.
Abstract: By manipulating the degree of perceived attidudinal similarity between strangers, positive or negative affect can be reliably induced (Byrne, 1969). Several studies have attempted to modify the similarity-attraction relationship by varying the subjects’ personality. Neither authoriatarianism (Byrne, 1965; Sheffield & Byrne, 1966) nor dogmatism (Gormly & Clore, 1969) nave been found to interact with attitudinal simlaritydissimilarity to influence interpersonal attraction. As defined by Byrne (1969)), attraction invo3~es an affective relationship. Since neither the authoritarian.(Adorno, FrenkelBrunswick, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950) nor dogmatic (Rokeach,1960) personality is basically defined in terms of the individual’s affective relationship with another person, those negative findings are not surprising. According to Christie and Geis (1970), the primary difference between individuals who score higher and lower on scales measuring Machiavellianism, defined as the tendency
TL;DR: The research presented focuses on the construction of a generalized simulator system that allows the ultimate users of the simulation results, the design engineers and operating managers, to construct and exercise their own simul...
Abstract: Current manacturing and material handling systems contain a high degree of automation, and more sophisticated automation is predicted for the manufacturing and materia] handling systems of the future. As the systems have become larger and more complex, so have the tasks facing design engineers in synthesizing the various manual and equipment subsystems into a total system with predictable capabilities. In very large complex systems it is difficult to envision the interaction of subsystems, much less predict the effect of a variable change in subsystem on the total system. This paper outlines the factors which have prevented the more widespread use of simulation modelling by design engineers and operating managers and presents an approach towards overcoming these factors. The research presented focuses on the construction of a generalized simulator system that allows the ultimate users of the simulation results, the design engineers and operating managers, to construct and exercise their own simul...
TL;DR: Few differences in sex stereotyping of values were found as a function of age and sex and the absolute level of stereotyping in all conditions was very low.
Abstract: A total of 240 male and female elementary school children, college students, and adults were asked to rank the values, using the Rokeach Value Scale, they believed existed for males and females in our society. Few differences in sex stereotyping of values were found as a function of age and sex and, more impressively, the absolute level of stereotyping in all conditions was very low.
TL;DR: In this paper, 40 preadolescents played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game in which they were given opportunities to communicate either promises of their own cooperation or threats of a fine if the target did not cooperate.
Abstract: 40 preadolescents played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game in which they were given opportunities to communicate either promises of their own cooperation or threats of a fine if the target did not cooperate. A simulated target replied either honestly or evasively while being two-thirds cooperative on the message-relevant trials. The results supported an extension of the Osgood proposal and clarified previous research. As hypothesized, Ss in the honest-replies condition sent more messages, were more cooperative on threat-relevant trials, and made greater use of the promise message than did the evasive-replies Ss.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
[...]