Showing papers by "School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi published in 2015"

E-Governance for Smart Cities

Abstract: This chapter ‘E-Governance for Smart City’ is intended to give conceptual clarity of the subject matter of the book. The chapter is expected to give broad direction to the book. Until now E-Governance literature is dominated by authors who are computer scientists and IT specialists since there are several technical issues to be solved (like, for example, big data management) but this book takes a departure and will be authored by domain specialists related to city. We are jointly working out the emerging E-Governance System for Smart City from the point of view of urban domain specialists such as specialists in urban development, urban planning, climate change, carbon accounting, water Governance, energy governance, public realm and so on. To start with definition of E-Governance and E-Government is collated from different organizations point of view. Then how consumers of Governance, such as Citizen, Government and Business benefit from E-Governance is enumerated. Further, it traces five distinct phases of E-Governance development such as Phase-1(1996–1999): Basic Web Presence, Phase-2(1997–2000): Interactive web, Phase-3(1998–2003): Transaction web, Phase-4(2000–2005): Integrative and Transformation web and Phase-5(2005+): Smart City Governance web. Prior to 2005 there has been rapid transition in phases but with the emergence of phase-5, there is a trend in stabilization of urban E-Governance. This chapter enumerates new functional specialization of E-Governance in different phases and discusses Smart City E-Governance System and its prime requirements.

Insights on social learning and collaborative action plan development for disaster risk reduction: practicing Yonmenkaigi System Method (YSM) in flood-prone Mumbai.

Abstract: Recent decades have seen an increasing recognition and consensus among researchers and planners in disaster management in the need to foster social learning through public participation, to promote deliberative interaction among stakeholders in order to work together build a relationship to attain a collective action. However, the current participatory methods in disaster management are limited to awareness building, when actual plan preparation is the prime concept yet to be looked at. Additionally, in most of the cases, the local government authorities initiate their disaster management program to community by inviting them to voice their opinions and concerns. The major impediments of such participatory programs are the community’s over-dependence on donors and governments (stakeholders) thus will consequently fail to give the community the sense of ownership of the problem. The challenge therefore is, putting the community in the driver’s seat instead of only inviting them for consultation on an existing plan about a predetermined issue. In this paper, a participatory workshop method called Yonmenkaigi System Method (YSM) has been employed as a method to integrate the community’s concerns and perspectives in the disaster management processes and to develop a collaborative action plan. The method was tested in a flood-prone slum community in Mumbai, India. In the first phase of the workshop, a SWOT analysis was executed to provide an opportunity for the participants to acknowledge each other’s prior concerns, perspectives, and views. In the succeeding phases, the method then provided a platform to carry out this awareness in order to create visions through the identification of critical elements of the plan called Yonmenkaigi Chart. Finally, the sharing and debating of each other’s visions and perspectives to prepare an executable plan for improved disaster preparedness. This entire process helps the participant develop an action plan based on their prior abilities, strengths and capacities instead of depending heavily on supports from external sources.

Housing demand and housing policy in urban Bangladesh

Abstract: This paper estimates demand for housing and its attributes in urban Bangladesh using a survey of 4400 owner, renter and squatter households. The results revealed that housing demand is inelastic with respect to income and price; and price elasticity is less than income elasticity in absolute terms. Estimates of demand for housing attributes showed that owner and renter households value structural quality, sanitation and electricity, as well as a living room and dining room/kitchen. Squatter households value living space, pit latrine, water supply and electricity, but place less emphasis on structural quality. Irrespective of these submarkets, income improvement strategies are likely to be the most effective means of enhancing housing consumption. The rental submarket might be improved by rent liberalisation, while slum improvement strategies should focus on tenure security and incremental improvement. However, contrary to current practice, the emphasis should be on the size of squatter dwellings rather than on their structural quality.

Ecological integrity and environmental protection for Vijayawada region – Scattered Eastern Ghats

Abstract: The ecological integrity is widely discussed as a new concept by several ecologists and environmentalists. A consensus in this regard is yet to be derived for its definition. Human intervention for its developmental activities results in several environmental changes that enhance some species, ecosystem and ecological processes while at the same time brings irrecoverable damage to the Planet Earth. It is essential and crucial to focus research and scientific analysis and establish awareness and education to provide a means of distinguishing responses between improvements in quality of ecosystem and those of damages. The focus of this paper is to emphasize the organized urban planning at a macro level and the architectural design interventions at the micro level in Vijayawada where eco – sensitivity exists with due consideration to ecological integrity and environmental protection. The ecological dynamics of continuity indicated that hillocks of Vijayawada region are a part of Eastern Ghats. The study is to elaborate that the landscape, eco-patches and its connectivity establishes a unique corridor to strengthen ecological system and as a green corridor to Vijayawada city to fulfill the demands of the city and also to create the ecological patch connectivity to scattered Eastern Ghats especially in the Krishna-Guntur region which connects the Nallamala hills through Kondapalli hill toward Sothern side and to the Papikondalu at the northern side of Eastern Ghats. These corridors may even support environmental conservation and provides rural edge in urban context and functions as lung spaces to ease the heat island effect of urban settlement. So the explicit development controls have been derived to guide and organize at micro level so as to achieve the macro level considerations of ecological integrity.

Analyzing Risk and Disaster in Megaurban Systems – Experiences from Mumbai and Jakarta

Abstract: The inherent qualities of megacities call for specific risk analysis and specific strategies and capabilities in megaurban risk and disaster management. As megaurbanization proceeds at a hitherto unprecedented pace, the vulnerability of the world’s largest metropolises and the risk accumulated in them is gradually being understood. However, megaurban risk and disaster management are yet to be developed and established as full-fledged concepts. Thus far, empirically based knowledge and tools are scarce. The framework we introduce allows for an analytical approach to megaurban risk and disaster based on a systemic understanding of megacities as complex adaptive systems (CAS). Implications of our conceptualization are discussed using findings of empirical research on flooding in Mumbai/India and Jakarta/Indonesia. The application of the framework illustrates its potential for an improved understanding of root causes and effects of megaurban risk and disaster, amplifying factors that increase the impact of megaurban disasters and secondary risks that occur in the aftermaths of megaurban disasters. At the same time the CAS-framework allows for identifying options available for dealing with risk and disasters.

Participatory E-Budgeting Using GIS-Based Spatial Decision Support System: Kozhikode Municipal Corporation

Abstract: The 73rd and 74th Amendment of the Indian Constitution has brought the power to prepare development plans to the grass root level – to the Grama Panchayat on the rural side and to the Municipalities on the urban side. Annual budgeting in these institutions is of utmost importance as the implementation of development schemes is possible only through a logical and balanced allocation of available funds. At the municipal level the budget provides a balanced and coordinated approach to municipal activities so that requirements and responsibilities of all sections are analyzed while preparing a budget. One important innovation, Smart City embarks on is a web-based participatory e-Budgeting which empowers citizen. E- Budgeting will use an interactive and dedicated annual Municipal budgeting web site and will also use web-based Geographic Information System (GIS). A hundred percent E-Literate Smart City with smart people would like to be part of E-Budgeting. Participatory budgeting allows local citizens in a municipal ward to identify, discuss, and prioritize public spending projects, to make decisions about how money is spent every year. Kozhikode was practicing Participatory annual planning and budgeting since the mid-1990s. This chapter explores how the existing participatory budgeting can be converted to e-budgeting befitting a Smart city. It also demonstrates how Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) that uses Geographic Information System (GIS) can be deployed in Kozhikode using most up-to-date data for budgetary decision making to help the community to arrive at the most rational budget allocation.

Can Smart City Be an Inclusive City?—Spatial Targeting (ST) and Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)

Abstract: Smart City is often considered as an all inclusive city integrating various aspects of Quality of Life of the people. However, unless it is planned and managed through Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) some of its socio-economic and spatial issues can be left behind in the development process. Through a case study of Hubli-Dharwad City in Karnataka, this paper shows how the poverty hot spots are left behind though many innovative programmes are carried out in the city. It points out the need to introduce SDI in Indian Cities as an essential part of Smart City building process.

Understanding the influence of roadway configuration on traffic flows through a conventional traffic-assignment model

Abstract: Space syntax researchers have found that the role of roadway configuration itself is apparent in influencing urban movement. Despite this important finding, conventional traffic-assignment models are not seen to take the configurational measures into account for modeling urban movement networks. The argument is where exactly is the short fall in understanding the influence of roadway configuration on the urban phenomena of trip-making and route choice from the conventional traffic-assignment stance? This paper throws deeper insights into this question and reports the progress in the area of transportation planning research by producing theoretical evidence showing that configurational influence on urban movement gets captured through the capacity-restrained-analysis model-one of the prevalent trafficassignment models adopted by the transportation planning community. The conclusion reinforces the syntax research finding explaining that topological complexities of urban textures significantly get involved in modeling urban movement networks much of which has not been addressed before in the conventional traffic-assignment models.

Environmentally Sustainable Development of Urban Settlements In India: A Framework For Development of Indicators

Abstract: There have been numerous efforts worldwide at various scales (global/national/regional/ local) in the field of development of sustainable development indicators, focussing on either one or all of its various dimensions, following the Rio Summit in 1992. However, India has fallen behind in the area of development of Sustainable Development Indicators and none of the Indian cities figure in the review of the IISD Compendium, the most comprehensive database to date to keep track of Indicators efforts. A review of the initiatives by several international agencies and countries in formulation of the sustainability indicators though provide necessary guidance, the final framework needs to address the urban sustainability issues in the Indian context. The objective of this paper is to develop a set of indicators at macro and micro level for environmentally sustainable development of the urban settlements in India. It involves recommending an approach, a methodology and a structural framework for deriving the indicators set at various levels focussing on resource dynamics of urban settlements. Domain based classification has been followed wherein domains have been identified based on essential natural and built in resources. Further, for each domain environmental sustainability determinants have been recognised and based on them multilevel indicators have been identified with a goal of greater livibility and quality of life. A way forward has been given for the evaluation of indicators for formulation of policies at national level and action plan at local level with stakeholder’s participation. key words: Environmental Sustainability, Urban Settlements, Frameworks, Indicators, Macro level, Micro level.

E-Governance and Smart Cities: Cases of Ahmedabad and Hyderabad

Abstract: Smart cities are smart not only in terms of higher level of services but also having an efficient and effective system. Its locationality brings balanced regional development. Better governed institutions are the one where procedures are transparent. E-Governance has increased the interlinkages between different departments. Through E-Governance, services provided are varying from birth/death certificate, booking of community facilities and town planning. The usage of mobile for M-Governance also provides last mile connectivity and its applicability streamlines not only the data collection but also analysis. The chapter attempts to understand the definitions of E-Governance and its parameters. Through two case studies of Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, it tries to find answers of: whether E-Governance or M-Governance’s implementation led to transformative governance including increased participation or transparent administration or not? and where both the cities stand in the 5 stages of E-Governance evolution from basic web presence to well-connected smart governance and 4 model of non-transformation of government structure to creation of smart administration to rearranging the position of government within the urban system.

Critical Learning and Reflective Practice through Studio-based Learning in Planning and Architecture Education

Abstract: Studio-based Learning is central to architecture and planning education. In terms of assessment and time spent, almost forty to fifty percent of the credits are devoted to the studios courses. Based on real life situations the Studio helps students synthesise various concepts in the process of finding solutions to complex problems. This paper attempts to connect the concepts of Experiential Learning, Reflective Practice and Critical Pedagogy to Studio-based Learning and, argues that, instead of being the ritualistic exercise it is currently perceived as, Studio-based Learning has an untapped potential to provide a transformative experience for the student. Such a transformative experience would include a re-examination of the current teacherstudent relationship, nature of studios as physical spaces, system of assessment and transformative nature of the studio exercise. Studio-based Learning

Smart City E-Governance: Issues and Future

Abstract: Issues for developing Smart City E-Governance in India are unique. Two basic issues are the levels of E-Governance Infrastructure in position, namely information and communication technology (ICT) and relative ability of population subgroups to access the E-Governance infrastructure. There has not been uniform social development of urban and rural population and also population subgroups such as male and female, scheduled caste (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), Muslims and non-Muslims in India. Therefore uniform environment of developing Smart City E-Governance does not exist. These target groups require differing policy set to make their access to Smart E-Governance possible. This partitioning of subgroups into different levels of accessibility to Smart E-Governance is the major issues of Smart E-Governance in India. There has been rapid development in ICT such as telephones, mobiles and Internet in India in absolute terms but when it is converted to percentage figures it gives very negative impression doubting the possibility of Smart City E-Governance in India. Also, E-Government survey conducted by United Nations in 2012 places India in the lowest quartile. However recent development of E-Commerce in India gives considerable hopes for E-Governance. E-Commerce and E-Governance shares the same ecosystem but E-Commerce has shown very rapid development and GDP generated can even surpass health and education sector in India. These developments are mainly generated by potential smart cities in India. This gives positive assurance that carefully selected about 31 mega cities, million pilus cities in India and can be developed for Smart City E-Governance. Other towns from about 8,000 census towns have to wait to overcome their population-related access to Smart City E-Governance. This concluding chapter in the last part highlights the further reaches of E-Governance discussed in all chapters of the book as part of its future.

Rejuvenation of the Tile Jamal Pure Runnel Bhopal

Abstract: Bhopal, the capital of state of Madhya Pradesh has wide spread poverty due to its tragic past of gas tragedy. This poverty has manifested into widespread slum proliferation which has concentrated into disadvantages land parcels generally owned by governmental bodies.

Urban Planning Techniques for Climate Change Adaptation

Abstract: Climate change mitigation is action to decrease the intensity of radiative forcing in order to reduce the effects of global warming. In contrast, adaptation to global warming involves acting to tolerate the effects of global warming. Most often, climate change mitigation scenarios involve reductions in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, either by reducing their sources or by increasing their sinks. Most means of mitigation appear effective only for preventing further warming, not at reversing existing warming. The Stern Review identifies several ways of mitigating climate change. These include reducing demand for emissions-intensive goods and services, increasing efficiency gains, increasing use and development of low-carbon technologies, and reducing fossil fuel emissions. The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is presently improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.

Geopolitics and Community Vulnerability: A Case of Diu Island

Abstract: Geopolitics play a significant role on disaster risk reduction, rehabilitation and resettlement. The international community engaged at territorial level requires governance and proactive political engagement for reducing vulnerability and building community resilience. People staying in coastal areas are more vulnerable than planes in general. In that case, the statement ‘Disasters are man-made than natural’ is less likely to be true due to differential circumstantial evidences and the higher impact on loss of property and lives. Diu is one of such district, which has faced floods, cyclones and earthquakes in past decades. The Arabian Sea surrounds the island and increases its political significance for the country but also increases vulnerability of the coastal community dependent on sea. Due to climate change, there are chances of submergence of land with more areas getting flooded. Fishing, as primary occupation of the coastal community, increases their vulnerability further. During the times of cyclone or tsunami, the loss is both in terms of human lives or livelihood. The paper tries to explore what makes coastal community more vulnerable? Is it because of climate change or international borders in sea or the occupations in which they are engaged? Out of governance initiatives of government and community associations, which one plays larger role for building resilient communities? The interactions with the community at risk through focus group discussions and personal interviews are used for understanding the increased vulnerabilities of coastal community engaged in an occupation, which involved rowing in international borders and where effect of climate change will be first realized. At the end, it imparts an understanding of the role played by technology such as usage of global positioning system (GPS) devices in reducing the vulnerabilities on one hand and strategies for improving governance for building disaster resilient communities on the other.

Urban Futures-A futuristic approach

Abstract: The future of a city, the foremost agenda that has engaged all and alarmed the concerned, far and wide. Dealing with the changes sensitively is the demand and need of time. So, the most important job is to identify the derivation of such changes and investigate its effect on community. "Urban Futures, a futuristic approach" is a blend of different texts to expand better understanding of the issues being faced by the world in this age of urbanization, so as to accomplish the objectives.

The fifth international cultural landscape conference (INCUL 2014) urban cultural landscape: past, present and future

Abstract: The conference was held in the auditorium of Tehran’s National Museum, organised by the Iranian Society of Landscape Architecture Professionals (ISLAP). There were 220 participants, with 50 from 18 countries outside Iran. Of more than 200 papers submitted, 84 were selected and only 18 gave an oral presentation, the rest were poster presentations. The talks focused on the definition and history of the use of the term ‘cultural landscape’ in the Western World, its adoption by UNESCO and IUCN and its use in Iran’s world heritage sites and issues related to their listing and management. Iran’s efforts were showcased. Bam was listed as Iran’s first Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site in danger immediately after the earthquake in 2004, but was removed from the danger list in 2013 through effective management. Isfahan’s Nakshe Jahan Square was in danger of being removed from the world heritage list because of a high rise building in the vicinity of the world heritage site, affecting its visual authenticity. The Persian garden has also been listed in World Heritage, in the cultural landscape category (2011). At the outset, the audience was reminded of the difficulties of preserving a historic cultural landscape in conformity with world best practices, when persuasive economic interests are pressing for change. The conference was divided into three thematic sessions, Historic Urban Landscape, Contemporary Urban Cultural Landscape and Future Urban Cultural Landscape, with six papers presented in each session. Unfortunately, the papers, or their abstracts, are not available online or in a proper publishing format in either print or online. The collection of papers were distributed in the form of a CD. Keynote speeches do not form part of this collection. Papers have not been edited and compiled for publication, there is no table of contents, some papers do not have the figures provided. These defects are regrettable. A keynote speech by Prof. Maria Theres Albert on, ‘40 years of world heritage convention – on the popularization of a protection concept of cultural and natural assets’ stressed the relative newness of the subject, the long way it has come and the importance of protection of cultural and natural heritage. This is a developing concept which continues to include new meanings such as cultural landscapes. In 1992, the World Heritage Convention became the first legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes, ‘as the combined works of nature and of man’ and adopted guidelines for their listing as world heritage [1]. Annex 3 of the the ‘Operational Guidelines 2005’ (Revised 2008), for nominations to a world heritage site listing, defines 3 main categories of cultural landscapes.

The arch?tecture and beyond of tread and r?ser

Abstract: The primary constitution of stairs is the arrangement of horizontal and vertical measures known as tread and riser. This is the simplest arrangement that essentially conveys people from one level to the other with required comfort and safety. Understanding the role of stairs in different spheres of human need and expression is crucial in approaching its design. It is one of the unique architectural entities that reflect the various facets of social, psychological, artistic, metaphysical and religious dimensions. The importance of physical activity in the rising sedentary life styles is linked to the design of building elements, especially the staircases. This paper is an attempt to understand the concept of stairs not only from the evolutionary point of view, but also the associated metaphoric meanings and its emerging multi facet identity. The concept of vertical accessibility in the form of tread and riser arrangement makes stairs a timeless phenomenon. It is further discussed that in the present age stairs have become as an inspiration for physical well being.

Appropriate Pedagogical Approaches For Conduct of Site Planning and Built Environment Studio in Spatial Planning Education Programs

Abstract: Spatial planning education is multi-disciplinary in nature and particularly site planning needs exposure to Engineering, Architectural, Landscape, Sociological, Economic, and Infrastructural aspects. The curriculum of the spatial planning program introduces the site-planning studio (multi-level design and planning) at the initial semesters without introduction of single space design and planning. Due to inadequate exposure the students find it difficult to plan and design residential layouts in the planning studio. The site-planning studio provides a good understanding of how the articulation of density can modify the built form and environment. There are considerable lacunae in the adopted approaches of site planning studios in various planning schools. The author discusses in detail the varied methodologies and approaches adopted in site planning and built environment studio programs. The two pedagogical studios methods experimented in the site-planning studio were discussed at length. One method discusses from unit level planning and designing to block and neighborhood level and other method discusses from neighborhood to block and unit level. Within these two studio pedagogical methodologies, for conduct of site planning exercises two approaches were generally adopted i.e block-based approach and Design based approach. The characteristic features, outcomes, advantages and disadvantages of each methodologies /approach offer an understanding of how site-planning studios have to be taught in the planning program. The author emphasizes the importance of a gradual progression from a single space design and planning to multi-level design and planning for enhanced comprehension of students.

Disaster Management in Border Sensitive Area: Case Study of Amritsar District

Abstract: Border areas are sensitive geographical areas holding an important position for resource sharing The complexity of situation increases between the countries facing turmoil at their borders India and Pakistan are two such nations which share international boundary, but ceasefire violations are frequently observed from Pakistan These violations lead to human and economic loss, and in event of natural disasters, it adds to increasing severity of the situation The Amritsar district shares 10936 kms of international boundary with Pakistan It is famous for the Golden Temple, one of the religious centres for the Sikh community Through the help of a case study of the border district, the paper attempts to explore how a natural disaster when coupled with man-made disasters increases the vulnerability of community