Showing papers by "University of Mannheim published in 1973"
TL;DR: A review of existing research concerning factors that may influence group performance on idea-generation tasks can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the role of social inhibition in the inferior performance of groups.
Abstract: In the experiments reviewed in this article the subjects are asked to produce ideas that are relevant to a given task request (e.g., possible consequences of a hypothetical event). After describing the specific task material and the performance measures used in the relevant research studies, some analytic background is given by outlining the cognitive resources required in this kind of experimental task and by listing the various factors that may come into play when subjects perform in groups (with discussion) instead of individually. We then review the studies comparing individual and group performance. In all ot these experiments the subjects were asked to work according to the rules of brainstorming, which prescribe that participants refrain from evaluating their ideas. This procedure purportedly results in superior group, relative to individual, performance. Ho.~ever, the empirical evidence clearly indicates that subjects brainstorming in small groups produce fewer ideas than the same number of subjects brainstorming individually. Less clear evidence is available on measures of quality, uniqueness and variety. The discussion considers factors that may be responsible for this inferiority of groups. The role of social inhibition receives particular attention also in terms of suggestions for research.··A.pa/:i"h·om the group-individual comparison we review the existing research concerning factors that may influence group performance on idea-generation tasks.
384 citations
169 citations
TL;DR: In this experiment 22 Ss especially trained to assess subjective probability distributions for proportions concerning student characteristics received feedback about their performance in the previous session(s), and learned to assess more realistic distributions.
50 citations
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test several hypotheses concerning the interrelationship of dissonance reduction mechanisms in a situation where response possibilities are relatively unconstrained, and find that avoidance responses increased steeply with discrepancy, while little increase was found for confrontation mechanisms.
Abstract: The purpose of the present experiment was to test several hypotheses concerning the interrelationship of dissonance reduction mechanisms in a situation where response possibilities are relatively unconstrained. Engaged female students were invited to take part in a bogus ‚Marriage Expectancy Test' that was supposed to allow predictions of marriage success. One week later, they received fictitious results differing negatively from their initial expectations of marriage success. The reactions measured were ‚conformity with the result' and ‚derogation of source' (confrontation mechanisms), and ‚devaluation of importance of the issue' and ‚under-recall' (avoidance mechanisms). As predicted, avoidance responses increased steeply with discrepancy, while little increase was found for confrontation mechanisms. Psychological differentiation had no significant effect on dissonance reduction, whereas high vs. low self-esteem influenced ‚derogation of source' and ‚devaluation of importance of the issue'.
11 citations
TL;DR: Standard procedures of statistical inference are generally not applicable in international conflict data analysis because they do not know how to go beyond descriptive statistics with this kind of data.
Abstract: Much of statistical theory and most of statistical inference has been developed to meet situations which fundamentally differ from the problems one has to face in international conflict data analysis. True scores, error scores, and observed scores of the dependent variable are likely to be asymmetrically distributed. Independent variables may be asymmetrically distributed as well. There are outlayers in true scores, in error scores, in observed scores. Measurement error may produce an observed outlayer or suppress a true outlayer. We should expect few and large measurement errors instead of, or in addition to, many small errors. Often discontinuous indicators are supposed to represent continuous theoretical variables. Measurement errors are likely to be correlated with true scores or other variables of theoretical interest. There is little reason to expect the random measurement error assumption to hold. In addition, lack of theory makes for gross conceptual errors. Some actual data are supplied in order to demonstrate the undesirable properties of international conflict data and the near-impossibility of testing even simple propositions in a rigorous fashion. International conflict data analysis often comes dangerously close to testing probabilistic propositions with a handful of events. Rarely, if ever, can conflict data be regarded as a random sample from a well-defined universe of data. For all these reasons, standard procedures of statistical inference are generally not applicable in international conflict data analysis. We do not know how to go beyond descriptive statistics with this kind of data. The only way to generate confidence in findings may be extensive and systematic replication. As results of replication studies may be somewhat inconsistent, even replication may be more efficient in reminding us of our lack of knowledge than in establishing it beyond reasonable doubt.
11 citations
TL;DR: A review of evidence from a number of experiments suggests that as a result of discussion the average of the group members' positions (attitudes, judgments) becomes more extreme.
Abstract: Summary.-A review of evidence from a number of experiments suggests that as a result of discussion the average of the group members' positions (attitudes, judgments) becomes more extreme. These shifts seem to occur primarily when group members' initial positions are distributed across the two sides of the scale in such a way as to create a majority-minority constellation. Accordingly, it is proposed that underlying the extremity-shifts reported in the literature is the movement of a minority toward the majority's side. That such minority-change is not the only source of extremization is suggested by one study finding that group discussion enhances the extremity of individual positions. An analysis of the special distribution of positions existing on the items selected in that experiment permits the following conclusion. Discussion-induced extremization is (also) caused by the impact of arguments in the discussion favoring the side which most or all members preferred to begin with. Other explanations cannot be discarded at the present time. At the least they point to important aspects of small-group functioning which it would seem fruitful to investigate~ There is now evidence from more than a dozen experiments suggesting that a small group context (discussion) leads to an extremization of positions (judgments, attitudes). Thus, "extremity shifts" is a chapter heading in Insko and Schopler's (1972) recent text in experimental ~cial psychology. The present article provides a review of the relevant evidence, providing an idea of the conditions under which group-induced extremity-shifts have been found to occur. Then, after identifying one particular condition as present in all reports of extremity-shift, a minority-change explanation of the phenomenon is offered. Other existing explanations are briefly noted.
9 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a classical summation method is proposed to continue a given Taylor series beyond the circle of convergence and numerical properties about the speed of convergence of the transformed series are studied.
Abstract: For the problem of continuing a given Taylor series beyond the circle of convergence a classical summation method is proposed; numerical properties are studied. A known theorem about the "region of continuation" yields results about the speed of convergence of the transformed series. For special problems there are described in some sense optimal methods. Recursion formulas for the computation of the summation matrix are given.
8 citations
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a negotiator's intragroup status (leader versus non-leader) on his negotiation performance (in particular, toughness) may be modified by such factors as the source of the status assignment (e.g., election versus imposition) and the presence and timing of position formation in the group.
Abstract: The article is introduced by an analysis of how the effects of a negotiator's intragroup status (leader versus non-leader) on his negotiation performance (in particular, toughness) may be modified by such factors as the source of the status assignment (e.g., election versus imposition) and the presence and timing of position formation in the group. The accountability experienced by a negotiator vis a-vis his group is proposed as the central intervening variable mediating status effects on negotiation. In a series of (previously published) experiments, all using the same procedural paradigm — a prenegotiation, intragroup phase followed by intergroup negotiation among equal-status group delegates, the issues requiring a choice between higher and lower risk levels — some of the above variables and additional ones, were investigated. Overall, there was evidence of greater toughness among group-elected leaders (relative to non-leaders) and among subordinates (relative to imposed, ‚dictatorial' leaders). The latter effect obtained only when the negotiators were being continuously monitored by, and had to consult, their respective group partners during the negotiations. Results concerning risky shift (enhancement of risk acceptance through the negotiation discussions) are considered in the light of relevant theory.
TL;DR: In this paper, the saturation theorem on G was extended for approximation processes (It)t>0 acting on the submodule CP(G), p∈]1,+∞[, of the convolutionM1(G)-module LP(G).
Abstract: Let G be a locally compact abelian group. The concern of the present note is to extend (for exponents p>2) the saturation theorem on G stated as Theorem 4 in [5]. The extension will be established for approximation processes (It)t>0 acting on the submodule CP(G), p∈]1,+∞[, of the convolutionM1(G)-module LP(G) which consists of all functions f∈LP(G) admitting as their Fourier transformsFGf (in the sense of the theory of quasimeasures) complex Radon measures not necessarily absolutely continuous with respect to any Haar measure on the dual group Ĝ. Moreover, the relationship of the complex vector spaces CP(G) to some other function spaces, in particular to the vector spaces BP(G) introduced in [5], will be investigated.
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The problem of bestimmung von Preisuntergrenzen is a theoretisch interessante and gleichzeitig praktisch wichtiges Problem darstellt as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Dem Problem der Bestimmung von Preisuntergrenzen ist sowohl in der alteren als auch in der neueren betriebswirtschaftlichen Literatur grose Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt worden1). Dies ist verstandlich, wenn man bedenkt, das die Preisuntergrenze ein theoretisch interessantes und gleichzeitig praktisch wichtiges Problem darstellt. Die intensive Beschaftigimg mit dem Problem der Preisuntergrenze hat vor allem dazu gefuhrt, das heute eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Arten der P r e i s u n t e r g r e n z e unterschieden wird.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give a purely algebraic characterisation of the following subgroup of Hq (X, Z): it consists of all elements in Hq(X,Z) whose image in each of the subspaces lies in the image of the induced homomorphism.
Abstract: Let Y be a topological space and X a subspace of Y. We assume that X is the union of an increasing sequence of subspaces KS such that every quasi-compact subset of X is contained in some KS and the singular homology groups of all KS are finitely generated. The object of this paper is to give a purely algebraic characterisation of the following subgroup of Hq (X,Z): it consists of all those elements in Hq (X,Z) whose image in each of the Hq (KS,Z) lies in the image of the induced homomorphism Hq (Y,Z)→Hq (KS,Z), These subgroups are encountered in Runge approximation theory. Partial results were obtained in an earlier common paper with K. Stein, [1].
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define interne and externe Bilanz, vergleichende Bilanzanalyse, EK-FK-Struktur, goldene Bilanzregel, AV-UV-strukture, and Aussagefahigkeit der aus der Handelsbilanz ermittelten Liquiditatsund Rentabilitatskennzahlen (EK-, FK-Rentabilitat and Cash Flow) beurteilen konnen.
Abstract: Nachdem Sie dieses Kapitel durchgearbeitet haben, sollen Sie
die Begriffe: interne und externe Bilanzanalyse, vergleichende Bilanzanalyse, EK-FK-Struktur, goldene Bilanzregel, AV-UV-Struktur definieren konnen;
die Aussagefahigkeit der aus der Handelsbilanz ermittelten Liquiditatsund Rentabilitatskennzahlen (EK-, FK-Rentabilitat und Cash Flow) beurteilen konnen;
die Aufgaben der internen und externen Bilanzanalyse beschreiben konnen;
bei gegebenem Analysenzweck die Beispiele nennen konnen fur Informationen, die nicht aus der Bilanz gewonnen werden konnen;
aus Zahlen der Buchhaltung eine Bewegungsbilanz erstellen konnen.
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a Kapitel durchgearbeitet haben, sollen Sie ==================¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯₷
Abstract: Nachdem Sie dieses Kapitel durchgearbeitet haben, sollen Sie
die Begriffe: Absetzung fur Abnutzung, Abschreibung, Gewinn, abnutzbare und nicht abnutzbare Wirtschaftsguter, Anschaffungs- und Herstellkosten, Teilwert und geringwertige Wirtschaftsguter entsprechend den steuerlichen Vorschriften definieren konnen;
den Grundsatz der Masgeblichkeit der Handelsbilanz fur die Steuerbilanz an einem Beispiel erlautern konnen;
die Unterschiede der Herstellkosten nach steuerrechtlichen und handelsrechtlichen Vorschriften zeigen konnen;
die steuerlich zulassigen Abschreibungsverfahren fur bewegliche und unbewegliche abnutzbare Wirtschaftsguter nennen und zuordnen konnen;
fur jedes dieser Ab Schreibung s verfahren die Voraussetzungen nennen konnen, unter denen es steuerlich zulassig ist, und je ein Beispiel bilden konnen, an dem der gesamte Ab Schreibung s verlauf durchgerechnet wird}
angeben konnen, wann ein Wechsel des Abschreibungsverfahrens zulassig ist;
die moglichen Wertansatze von geringwertigen Wirtschaftsgutern, von vertretbaren Gutern des UV und von Passiva aufzahlen konnen;
angeben konnen, ob und unter welchen Voraussetzungen die Anwendung des Lifo-, des Fifo- und des Hifo-Verfahrens gestattet ist.
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: Gesetzesstellen angeben konnen, die Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung and Bilanzierung beinhalten, die eine Nichtbeachtung der GrundSatze ordnaussemiger Buch fuhrngesammel nach sich ziehen as mentioned in this paper, und die wichtigsten Grund satze aufzeichnen und zueinander in Beziehung setzen konnen.
Abstract: Nachdem Sie das Kapitel uber die Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung und Bilanzierung durchgearbeitet haben, sollen Sie
die induktive und die deduktive Ermittlung der Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung und Bilanzierung beschreiben konnen;
Einwande gegen die induktive und die deduktive Ermittlung der Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung und Bilanzierung vorbringen konnen;
die wichtigsten Grundsatze aufzeichnen und zueinander in Beziehung setzen konnen;
Gesetzesstellen angeben konnen, die Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung und Bilanzierung beinhalten;
die Folgen beschreiben konnen, die eine Nichtbeachtung der Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung und Bilanzierung nach sich ziehen.
TL;DR: In this article, a naturliche Zahl N and eine Gruppe π von Permutationen der Zahlen 1, 2, … N. Vorgegeben sei ferner ein Auswahlverfahren p with der folgenden Eigenschaft: Wenn fur zwei aus den Elementen n, N gebildete Stichproben ω=(i1, i2, … im) and so gilt m=n, and es existieren πɛ�
Abstract: Vorgegeben seien eine naturliche Zahl N und eine Gruppe π von Permutationen der Zahlen 1, 2, … N. Jede Funktion f(x1,x2, … xN) mit
$$f(x_{\pi 1} ,x_{\pi 2} , \ldots x_{\pi N} ) = f(x_1 ,x_2 , \ldots x_N ) f\ddot ur alle \pi \varepsilon \Pi $$
heist π-symmetrisch. θ sei eine vorgegebene π-symmetrische Funktion. Vorgegeben sei ferner ein Auswahlverfahren p mit der folgenden Eigenschaft: Wenn fur zwei aus den Elementen 1, 2, … N gebildete Stichproben ω=(i1, i2, … im) und
$$\tilde \omega = (j_1 ,j_2 , \ldots j_n )$$
erfullt ist p(ω)>0 und
$$p(\tilde \omega ) > 0$$
, so gilt m=n, und es existieren πɛΠ und eine Permutationϕ von 1, 2, … m mit
$$(j_1 ,j_2 , \ldots j_m ) = (i_{\varphi 1} ,i_{\varphi 2} , \ldots i_{\varphi m} )$$
Wir nehmen schlieslich an, die KlasseR aller Schatzfunktionen, deren Erwartungswert bezuglich p eine Π-symmetrische Funktion ist, sei nichtleer. Unter den aufgezahlten Voraussetzungen existieren eine Schatzfunktion S⋆ und ein Auswahlverfahren p⋆ mit bemerkenswerten Symmetrieeigenschaften, so das das Stichprobenverfahren (S⋆,p⋆) effizienter ist als jedes beliebige Stichprobenverfahren (S,p) mit SɛR. (Vgl. Satz 5.2).