Showing papers by "The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina published in 1997"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of sediment type on Microtox EC50 values and bacterial counts of the liquid phase in the presence of artificial sediments (mixtures of pure sand and clay).
Abstract: During pilot year studies for the Estuarine Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) in the Carolinian Province, it was observed that estuarine sediments characterized by high silt-clay content (contaminated as well as uncontaminated) consistently had low Microtox® EC50s (as measured by decreased light production). It was hypothesized that the low EC50 values associated with silty sediments were due to adsorption of the bacteria to the silt-clay particles. During the assay, the bioluminescent bacteria are exposed to a sediment suspension, and the effects on light production are evaluated in the liquid phase that remains after removal of the sediments by filtration. If the bacteria adsorb to the sediments, then the decreased light production observed with silty sediments may be the result of significant bacterial removal, rather than toxicity. This sediment bias could affect the interpretation of results from field studies by overestimating the potential for contaminant effects in muddy areas. We report on studies in which artificial sediments (mixtures of pure sand and clay) were used to evaluate the effects of sediment type (in the absence of contaminants) on Microtox EC50 values and bacterial counts of the liquid phase. The results supported the hypothesis. Microtox EC50s and bacterial concentrations in the liquid phase decreased in a predictable manner as clay composition increased. Methods of normalizing for sediment composition and developing toxicity criteria are discussed.
128 citations
TL;DR: This paper found no significant relationship exists between occupational identification and demographic characteristics; however, level of socialization does show a significant relationship to demographic variables, and individual characteristics such as race, gender, age, military experience and level of police experience did not appear to have a significant effect on occupational solidarity.
Abstract: Popular in the law enforcement literature, the concept of the “police subculture” traditionally has been predicated on homogeneous personnel selections. Although female and minority representation has increased in law enforcement, the impact of females and minorities on the police subculture has not been empirically evaluated. Traditional research in this area has suggested that the socialization process is so intense and the subculture so strong that individual characteristics are quickly overwhelmed. However, these studies were undertaken prior to the mandated introduction of female and minority officers. Results of this study show no significant relationship exists between occupational identification and demographic characteristics; however, level of socialization does show a significant relationship to demographic variables. The sample consisted of four regularly scheduled academy classes with varying levels of police experience. This sample was selected due to the diversity in the level of police experience among respondents. It was hypothesized that demographic variables, such as race, gender, age, military experience and level of police experience, would not significantly affect occupational identification or levels of socialization. The data indicated that individual characteristics, such as race, gender, age, military experience, and level of police experience, did not appear to have a significant effect on occupational solidarity. These individual characteristics, however, were found to display significant relationships with level of socialization.
47 citations
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the elemental abundances of the early A stars 2 Lyn, 4> Aql and 6> AqI were derived consistent with previous studies in this series, using spectrograms obtained with Reticon and CCD detectors.
Abstract: Elemental abundances of the superficially normal early A stars 2 Lyn, ()) UMa and 4> Aql are derived consistent with previous studies in this series, using spectrograms obtained with Reticon and CCD detectors. The derived elemental abundances of 2 Lyn are usually very close to solar. Both ()) UMa and 4> AqI, which are considered to be hot metallic-line stars, show He underabundances as well as overabundances of many iron-peak and heavier elements.
28 citations
TL;DR: Differential Stromgren uvby photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope are presented for four magnetic chemically peculiar stars in this article, showing the presence of a secondary minimum near primary maximum in u, v, and b.
Abstract: Differential Stromgren uvby photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope are presented for four magnetic chemically peculiar stars. Comparison with uvby photometry of Pedersen & Thomsen for HD 37776 yields an improved period of 1.538675 days. New periods of 15.0305 days and 18.065 days are found for the sharp-lined stars HR 2258 and HR 6958, respectively, rather than one of their aliases. For HR 6958 each color shows a slightly different time of maximum. Comparison of the four color photometry of 108 Aqr taken during the fall of 1995 which well covers the period shows the presence of a secondary minimum near primary maximum in u , v , and b . Comparison with published photometry indicates indicates that subtle changes in the shapes of the light curves have occurred suggesting that this star might be precessing.
22 citations
TL;DR: Differential Stromgren observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope refine the rotational periods and define the shapes of the light curves of four magnetic Chemically Peculiar stars.
Abstract: Differential Stromgren uvby photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope refine the rotational periods and define the shapes of the light curves of four magnetic Chemically Peculiar stars. HD 32633 () exhibits an in-phase variability with asymmetrically shaped light curves. 25 Sex () has a complex variability with the v , b , and y light variability crudely in phase, but quite different from that of u . HR 7224 () shows in-phase variability with two nearly equal secondary minima. HD 200311 (), which was previous thought to be a long period variable, is found to be a modest photometric variable.
21 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the possibility of gender bias in student ratings of female faculty at The Citadel and concluded that there is a contradiction between beliefs about gender bias and the actual presence of bias for both faculty and students.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of gender bias in student ratings of female faculty at The Citadel. Four (Caucasian) female faculty members, one at each level of academic rank, and four (Caucasian) male cadets were interviewed to determine their views on bias in the instructional process, especially with regard to ratings of faculty by students. From the data we concluded that there is a contradiction between beliefs about gender bias and the actual presence of bias for both faculty and students. Women are subjected to a double standard, and in the military setting of The Citadel, nontenure track female faculty are doubly penalized. Faculty women believe gender bias is part of the institutional culture, and contrapower harassment in ratings of female faculty by male students is likely.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss stressful influences on child witnesses and practices designed to decrease the likelihood of emotional distress and increase the child's ability to provide credible testimony, and discuss the roles of and links between mental health and legal professionals working with child witnesses.
Abstract: Increased awareness of child abuse and neglect has been associated with an increase in focus on children as witnesses in court proceedings. Research suggests that although the experience of participating in the legal system is not inherently traumatic, it is often stressful for the child witness. This article discusses stressful influences on child witnesses and practices designed to decrease the likelihood of emotional distress and increase the child's ability to provide credible testimony. In light of the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the response to childhood victimization, this article addresses the roles of and links between mental health and legal professionals working with child witnesses. The concepts discussed in this article apply generally to civil, criminal, family law, and dependency cases and to cases tried before a jury and to a judge alone. It is the authors' belief that the concepts discussed here are generally equally applicable in any case in which a child is a witness.
19 citations
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The authors define disaster as it pertains to children and families, examine the nature of stressors associated with various types of disasters, highlight key findings from the growing literature on disaster's impact on children, and introduce intervention techniques that have been developed to minimize the ill effects of disasters on their young victims.
Abstract: A unique environment in which to capture the effects of stress and coping in children is the aftermath of disaster. At a basic level the disaster environment provides an opportunity to learn how essentially well-adjusted children and families cope with the short- and long-term effects of a sudden, unanticipated, monumental set of stressors. At an applied level, there is a compelling and widespread need for supportive interventions throughout the stages of the disaster and its aftermath if psychological sequelae are to be minimized. The purposes of this chapter are: to define disaster as it pertains to children and families; to examine the nature of stressors associated with various types of disasters; to highlight key findings from the growing literature on disaster’s impact on children; to review recent literature pertaining specifically to stress and coping by children in disasters; and to introduce intervention techniques that have been developed to minimize the ill effects of disasters on their young victims.
18 citations
TL;DR: A review of sediment contamination in the Caribbean can be found in this article, where the authors discuss regulation and remediation of contaminated sediments in the region and speculates on what the future holds regarding sediment toxicity.
Abstract: Sediment contamination in the Caribbean has not been extensively studied. This review article outlines known cases of sediment contamination in the Caribbean and their impacts on Caribbean ecosystems. It also discusses regulation and remediation of contaminated sediments in the Caribbean and speculates on what the future holds regarding sediment toxicity. Existing information suggests that sediment contamination may be widespread, although not severe in most areas. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands contain two National Priority List sites and one candidate site under U.S. Superfund jurisdiction. These territories will be more extensively studied under the U.S. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Regulation of sediment contamination is difficult within the Caribbean region because jurisdiction is shared by 27 independent countries and a number of territories and dependencies. In addition to establishing control of natural resources within a 200–mile offshore limit for each Caribbean nation, the recently created Exclusive Economic Zone contains provisions for environmental protection and management, but many governments in the region lack the resources to implement them. The Caribbean Action Plan formalizes international cooperation and assistance to overcome some of these limitations. Many Caribbean countries have experienced a strong industrial expansion and a rapid population growth during the last 30 to 40 years, and there is potential for further contamination as these islands develop.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a phase transfer reagent derived from PEG-sodium borohydride was developed which controlled both the activity and the amount of the reagent in the organic phase.
TL;DR: Using CASLEO echelle spectrograms, abundances were derived for the sharp-lined non-magnetic CP stars HR 4487, 14 Hya, and 3 Cen A as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Using CASLEO echelle spectrograms, elemen- tal abundances are derived for the sharp-lined non- magnetic CP stars HR 4487, 14 Hya, and 3 Cen A. The rst two stars are members of the Mercury-Manganese subgroup and have abundances which are similar to other such peculiar stars. The third is a hotter related star. The detection of Mn II lines in its spectrum adds to this relationship 1 .
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The authors advocate a comprehensive model of social skills assessment that utilizes multiple settings, multiple instruments and multiple sources.
Abstract: Social skills intervention has outpaced assessment of children's social skills. If effective interventions are to be developed, it is essential that we conduct valid and reliable assessment of soci...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the nature of critical thinking and its relationship to internal auditing and consider the various stages in the development of critical-thinking skills, and identify the four successively higher stages of thinking as: authority accepted; ambiguity acknowledged but anything goes; criteria considered; selections supported; judgements justified.
Abstract: Examines the nature of critical thinking and its relationship to internal auditing and considers the various stages in the development of critical thinking skills. Builds on the work of Perry and Kurfiss, and identifies the four successively higher stages of thinking as: authority accepted; ambiguity acknowledged but anything goes; criteria considered; selections supported; judgements justified. Concludes that the task of the internal audit educator is to encourage and promote development of critical thinking skills at the highest level. At this highest stage internal auditors should be able to think independently and arrive at well‐justified judgements.
TL;DR: In this article, LiBH 4, NaBH4, and KBH 4 -PEGMME derivatives were compared to aldehydes, ketones, halides and esters.
Abstract: Borohydride-polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (borohydride-PEGMME) derivatives were prepared by allowing low molecular weight polyethylene glycol ( M w = 350) to react with either LiBH 4 , NaBH 4 , or KBH 4 . After comparing the reactivity of these borohydrides toward aldehydes, ketones, halides and esters, it was established that the LIBH 4 -PEGMME derivative was the most active and the least selective, the NaBH 4 -PEGMME derivative exhibited moderate reactivity and selectivity, and the KBH 4 -PEGMME derivative was the most selective and the least reactive. Additionally, the NaBH 4 -PEGMME derivative was further functionalized by the addition of a chiral alcohol or chiral amino alcohol to the borohydride ion. In all cases, the activity of the phase transfer moiety increased and the enantiomeric induction that resulted from the reduction of acetophenone was low to moderate (23–40% ee). An attempted elucidation of the active reagent indicated that a significant amount of unreacted sodium borohydride was present in the reaction mixture. The presence of this achiral reagent probably accounts for the more modest levels of chiral induction that were observed.
TL;DR: In many introductory American Government textbooks, which are usually found in the obligatory chapter on elections and voting, there is a common and understandable-error in many introductory government textbooks as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: T here is a common-and understandable-error in many introductory American Government textbooks, which is usually found in the obligatory chapter on elections and voting. These books distinguish well between open and closed primaries. They then explain the blanket primary, in which all candidates are placed on one primary ballot,' but-as with the traditional open and closed systems-results-by-party are kept separate for purposes of advancing two opposing candidates to a general election. This is where the mistake usually occurs. Though they describe the blanket primary system correctly, textbooks often attribute it to three states:
TL;DR: In this paper, parent child behavior checklist (CBCL) data were obtained and analyzed for two groups of sexually-abused children: those whose perpetrator had acknowledged (n = 34) abusing the child, and those who had not acknowledged (N = 32).
Abstract: Parent Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) data were obtained and analyzed for two groups of sexually-abused children: those whose perpetrator had acknowledged (n = 34) abusing the child and those whose perpetrator had not acknowledged (n = 32). Significant differences were found between groups, with children in the non-acknowledging perpetrator group evincing higher scores. Children in the non-acknowledging perpetrator group were rated higher on symptoms of PTSD than were those in the acknowledging group. Findings suggest the need for further investigation to explore the process by which perpetrator acknowledgement may moderate negative outcomes.
TL;DR: In this paper, photometric results from the 0.75m Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope were obtained for three metallic-line and three Mercury-Manganese stars, and none were found to be variable.
Abstract: Dierential Stromgren uvby photometric ob- servations from the 0.75-m Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope were obtained for three metallic- line and three Mercury-Manganese stars. None were found to be variable. These sharp-lined stars may not be the best tests for class variability as their polar axes are pointed to- wards the earth. Each presents essentially the same visible hemisphere as it rotates.
TL;DR: Differential Stromgren uvby photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope are used to examine the possible variability of the spectrophotometric standards θ Vir and 109 Vir as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Differential Stromgren uvby photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope are used to examine the possible variability of the spectrophotometric standards θ Vir and 109 Vir. No evidence is found for variability within a season of observation. Small year to year differences are most likely due to unaccounted for extinction changes.
TL;DR: In this article, a cognitive interview based on five principles of memory retrieval (context reinstatement, focused retrieval, extensive retrieval, varied retrieval, and multiple representations) is proposed to improve the quality and quantity of information retrieved from client interviews.
Abstract: Suggests that training in interview skills for accounting students should focus on specific techniques which produce measurable results One such technique that has been tested in the development of expert systems is the cognitive interview Based on five principles of memory retrieval (context reinstatement, focused retrieval, extensive retrieval, varied retrieval, and multiple representations), the cognitive interview provides a theoretically‐grounded technique for improving the quality and quantity of information retrieved from client interviews Explores the applicability of the cognitive interview to the auditor‐client interaction
01 Jul 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the problems that can arise in outsourcing agreements due to factors such as poorly defined user requirements, passive resistance from technical support personnel, and lack of contract specificity and documentation detailing who performs what.
Abstract: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This case chronicles the problems that can arise in outsourcing agreements due to factors such as poorly defined user requirements, passive resistance from technical support personnel, and lack of contract specificity and documentation detailing who performs what. It illustrates how delays up front will impact the final end user, i.e., the organization’s customers. Eventually, in this case, all personnel became familiar with the new system and it became an asset to the organization. The issues noted in this case are applicable to the implementation of technology by any organization handling both retail and service activities. IGI PUBLISHING
12 Apr 1997