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Showing papers by "Petra Christian University published in 2002"


DOI
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: The research empirically proves that experiences will affect the capability of auditors to find out all errors in their clients' financial statement, and trainings which are conducted both inside and outside their work places will enhance their expertise in dealing with auditing.
Abstract: The quality of auditing is determined by both competency and independency The results of the previous researches on this problem reveal that profession as accountants has begun not attractive anymore for most people, and has begun altered by other professions This phenomenon can influence the quality of students who want to apply for studying in accounting field, eventually it will lower the competence of their graduates Moreover, the research show that the curriculum of teaching in accounting department nowadays seems cannot support appropriately the competence of the graduates The research also empirically proves that experiences will affect the capability of auditors to find out all errors in their clients' financial statement, and trainings which are conducted both inside and outside their work places will enhance their expertise in dealing with auditing For those reasons, information based on experiences from public accountant firms and professional accountant organizations are really needed to develop a set of curriculum for formal accounting education and trainings The results of research on the independency show that in making the decision, public accountants sometimes are influenced by the aim on how they can keep up their clients as long as possible However there are other factors which can alleviate the influence Moreover, other research gives some evidences that separating auditing staff that carries out consulting services can increase their independence The impact of social and corporate culture on an auditor will influence his or her independence Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Kualitas audit ditentukan oleh dua hal yaitu kompetensi dan independensi Hasil penelitian tentang kompetensi menunjukkan bahwa profesi akuntansi mulai tidak menarik dan tergeser oleh profesi yang lain Hal ini berdampak terhadap kualitas calon mahasiswa yang memasuki pendidikan formal akuntansi, yang pada akhirnya akan membuat rendah kompetensi lulusan pendidikan formal akuntansi Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa kurikulum pendidikan formal akuntansi dirasa masih kurang memadai untuk menunjang kompetensi lulusan program studi akuntansi Penelitian juga memberikan bukti empiris bahwa pengalaman akan mempengaruhi kemampuan auditor untuk mengetahui kekeliruan dan pelatihan yang dilakukan akan meningkatkan keahlian dalam melakukan audit Untuk itu maka masukan dari Kantor Akuntan Publik dan organisasi profesi sangat diperlukan untuk mengembangkan suatu kurikulum pendidikan formal akuntansi dan pelatihan akuntansi Hasil penelitian tentang independensi menunjukkan bahwa dalam mengambil keputusan akuntan publik dipengaruhi oleh dorongan untuk mempertahankan klien auditnya Tetapi disisi lain terdapat beberapa kekuatan yang bisa meredakan pengaruh tersebut Hasil penelitian juga memberikan bukti bahwa pemisahan staf audit dari staf yang melakukan consulting service dirasakan oleh pemakai laporan akan meningkatkan independensi akuntan publik Pengaruh Budaya masyarakat atau organisasi terhadap pribadi akuntan publik akan mempengaruhi sikap independensinya Kata kunci: akuntan publik, kualitas audit, kompetensi, independensi

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the past, because of the differences in the two methods, especially in basic concepts and aspects, usually only the quantitative or qualitative method was used as discussed by the authors, and the situation in universities in Indonesia shows that the qualitative method is a relatively new approach and that until now, most research has been applied quantitative research, since there are few experts in the qualitative methods.
Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative methods are most different, especially in their axioms and their characteristics In the past, they were separate from each other This paper analyzes those differences so that in the future, comprehensive methods such as envisioned by Brennan allow the two types of methodologies to be used together in research In the past, because of the differences in the two methods, especially in basic concepts and aspects, usually only the quantitative or qualitative method was used The situation in universities in Indonesia shows that the qualitative method is a relatively new approach and that until now, most research has been applied quantitative research, since there are few experts in the qualitative method Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif memang berbeda, terutama dalam axioma dan cirri-cirinya Pada masa lalu, kedua metode tersebut dipisahkan Artikel ini menganlisa tentang perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut, agar pada masa depan, metode yang menyeluruh seperti yang diusulkan oleh Brennan dapat dikembangkan bersama dalam penelitian Pada masa lalu juga, oleh karena berbagai perbedaan yang ada antara dua metode, terutama dari segi konsep-konsep dasar serta berbagai aspek dari masing-masing metode, maka biasanya hanya salah satu pendekatan digunakan dalam penelitian Keadaan dalam universitas-universitas di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa metode kualitatif menjadi pendekatan yang relative lebih baru dan sampai sekarang, sebagian besar penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif karena jumlah orang yang sungguh memahami metode kualtitatif masih sedikit Kata kunci: metode kualitatif, metode kuantitatif

57 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
28 Oct 2002
TL;DR: The result shows that Gabor filter responses give good feature representation in a car recognition system using a camera as sensor to recognize a moving car.
Abstract: This paper describes a car recognition system using a camera as sensor to recognize a moving car. There are four main stages in this process: object detection, object segmentation, feature extraction using Gabor filters and Gabor jet matching to the car database. The experiment was conducted for various types of car with various illuminations (daylight and night). The result shows that Gabor filter responses give good feature representation. The system achieved an average recognition rate of 93.88%.

40 citations


DOI
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: Rapid Application Development (RAD) is one of the alternatives of System Development Life Cycle which is lately used to cope with the "slowness" of the conventional method as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Rapid Application Development is one of the alternatives of System Development Life Cycle which is lately used to cope with the "slowness" of the conventional method. The Strength of using this method is the speed, accuracy and relatively lower cost than the conventional method. Moreover, the user's needs can be fulfilled well by involving the user in the design process. As a result, the user's satisfaction will increase. However, there are several things that should be considered in using the Rapid Application Development such as the team's preparation, the system territory, user's needs, and system operation. Finally, as one of the alternatives of System Development Life Cycle, Rapid Application Development can be used as the fundamental to produce an information system which is able to fulfill the user's needs. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Rapid Application Development (RAD) sebagai salah satu alternatif dari System Development Life Cycle belakangan ini seringkali digunakan untuk mengatasi keterlambatan yang terjadi apabila menggunakan metode konvensional. Adapun keunggulan yang bisa didapatkan dengan menggunakan metode ini adalah kecepatan, ketepatan, dan biaya yang relatif lebih rendah dibanding dengan metode konvensional. Di samping itu dengan melibatkan user pada proses desain menyebabkan kebutuhan user dapat terpenuhi dengan baik dan secara otomatis kepuasan user sebagai pengguna sistem semakin meningkat. Akan tetapi di dalam menggunakan metode Rapid Aplication Development perlu untuk memperhatikan hal-hal yang penting, terutama kesiapan tim, ruang lingkup sistem, kebutuhan user, dan kinerja sistem. Pada akhirnya, sebagai salah satu alternatif dari System Development Life Cycle, maka Rapid Aplication Development dapat dijadikan acuan untuk menghasilkan sistem informasi yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan user. Kata kunci: Rapid Application Development (RAD), System Development life Cycle (SDLC).

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A weak fuzzy similarity relation is introduced as a more realistic relation in representing the relationship between two elements of data in real-world applications and a more generalized fuzzy rough set approximation of a given fuzzy set is proposed and discussed as an alternative to provide interval-value fuzzy sets.
Abstract: In 1982, Pawlak proposed the concept of rough sets with a practical purpose of representing indiscernibility of elements or objects in the presence of information systems. Even if it is easy to analyze, the rough set theory built on a partition induced by equivalence relation may not provide a realistic view of relationships between elements in real-world applications. Here, coverings of, or nonequivalence relations on, the universe can be considered to represent a more realistic model instead of a partition in which a generalized model of rough sets was proposed. In this paper, first a weak fuzzy similarity relation is introduced as a more realistic relation in representing the relationship between two elements of data in real-world applications. Fuzzy conditional probability relation is considered as a concrete example of the weak fuzzy similarity relation. Coverings of the universe is provided by fuzzy conditional probability relations. Generalized concepts of rough approximations and rough membership functions are proposed and defined based on coverings of the universe. Such generalization is considered as a kind of fuzzy rough set. A more generalized fuzzy rough set approximation of a given fuzzy set is proposed and discussed as an alternative to provide interval-value fuzzy sets. Their properties are examined.

21 citations


DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors predict factors that drive client to switch their existing auditor based on prior research undertaken by Chow and Rice (1982), the main independent variable used in this research is qualified audit opinion and also include merger, management changes and expansion as the control variables.
Abstract: This research intends to predict factors that drive client to switch their existing auditor based on prior research undertaken by Chow and Rice (1982). The main independent variable used in this research is qualified audit opinion. In addition, this study also include merger, management changes and expansion as the control variables. The analysis unit for the four independent variables are some companies in East Java especially Surabaya and Sidoarjo area which have been audited by Audit Firm. The data collection is conducted by using mail survey. The multivariate techniques, i.e binary logistic is used to test the hypothesis. Overall, the finding showed that there is no significant evidence that qualified audit opinion and the other three control variables as the predicted variable for auditor switch by some companies in Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi faktor-faktor yang mendorong klien untuk mengganti auditor yang ada, berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan oleh Chow dan Rice (1982). Variabel utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah qualified audit opinion. Disamping itu penelitian ini juga menggunakan variabel kontrol yang terdiri dari merger, management changes dan expansion. Unit analisis yang diteliti adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang berada di wilayah Surabaya dan Sidoarjo yang pernah diaudit oleh Kantor Akuntan Publik. Data diperoleh dengan cara mengirimkan kuesioner kepada responden yang dituju. Secara keseluruhan, temuan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat bukti yang signifikan bahwa qualified audit opinion dan ketiga variabel kontrol yang lain merupakan variabel yang memprediksi perpindahan auditor yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan di wilayah Surabaya dan Sidoarjo. Kata kunci: audit, pergantian auditor, qualified audit opinion.

19 citations


DOI
01 May 2002
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the influence of economic variables, i.e., inflation, interest rate, money supply, national income in both Indonesia and The United State of America, as well as the position of the balance of international payment of Indonesia to the exchange rate movement in order to give contributions to solve the problem.
Abstract: Since free-floating exchange rate system has been applied in Indonesia on August 1998, the accumulation of depreciation of rupiah against the US dollar has been about 48,7% until December 2001. This condition brings many argumentations about the reasons behind the exchange rate instability faced by Indonesia among many experts whether it is caused by economic factors or by non-economic factors. By recognizing the causes, it will be easier for the experts and government of Indonesia to formulate the solution. This research is intended to analyze the influence of economic variables, i.e. inflation, interest rate, money supply, national income in both Indonesia and The United State of America, as well as the position of the balance of international payment of Indonesia to the exchange rate movement in order to give contributions to solve the problem. Based on the result money supply becomes the only variable which has a significant influence on the exchange rate movement, instead of the other variables. Coefficient of determination of the research model is 32.5%, means that other factors, not accommodated in this research, give 67.5% influence to the exchange rate movement. These other factors can be catagorized as other economic factors or non-economic factors. Finally, it can be concluded that except the variable of money supply, most of the exchange rate movement is influenced by the other factors, which are economic factors or non economic factors. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Sejak diterapkannya sistem nilai tukar mengambang bebas di Indonesia yang dimulai pada bulan Agustus 1998 nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar Amerika secara akumulatif telah terdepresiasi sebesar 48,7% sampai dengan Desember 2001. Kenyataan ini telah mengakibatkan perdebatan banyak ahli tentang sumber ketidakstabilan nilai tukar tersebut, apakah disebabkan oleh faktor ekonomi ataukah faktor non ekonomi. Dengan mengetahui sumber penyebabnya, maka akan lebih mudah bagi para ahli dan penyelenggara negara untuk merumuskan solusinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tentang hubungan berbagai variabel ekonomi, yaitu tingkat inflasi; tingkat suku bunga; jumlah uang beredar; pendapatan nasional di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat, serta posisi neraca pembayaran internasional Indonesia, dalam mempengaruhi pergerakan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar Amerika, dengan tujuan untuk memberikan kontribusi pemikiran terhadap proses pemecahan permasalahan tersebut. Dari analisis data diperoleh hasil bahwa hanya variabel jumlah uang beredar yang memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pergerakan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar Amerika, sedangkan variabel - variabel yang lainnya tidak. Dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 32,5% mengindikasikan, bahwa 67,5% dari variabel terikatnya dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor selain faktor ekonomi yang dalam penelitian ini menjadi variabel bebas. Faktor-faktor lain tersebut bisa dikategorikan dalam faktor ekonomi lainnya maupun faktor-faktor non ekonomi. Dengan demikian dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, bahwa, kecuali variabel jumlah uang beredar, sebagian besar pergerakan nilai tukar mata uang rupiah terhadap dolar Amerika Serikat ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor lain, baik faktor ekonomi maupun faktor non ekonomi. Kata kunci: nilai tukar, faktor ekonomi, faktor non ekonomi.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of energy-efficient architecture and its contextual to green architecture is discussed, and the objective of design is to improve the quality of buildings and the environment.
Abstract: Energy adds a new standpoint from which to better understand building design. But the subject of study, architecture and its environmental and social context, is not new. The objective of design is to improve the quality of buildings and the environment. On broader perspective, the mentioned environment means global environment encompasses earth, air, water and energy that are needed to be conserved. Energy-efficient architecture is one of that architectural typology focuses on conservation of global environment. The paper discusses the existence of energy-efficient architecture and its contextual to green architecture. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Faktor energi menambah suatu pijakan baru untuk memahami perencanaan arsitektur secara lebih baik. Tetapi sebenarnya, subyek arsitektur dan konteks lingkungannya bukanlah suatu hal yang baru., karena tujuan dari suatu disain adalah untuk meningkatkan kwalitas dari hasil arsitektur dan lingkungannya. Dalam perspektif lebih luas, lingkungan yang dimaksud adalah lingkungan global alami yang meliputi unsur bumi, udara, air, dan energi yang perlu dilestarikan. Arsitektur Hemat Energi merupakan salah satu tipologi arsitektur yang ber-orientasi pada konservasi lingkungan global alami. Makalah ini membahas eksistensi arsitektur hemat energi ini dalam konteks wawasan arsitektur hijau (green architecture). Kata kunci: Arsitektur Hemat Energi, Arsitektur Hijau.

15 citations


DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to produce pneumatics holder by combining several process parameters on injection moulding machine, such as melting point, air pressure level, holding time and pressure duration.
Abstract: Pneumatics holder which supports all pneumatics components requires high tolerance in dimension. Therefore, perfect design process which means accurate process parameter selection will enable us to produce as cast holder as required. This experimental study is to produce pneumatics holder by combining several process parameters on injection moulding machine, such as : melting point, air pressure level, holding time and pressure duration. The results show that the process parameter significantly influence the as cast holder product as required, so that the process parameter selected should be in accordance with the raw plastic material availiable. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Akurasi dimensi yang dibutuhkan bagi benda cetak pneumatics holder yang berfungsi sebagai dudukan katup-katup atau komponen pneumatik lainnya tergolong cukup tinggi. Untuk itu diperlukan desain proses yang baik agar hasil cetakan dapat memenuhi syarat fungsionalitas. Proses yang baik tentu saja harus mempertimbangkan parameter proses yang sesuai sehingga hasil yang diharapkan dapat terpenuhi. Studi eksperimental ini melakukan percobaan pembuatan produk pneumatics holder dengan memvariasikan beberapa parameter proses pada mesin injection moulding yang ada. Parameter proses meliputi: temperatur leleh (melting point), tekanan udara (air pressure), waktu penahanan (holding time), dan waktu penekanan (pressure duration). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan parameter yang tepat sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil benda cetak yang diinginkan, sehingga perlu dicari parameter terbaik untuk setiap benda cetak berdasarkan jenis bahan baku plastik yang ada. Selain itu, parameter temperatur leleh sangat signifikan pengaruhnya terhadap cacat shrinkage.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used regression analysis with a log model to analyze the effect of government spending, foreign reserves and the money multiplier on the money supply in Indonesia for the period before the economic crisis (1990-1997), since the crisis (1997-1999) and overall.
Abstract: This study uses regression analysis with a log model to analyze the effect of government spending, foreign reserves and the money multiplier on the money supply in Indonesia for the period before the economic crisis (1990-1997), since the crisis (1997-1999) and overall (1990-1999). Before the crisis, the results show that government spending is significantly and positively related to the money supply; foreign reserves are not significant, and the money multiplier is actually significantly and negatively related to the money supply. Since the crisis, government spending is still positively and significantly related with money supply while the foreign reserves and money multiplier are not significant. For the entire time period, government spending and foreign reserves have a positive and significant effect on money supply while the money multiplier has no significant effect. The government should apply fiscal policy as is has since the crisis and increase the amount of foreign reserves which it holds. The government should not depend on using the money multiplier in monetary policy since it was found to have no significant effect on money supply. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa regresi dengan model log untuk menganalisa pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah, cadangan devisa, serta angka pengganda uang (money multiplier) terhadap jumlah uang beredar di Indonesia untuk periode periode sebelum krisis (1990-1997), sesudah krisis (1997-1999) dan secara keseluruhan (1990-1999). Sebelum krisis hasil menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap jumlah uang beredar (M2); cadangan devisa tidak signifikan terhadap jumlah uang beredar; sedangkan angka pengganda uang berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap jumlah uang beredar. Sesudah krisis, pengeluaran pemerintah secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap jumlah uang beredar sedangkan cadangan devisa dan money multiplier tidak signifikan. Untuk seluruh waktu analisa, pengeluaran pemerintah dan cadangan devisa berpengaruh secara signifikan dan positif terhadap jumlah uang beredar sedangkan angka pengganda uang tidak signifikan. Pemerintah diharapkan menerapkan kebijakan fiskal sesuai yang telah diterapkan selama krisis berlangsung serta meningkatkan jumlah cadangan devisa yang dimilikinya. Pemerintah sebaiknya tidak mengandalkan money multiplier dalam kebijakan uang yang beredar karena tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap uang yang beredar. Kata kunci: kebijakan moneter, pengeluran pemerintah, cadangan devisa, angka pengganda uang, model log.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test how systematic risk and stock liquidity measured by the size of the spread between the bid and asked prices influence stock returns of public companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange and to know proportion of each variable%5C%27s influence on the return of individual stocks.
Abstract: Research on determinant variables of rate of return has frequently been undertaken%2C generally with the conclusion that stock risk is very dominant for an investor in making investment decisions in the capital market. But there is another factor that also needs to be considered%2C stock liquidity.%0D%0AThe purpose of this research is to test how systematic risk and stock liquidity%2C measured by the size of the spread between the bid and asked prices%2C influence stock returns of public companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange and to know proportion of each variable%5C%27s influence on the return of individual stocks.%0D%0AThe results from this study show that systematic risk and stock liquidity%2C measured by the size of the spread between the bid and asked prices%2C had a significant effect on the return of individual stocks of public companies in Indonesia. Hypothesis tests for each variable showed that systematic risk had a greater effect on returns than stock liquidity. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Penelitian mengenai variabel-variabel penentu tingkat pengembalian saham yang banyak dilakukan umumnya selalu menyimpulkan bahwa risiko saham sebagai salah satu variabel penentu sangat mendominasi dalam setiap pertimbangan yang dilakukan oleh para investor dalam memutuskan untuk menginvestasikan dananya di pasar modal. Namun sebenarnya ada variabel penentu lain yang juga akan mempengaruhi tingkat pengembalian saham yang perlu dipertimbangkan pula%2C yaitu likuiditas saham. %0D%0ATujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji bagaimana pengaruh risiko saham dalam hal ini adalah risiko sistematis dan likuiditas saham yang diukur dengan besarnya bid-ask spread terhadap tingkat pengembalian saham dari badan-badan usaha yang go public di PT.BEJ%2C dan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar proporsi masing-masing variabel dalam mempengaruhi tingkat pengembalian saham.%0D%0AHasil akhir dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa baik risiko sistematis maupun likuiditas saham yang diukur dengan besarnya bid-ask spread mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat pengembalian saham dari badan-badan usaha yang go public di Indonesia. Dari uji hipotesis didapatkan hasil bahwa risiko sistematis lebih mempengaruhi tingkat pengembalian suatu saham dibandingkan dengan likuiditas saham yang diukur dengan besarnya bid-ask spread. systematic+risk%2C+stock+liquidity%2C+bid-ask+spread%2C+stock+return.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated Brecht's epic theatre as a modern avant-garde and its influence in post-modern theatre, and found that it was a revolt against the main stream modern theatre in which Brecht openly declares that theatre should be 'political'.
Abstract: As one of the most influential figures in theatre, Bertolt Brecht has stamped his legacy in the world theatre. His search for a new kind of theatre made his theatre a modern avant-garde which has left its traces in postmodern theatres. This paper tries to investigate Brecht's epic theatre as a modern avant-garde and its influence in postmodern theatre. His epic theatre was in fact a revolt against the main stream modern theatre in which Brecht openly declares that theatre should be 'political.' Brecht's theatre was so influential that his theatre becomes reference to the postmodern theatre.

DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the influence of applied general price level accounting on the financial statement and concluded that the general price-level adjustment is necessary and sufficient to balance the effect of price changes.
Abstract: Generally, in conventional accounting, financial statements are based on the historical cost principle that assumes that prices (monetery unit) are stable. Conventional accounting recognizes neither changes in the general price level nor changes in the specific price level. Consequently, if there are any changes in purchasing power such as in inflation period, the historical financial statement are not economically relevant and also income is usually overstated, and the fixed assets are usually understated. Actually, there are several methods on accounting for the effect of changing prices, such as constant accounting, current value accounting, and general price level accounting. General price level accounting will do restatement the components of financial statement to be a rupiah on a similar level of purchasing power, but without changes in accounting principles which using on conventional accounting. In practice, the controversy concerning the relevance of general price level accounting has been continuing. Pros and cons general price level accounting will be presented on this paper. Also the result of two researches concerning the influence of applied general price level accounting on the financial statement will be compared as considerations whether the general price level adjustment is necessary needed. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Secara umum, dalam akuntansi konvensional, laporan keuangan disajikan berdasarkan nilai historis yang mengasumsikan bahwa harga-harga (unit moneter) adalah stabil. Akuntansi konvensional tidak mengakui adanya perubahan tingkat harga umum maupun perubahan tingkat harga khusus. Sebagai konsekuensinya, jika terjadi perubahan daya beli seperti pada periode inflasi, maka laporan keuangan historis secara ekonomis tidaklah relevan. Pada periode ini pendapatan umumnya dinilai lebih tinggi sedangkan aktiva tetap dinilai lebih rendah. Sebenarnya, terdapat beberapa metode akuntansi mengenai pengaruh perubahan harga, antara lain akuntansi harga tetap, akuntansi nilai sekarang, dan akuntansi tingkat harga umum. Akuntansi tingkat harga umum akan mengadakan restatement komponen-komponen laporan keuangan ke dalam rupiah pada tingkat daya beli yang sama, namun sama sekali tidak mengubah prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang digunakan dalam akuntansi berdasarkan nilai historis. Pada prakteknya, kontroversi yang menyangkut relevansi penggunaan akuntansi tingkat harga umum masih berlanjut hingga saat ini. Beberapa argumentasi yang mendukung maupun menolak penerapan akuntansi tingkat harga umum akan disajikan dalam artikel ini. Demikian juga hasil dari dua penelitian mengenai pengaruh penerapan akuntansi tingkat harga umum terhadap laporan keuangan akan diperbandingkan guna melihat apakah penyesuaian berdasarkan akuntansi tingkat harga umum memang diperlukan. Kata kunci:akuntansi historis, akuntansi tingkat harga umum, daya beli (inflasi), laporan keuangan, rasio keuangan.

DOI
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a software that can give some geographical information for shortest path between towns in East Java, which is designed with database not using satellite, so much cheaper compare with using satellite.
Abstract: Many people need geographical information nowadays, such as: the distance between areas, information about some areas, information about nature resources in that area, to search for accident area, and others geographical information. Geographical Information System (GIS) is only one from many others solution to seek for geographical information. This research aim is to make software that can give some geographical information for shortest path between towns in East Java. Others information that can be gain is information about governmental, population, tourism places, mountains, special food, handicraft, and traditional art. This software is designed with database not using satellite, so much cheaper compare with using satellite. This software use Dijkstra's method to seek the shortest path from one node to another node in the picture, so this program can't give alternative path. GIS can give answer for anything that related with geographical situation. Peoples can use GIS power to reach for a better life. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Informasi mengenai geografi semakin dibutuhkan oleh banyak pihak, misalnya informasi untuk mengetahui jarak antara satu daerah dengan daerah lain, informasi seputar daerah yang diinginkan, informasi tentang sumber daya alam yang dicari, informasi untuk menemukan lokasi kecelakaan dengan cepat, dan banyak informasi mengenai geografi lainnya. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mendapatkan informasi geografi tersebut. Tujuan perancangan adalah membuat suatu perangkat lunak yang dapat memberikan informasi geografi mengenai rute jalan terpendek antara kota yang satu dengan kota yang lainnya di Jawa Timur. Sedangkan informasi lainnya yang dapat diperoleh antara lain informasi mengenai pemerintahan, jumlah penduduk, tempat wisata, nama gunung, makanan khas, kerajinan, dan `kesenian tradisional yang berasal dari suatu daerah. Program ini dirancang tanpa menggunakan satelit namun hanya menggunakan database, sehingga penggunaannya lebih murah dibandingkan dengan menggunakan satelit. Perancangan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Dijkstra's yang merupakan salah satu algoritma yang berguna untuk mencari lintasan terpendek dari satu titik ke titik lain dalam gambar. Metode Dijkstra's dipilih karena metode ini hanya mengeluarkan satu nilai output yang merupakan lintasan terpendek. Oleh karena itu, program ini tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memberikan jalan alternatif. GIS dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi keingintahuan manusia terhadap segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan keadaan geografi. Masyarakat dapat memanfaatkan semua kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh GIS untuk menjalankan kehidupan ke arah yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: Geographical Information Systems, Dijkstra

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2002
TL;DR: The notion of {\it weak fuzzy similarity relations}, a generalization of fuzzy similarity Relations, is used to provide a more realistic description of relationships between elements in which properties of symmetry and transitivity are no longer hold.
Abstract: In 1982, Pawlak proposed the concept of {\it rough sets} with practical purpose of representing indiscernibility of elements. Although rough set theory built on equivalence relation has the advantage of being easy to analyze, it may not be a widely applicable model as equivalence relations, because of their properties of symmetry and transitivity, may not provide a realistic view of relationships between elements in real world. Therefore a covering of the universe was introduced in order to represent a more realistic model. However, it is still unclear regarding what kinds of relations may use in defining the coverings. In this paper, the notion of {\it weak fuzzy similarity relations}, a generalization of fuzzy similarity relations, is used to provide a more realistic description of relationships between elements in which properties of symmetry and transitivity are no longer hold. A special type (concrete example) of weak fuzzy similarity relations called conditional probability relation is discussed. A generalized concept of rough set approximations are proposed based on α-coverings of the universe induced by conditional probability relations. Rough membership functions are also re-defined into three values, minimum, maximum and average. Their properties are also examined. In addition, by extending the concept of α-coverings of the universe, some properties and applications related to {\it Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining} (KDD) are provided. First, application of α-redundancy of objects is proposed in order to reduce decision rules in the presence of decision table. Next, an important concept of dependency of domain attributes is introduced in corresponding to the concept of fuzzy functional dependency.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used regression and cointegration to test the short-run and the long-run relationships between inflation spreads and interest rate spreads, and found that only one interest rate spread is found to significantly explain the expected inflation path.
Abstract: Inflation has become a problem in the Indonesian economy. There are several ways the government has attempted to overcome the economic crisis. The government has often used tight money policies by raising interest rates in Indonesia. For that reason, interest rates are important, because they can be used to evaluate expectations of inflation. This analysis uses regression and cointegration to test the short-run and the long-run relationships between inflation spreads and interest rate spreads. Based on the results, the spreads which can explain inflation expectations in the short-run are the 12-1 month interest-rate spread; the 12-3 month interest rate spread; the 12-6 month interest rate spread; the 6-1 month interest rate spread; and the 6-3 month interest rate spread. In the long-run, only one interest rate spread is found to significantly explain the expected inflation path, the 12-3 month interest rate spread. Because of that, it is suggested that the government or economic participants in Indonesia use the 12-3 month interest rate spread to analyze expected inflation in Indonesia, since this spread can be used in both the short and long-run. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Inflasi telah menjadi masalah besar dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Ada berbagai cara dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengatasi krisis yang terjadi. Pemerintah Indonesia sering menggunakan kebijakan uang ketat dengan menaikkan suku bunga. Karena itu, tingkat suku bunga menjadi penting, karena bisa digunakan untuk menganalisa ekspektasi inflasi. Analisa ini menggunakan regresi dan kointegrasi untuk menguji hubungan jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang antara spread inflasi dengan spread suku bunga. Dari hasil yang diperoleh untuk jangka pendek, spread yang mampu menjelaskan ekspektasi inflasi adalah spread suku bunga deposito 12-1 bulan; spread deposito 12-3 bulan; spread deposito 12-6 bulan; spread deposito 6-1 bulan; dan spread deposito 6-3 bulan. Sedangkan untuk jangka panjang hanya ada satu spread deposito yang dapat menjelaskan pergerakan ekspektasi inflasi, yaitu spread deposito 12-3 bulan. Karena itu, disarankan agar pemerintah maupun para pelaku ekonomi di Indonesia menggunakan spread suku bunga deposito 12-3 bulan untuk menganalisa ekspektasi inflasi di Indonesia, karena spread tersebut dapat digunakan dalam jangka pendek maupun dalam jangka panjang. Kata kunci: inflasi, suku bunga, ekspektasi, kointegrasi, regresi.

DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the current issues of internal control structure, the implication of electronic commerce on internal control structures and opportunities for accountants in conducting their engagement in electronic commerce, which trading activities have been facilitated with computer network such as intranet, extranet or internet.
Abstract: The emerging of the internet and world wide web as enabler of electronic commerce has resulted in some complexities for accountants in conducting their engagement. In electronic commerce, which trading activities have been facilitated with computer network such as intranet, extranet or internet, internal control structure has become more complicated than those without network. Confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation are some of the major complex issues in the application of electronic commerce these days.Those complexities, which do not occur in non computer-based trading, are based on the fact that electronic commerce not only involves accounting disiplines but also technical comprehension from other diciplines. Accountants find difficulties in facing the internal control issues in computer-based information system environment, especially in a situation that business has already been implementing computer network in conducting its primary and support activities. This article will discuss material related to the current issues of internal control structure, the implication of electronic commerce on internal control structure and opportunities for accountants. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Kemunculan internet dan world wide web sebagai dasar berkembangnya perdagangan elektronik atau electronic commerce telah menimbulkan permasalahan yang cukup pelik bagi seorang akuntan dalam menjalankan penugasannya. Dalam lingkungan perdagangan yang sudah memanfaatkan jaringan komputer, baik dalam kapasitasnya sebagai intranet, extranet, maupun internet, sistem pengendalian internal menjadi semakin rumit. Beberapa isu seperti keamanan dan keaslian transaksi yang dulunya nampak sederhana dalam lingkungan yang tidak berbasis komputer, sekarang menjadi sangat kompleks. Dalam electronic commerce, isu-isu tersebut dikenal dengan istilah confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation dan sebagainya. Kekompleksan ini dikarenakan hal-hal tersebut tidak bisa lagi dilihat hanya dari disiplin akuntansi atau bisnis semata, tetapi juga mengarah dan melibatkan pemahaman permasalah teknis yang menginjak disiplin ilmu di luar akuntansi. Hal ini tidak jarang menimbulkan kegagapan akuntan dalam menghadapi masalah-masalah pengendalian internal dalam lingkungan sistem akuntansi berbasis komputer, apalagi jika bisnis telah memanfaatkan jaringan komputer dalam melakukan aktifitas utama dan aktifitas pendukung administratif akuntansinya. Artikel ini akan membahas materi-materi yang terkait dengan isu-isu baru diseputar pengendalian internal, implikasi e-commerce terhadap pengendalian internal dan peluang yang dimiliki oleh akuntan. Kata kunci: pengendalian internal, e-commerce, confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between probability and fuzziness are discussed based on the process of perception and several combinations of formulation and properties are defined.
Abstract: Probability and fuzziness are different measures for dealing with different uncertainties in which they be able tob e combined and considered as a complementary tool. In this paper, the relationship between probability and fuzziness are discussed based on the process of perception. In probability, set theory is used to provide a language for modeling and describing random experiments. Here, as a generalization of crisp set, fuzzy set is used to model fuzzy event as defined by Zadeh. Similarly, rough set can be also used to represent rough event in terms of probability measure. Special attention will be given to conditional probability of fuzzy event as well as conditional probability of rough event. Their several combinations of formulation and properties are defined.

DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This paper will discuss about DC motor speed control based on fuzzy logic control system implemented on Linux operating system, which can be designed and controlled from remote area i.e. any personal computer, which use TCP/IP network and http protocol.
Abstract: This paper will discuss about DC motor speed control based on fuzzy logic control system implemented on Linux operating system. This fuzzy logic control system can be designed and controlled from remote area i.e. any personal computer, which use TCP/IP network and http protocol. Range of DC motor speed which is controlled is 800-2400 RPM. Software is designed by using C language and Perl. Experiments were done for testing speed of fuzzy logic control process in any server type and condition, and also the experiments were done for testing the DC motor speed control system in various setting point. The results show that speeds of fuzzy logic control for AMD K6-2 400 MHz server with 224 MB memory and Pentium 120 MHz with 32 MB memory are 5.8 ms and 16.8 ms respectively. This system had been tested from local computer and remote computer at setting point 800 RPM, 1600 RPM and 2400 RPM for 90 seconds and system can control speed of DC motor well. The server computer which has light processes, takes 0.8929 second sampling time and server computer which has heavy processes takes 0.9646 second sampling time. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Makalah ini akan membahas tentang sistem kontrol kecepatan motor DC jarak jauh berbasis kontrol fuzzy logic yang diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan sistem operasi Linux. Sistem kontrol fuzzy logic ini dapat didesain dan dikontrol dari komputer mana saja yang menggunakan jaringan TCP/IP dan protokol http. Kecepatan motor DC dikontrol antara 800-2400 RPM. Program dibuat dengan bantuan bahasa C dan Perl. Beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan antara lain kecepatan proses kontrol fuzzy logic pada berbagai tipe dan kondisi server dan pengujian sistem kontrol kecepatan motor DC dengan berbagai variasi setting point. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan kontrol fuzzy logic kernel adalah 5,8 milidetik pada komputer server AMD K6-2 400 MHz dengan memori 224 MB dan 16,8 milidetik pada komputer server Pentium 120 MHz dengan memori 32 MB. Sistem ini juga telah diuji dengan dijalankan dari komputer lokal dan komputer remote pada setting point 800 RPM, 1600 RPM dan 2400 RPM selama 90 detik dan sistem dapat berjalan dengan baik dalam mengontrol kecepatan motor DC. Waktu sampling yang diperlukan untuk beban komputer server yang ringan adalah 0,8929 detik/proses dan untuk beban komputer server yang berat 0,9646 detik/proses. Kata Kunci: Fuzzy, fuzzy logic, kontrol, linux, internet

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Iago's motives for vengeance are problematic as Iago offers different motives throughout the play as mentioned in this paper, and none of the answers is definite that Iago's motivations remain vague, as they do not correspond to his actions.
Abstract: Iago's motives for vengeance are problematic as Iago offers different motives throughout the play. Shakespeare scholars have attempted to explain some probable answers for the problem. Yet, none of the answers is definite that Iago's motives remain vague. This paper explores the ambiguity of Iago's motives by negating Iago's explanations, as they do not correspond to his actions. He plays his role skillfully that he can act as a confidante to all of his victims that he masters them and pushes them to helplessness and desperation. His skillful mastery over his victims' lives can be compared to that of a devil who destroys the lives of his victim and that of a skillful artist who decides on the fates of his characters. If an artist creates a work of art, then Iago creates destruction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Top Girls as discussed by the authors describes the lives of six female characters coming from different centuries, each of them has their own story to tell, as they have all been victimized by the patriarchal system in the century when they live and have resisted the system with different strategies.
Abstract: Top Girls, one of Caryl Churchill's most popular plays, describes the lives of six female characters coming from different centuries. Each of them has their own story to tell, as they have all been victimized by the patriarchal system in the century when they live and have resisted the system with different strategies. They either employ roles that are traditionally reserved for men or they adopt the archetypically feminine qualities. Despite their resistance and success, they find themselves unhappy and unsatisfied over their achievements. Thus this raises the question of the effectiveness of the feminist movement.

DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison study performance from a direct injection system diesel-engine fueled with composition 20, 30% and 40% bio-diesel, with diesel engine fueled diesel oil (solar) was conducted.
Abstract: Vegetable oil as an example product of agricultural engineering, has potential to be developed to renewable energy called bio-diesel. This paper describes comparison study performance from a direct injection system diesel-engine fueled with composition 20%, 30% and 40% bio-diesel, with diesel engine fueled diesel oil (solar). The test results have shown that the engine fueled with 20%, 30%, and 40% bio-diesel produce slightly lower torque and power than the same engine fueled with solar. The other research before, the emission test results have shown a lower particulate matter, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide from exhaust. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Minyak nabati sebagai suatu contoh produk dalam bidang rekayasa pertanian, berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi suatu bentuk energi bahan bakar yang terperbaharui yang disebut dengan bio-disel. Tulisan ini membahas tentang studi perbandingan performansi motor disel sistim injeksi langsung berbahan bakar dengan komposisi 20%, 30% dan 40% bio-disel, dengan yang berbahan bakar minyak diesel (solar). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa motor disel yang menggunakan bahan bakar dengan komposisi 20%, 30% dan 40% biodisel menghasilkan torsi dan daya yang lebih rendah daripada motor yang sama berbahan bakar solar. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya, hasil uji emisi menujukkan adanya partikel, hidrokarbon dan karbon monoksida yang lebih rendah pada saluran buang. Kata kunci: Minyak nabati, Biodisel, Torsi, daya.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Old Man and the Sea as discussed by the authors depicts the characteristics of primitivism as seen in the portrayal of its main character, Santiago, who is depicted with the qualities of being a true hero, a winner 'who takes nothing' ; a 'noble savage' with great courage of physical action while dealing with nature.
Abstract: Authors of any periods unconsciously tend to explore the sublimity and free expression of feeling, the simplicity of style and themes, the portrayal of the 'noble savage', the glorification of nature, the excitement of physical power and sensuous use of language. These are the characteristics of primitivism, the celebration of an earlier stage of human development, which is uncorrupted, vigorous, genuine expression of life. Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea clearly depicts the characteristics of primitivism as seen in the portrayal of its main character, Santiago. Hemingway's regret on the impact of technology led him to write the novella with its hero who is depicted with the qualities of being a true hero, a winner 'who takes nothing' ; a 'noble savage' with great courage of physical action while dealing with nature. Santiago has become the portrayal of Hemingway's criticism toward the development of civilization and the urban way of life.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mix of lime (Ca) and rice husk ash (RHA) was used to stabilize the expansive soil, and the results showed that the addition of 24% lime increases the strength of the soil up to 400%.
Abstract: Stabilization is one of several methods to reduce swelling potential of expansive soils. In this experiment, a mix of lime (Ca) and rice husk ash (RHA) was used to stabilize the expansive soil. Sixty to eighty percent of lime content used to stabilize soil was replaced with rice husk ash. The result shows that the addition of 24% lime increases the strength of the soil up to 400%, if 60% of lime content is replaced with rice husk ash, the increase dropped to 300%. In general, a mix of 40% lime and 60% rice husk ash could reduce swelling potential, up to below 1%, and increase the strength of expansive soil. Optimum curing needed to achieve maximum strength of the mix is 14 days. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Stabilisasi adalah salah satu langkah untuk mengantisipasi sifat kembang susut pada tanah ekspansif. Pada penelitian ini digunakan campuran kapur (Ca) dan abu sekam padi (RHA) untuk menstabilisasi tanah expansif. Antara 60% sampai dengan 80% kandungan kapur untuk stabilisasi diganti dengan abu sekam padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan 24% kapur dapat meningkatkan kekuatan tanah sampai 400%, sedangkan bila 60% dari kapur tersebut diganti dengan abu sekam, kekuatannya turun menjadi 300%. Secara umum, campuran 60% abu sekam padi dan 40% kapur sangat efektif untuk menurunkan potensi pengembangan (swelling), sampai di bawah 1%, dan meningkatkan kekuatan tanah (strength). Curing optimum yang diperlukan tanah campuran untuk mencapai kekuatan maksimum adalah 14 hari.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research aims to obtain general idea on how far Class A contractors in Surabaya know about information, element, and the benefit of ISO 14000, and how to engage in analyzing environmental management system using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
Abstract: Sustainable construction development needs a good environmental management system. International standard ISO 14000 is one the standard of a good environmental management system. This research aims to obtain general idea on how far Class A contractors in Surabaya know about information, element, and the benefit of ISO 14000, and how to engage in analyzing environmental management system using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. From the data analysis, it was shown that 64,71% of the respondents is aware of ISO 14000 and issue on work safety and health for employees has become a first priority (mean rank 8.09). This issue has been followed-up with the development of a proactive strategy (61.76%). The strategy is followed by tactic development among others is to check employees’ health in accordance to standard of work safety and health for employees which has been imposed by the government (mean rank 5.00). Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Konsep konstruksi berkelanjutan memerlukan sistem mana¬jemen lingkungan yang baik. Standar internasional ISO 14000 merupakan salah satu wahana untuk menjamin kinerja sistem manajemen lingkungan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum tentang sejauh mana para kontraktor kelas A di Surabaya menge¬tahui tentang informasi, elemen, dan keuntungan ISO 14000 serta bagaimana melakukan analisa sistem manajemen lingkungan tersebut dengan Friedman dan Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Hasil analisa data menunjukkan 64,71% responden mengetahui informasi tentang ISO 14000, dan isu keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja karyawan menjadi prioritas utama (mean rank 8,09). Isu tersebut ditindaklanjuti dengan pengembangan strategi proaktif (61,76%), dimana strategi tersebut diikuti dengan pengembangan taktik antara lain memeriksa kesehatan karyawan sesuai dengan standard kesehatan yang telah ditentukan oleh pihak yang berwenang (mean rank 5,00).

DOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, a conclusion can be drawn about neural network learning method with or without genetic algorithm, which is to get a more optimum function is by colliding neural network and genetic algorithm.
Abstract: Neural network as an information processor system which has some similarities with human brain, is lately used to solve general problems. Neural network has several characteristics based on : architecture, learning algorithm, and activation function. Genetic algorithm is a method to get an optimum function using genetic operations which is done to each individual in a population that is often called as chromosome. This way, to get a more optimum function is by colliding neural network and genetic algorithm. That is by doing a bias conversion and the weight to the neural network into a kind of individual form of genetic algorithm and the other way arround. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn about neural network learning method with or without genetic algorithm. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Neural network sebagai suatu sistem pengolah informasi yang mempunyai kemiripan dengan jaringan otak manusia, belakangan ini sering digunakan untuk menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan. Neural network memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang ditentukan oleh : arsitektur, algoritma pelatihan serta fungsi aktivasi. Algoritma genetika adalah suatu metode untuk mendapatkan suatu fungsi yang optimal dengan menggunakan operasi-operasi genetika yang dilakukan pada tiap-tiap individu yang terdapat dalam suatu populasi yang seringkali disebut sebagai kromosom. Dalam hal ini untuk mendapatkan kemungkinan suatu fungsi bisa lebih optimal adalah dengan menggabungkan antara neural network dengan algoritma genetika. Adapun caranya adalah dengan melakukan proses konversi bias dan bobot pada neural network ke dalam bentuk individu pada algoritma genetika dan demikian sebaliknya. Sehingga nantinya bisa didapatkan suatu kesimpulan antara metode pelatihan neural network dengan dan tanpa menggunakan algoritma genetika. Kata kunci: jaringan saraf tiruan, olgaritma genetika, kecerdasan buatan..

DOI
01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, two convex hull algorithms, Three Coin's (Graham) and AA Melkman's (Melkman) algorithms, were compared based on the speed in creating the convex Hull for simple polygon.
Abstract: The creating of convex hull for simple polygon is the basic application for computer graphics that can be developed to more complex application Not all of convex hull algorithms have the same speed and quality, therefore it needs to choose the most appropriate one for our computer graphics application In this research, two convex hull algorithms will be consider, those are Three Coin's (Graham) and AA Melkman's algorithms Both of them will be compared based on the speed in creating the convex hull In Three Coins algorithm, we find an extremal point and used bubble sort for its processes, while Melkman algorithm does not used sorting but it uses decque From the analysis of the program which can be seen from time complexity, it is proved that Three coins algorithm had O(n2) while Melkman algorithm had O(n) From the result of testing repeatedly 25 times, it can be found that the average speed to create convex hull for simple polygon using 50 vertices, Three Coins (Graham) algorithm needs 53,8454 ms, while Melkman algorithm needs 0,116 ms It means that the Melkman algorithm is faster 464 times than Three Coins (Graham) algorithm to create convex hull for simple polygon Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Pembuatan convex hull pada simple polygon adalah aplikasi dasar pada komputer grafik yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi aplikasi grafik lain yang lebih kompleks Tidak semua algoritma convex hull pada simple polygon mempunyai kecepatan dan ketepatan yang sama baiknya Sehingga perlu dipilih yang terbaik dari algoritma - algoritma tersebut Pada penelitian ini dibandingkan dua algoritma convex hull yaitu algoritma Three Coins (Graham) dan algoritma AA Melkman's, sebagai acuannya adalah simple polygon Kedua algoritma ini akan dibandingkan berdasarkan kecepatan proses dalam pembuatan convex hull Pada algoritma Three Coins dicari titik ekstrim dan digunakan bubble sort dalam prosesnya sedang pada algoritma Melkman tidak memakai proses sorting namun memakai decque Hasil analisis program ditinjau dari kompleksitas waktu, didapatkan bahwa untuk algoritma Three Coins (Graham) adalah O(n2) sedangkan algoritma Melkman adalah O (n) Dari hasil pengujian yang diulangi sebanyak dua puluh lima kali, didapatkan bahwa kecepatan rata-rata untuk membuat convex hull untuk simple polygon dengan 50 vertices, menggunakan algoritma Three Coins (Graham) adalah 538584 ms sedangkan kalau memakai algoritma Melkman adalah 0,116 ms Ini berarti algoritma Melkman lebih cepat 464 kali untuk pembuatan convex hull untuk simple polygon dibandingkan dengan algoritma Three Coins (Graham) Kata kunci: convex-hull, simple polygon, Three Coins, Graham, Melkman, kecepatan , komputer grafik

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between accountability of developers, viewed from the type of attention given to security, environmental cleanliness, street conditions, street lighting, drainage, and parks, for housing developments which are not finished being built, with variables such as experience, region, estate management and cost.
Abstract: One primary need is housing, so developers must build it, but consumers are now more selective in buying housing. The developer who has a good concept and accountability can attract consumers, especially middle to high income buyers. This research discusses the relationship between accountability of developers, viewed from the type of attention given to security, environmental cleanliness, street conditions, street lighting, drainage, and parks, for housing developments which are not finished being built, with variables such as experience, region, estate management, and cost. The results show that the ten developers who were analyzed have good accountability for their unfinished housing development especially Graha Family and Araya Bumi Megah. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Salah satu kebutuhan primer adalah rumah tinggal, maka diperlukan peran serta pengembang untuk menyediakannya, namun konsumen saat ini lebih selektif dalam membeli rumah. Pengembang yang memiliki konsep dan akuntabilitas baik, yang dapat menarik calon konsumen terutama konsumen menengah ke atas. Penelitian ini membahas hubungan akuntabilitas pengembang ditinjau pada jenis pemeliharaannya, yaitu pada segi keamanan, kebersihan lingkungan, kondisi jalan, penerangan jalan, saluran, dan taman untuk kawasan perumahan yang belum selesai dibangun dengan pengalaman kerja, wilayah pengembangan, keberadaan estate management, dan biaya pemeliharaan. Ternyata hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ke-sepuluh pengembang yang diteliti memiliki akuntabilitas pada pemeliharaan kawasan perumahannya yang belum selesai dibangun, khususnya Graha Famili dan Araya Bumi Megah. Kata kunci: pengembang, akuntabilitas, pemeliharaan kawasan.

DOI
01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss about comparing efficiency of single phase capacitor running induction motor, 220 Volt, 30 Watt, 1370 Rpm, where the placement of speed controller is connected on source supply or main winding.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss about comparing efficiency of single phase capacitor running induction motor, 220 Volt, 30 Watt, 1370 Rpm, where the placement of speed controller is connected on source supply or main winding. This experiment is used to investigate torque, current flow, cos , input power and efficiency from various motor speed. The result of this analysis, for two placement motor speed controller show that speed controller that is connected on main winding have 15 % more efficient than motor speed controller that is connected on source supply. The speed controller that is connected on main winding is not influence motor input voltage on auxiliary winding. This is why the speed controller that is connected on main winding can more efficient Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Dalam Makalah ini dibahas mengenai analisa perbandingan efisiensi dari penempatan rangkaian pengontrol kecepatan motor induksi kapasitor running satu fasa, 220 Volt, 30 Watt, 1370 Rpm, yang terhubung pada suplai dengan yang terhubung pada kumparan utama (main winding). Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah mengamati besarnya torsi, arus, cos , daya input dan efesiensi pada berbagai kecepatan motor. Dari hasil pengujian terhadap dua rangkaian pengontrol kecepatan yang ditempatkan pada kumparan utama (main winding) dan suplai didapatkan bahwa rangkaian pengontrol kecepatan di kumparan utama (main winding) 10 % lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan yang ditempatkan pada suplai. Pengontrol kecepatan yang diletakan pada main winding tidak mempengaruhi tegangan input pada auxiliary winding, hal inilah yang menyebabkan penempatan pengontrol pada main winding menjadi lebih efisien. Kata kunci: Efisiensi, Motor induksi kapasitor running satu fasa.

DOI
01 May 2002
TL;DR: In this article, a TCP/IP based remote control application using Delphi 5.0 programming language and dWinsock 2.75 component interface for Windows Socket API which is created especially for Delphi language.
Abstract: This day, computer networking has become important necessity for data exchange between computers. And along with the growing of number of computer in a network, the difficulty for managing that network also increased. Because of that reality, in this paper will be build application for remote controlling computer using TCP/IP protocol. This application build using Delphi 5.0 programming language and dWinsock 2.75, component interface for Windows Socket API which is created especially for Delphi language, and separate to two sub applications, namely server application, which run on computer to be controlled and the secondly is client application, run on controller computer. In this application, data text or binary will be send, so two pair components will be used : TTextServer - TTextClient and TBinaryServer- TBinaryClient. The functions which implemented in this applications are : lock and unlock computer, reboot, shutdown, execute remote program, send message, capture screen and view remote programs. Test is doing on internal network and internet network, and the result of that test for internal network, all of functions can be activated perfectly without significant delay (less than 1 second). But for internet network, there is delay, which the number variable depend on data traffic at that moment. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Sekarang ini jaringan komputer sudah menjadi suatu kebutuhan yang sangat penting untuk mempermudah pertukaran data antar komputer. Dan seiring dengan makin berkembangnya jumlah komputer pada suatu jaringan, maka makin bertambah pula tingkat kesulitan untuk mengelola jaringan tersebut. Oleh sebab itu pada penelitian ini akan dibuat aplikasi untuk mengendalikan komputer secara jarak jauh dengan menggunakan protokol TCP/IP. Aplikasi ini dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Delphi 5.0 dan dWinsock 2.75 yang merupakan komponen antar muka Windows Socket API yang dikhususkan untuk bahasa pemrograman Delphi, dan terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu server yang diaktifkan pada komputer yang akan dikendalikan, dan client yang diaktifkan pada komputer pengendali. Pada aplikasi ini data yang dikirimkan berbentuk teks dan biner, dan menggunakan dua pasang komponen utama dWinsock yaitu TTextServer dan TTextClient serta TBinaryServer dan TBinaryClient. Fungsi yang diaplikasikan ialah penguncian komputer, reboot, shutdown, eksekusi program, pengiriman pesan, melihat tampilan layar dan melihat program yang sedang dijalankan pada komputer server. Pengujian dilakukan pada jaringan komputer internal dan juga pada jaringan internet. Hasil dari pengujian yang dilakukan pada jaringan internal didapat bahwa semua fungsi yang diaplikasikan dapat dijalankan dengan sempurna tanpa mengalami penundaan yang berarti karena delay yang terjadi di bawah 1 detik, sedangkan untuk jaringan internet terdapat delay yang besarnya bervariasi tergantung dari tingkat kepadatan traffic data pada saat tersebut. Kata kunci: TCP/IP, jaringan komputer, pengendalian jarak jauh.