Showing papers in "Psychological Reports in 1973"
TL;DR: For example, this article found that highly competent males were rated more positively than highly competent females and males of low competence lower than similar females, while females' sex was nonsignificant.
Abstract: 47 male and 50 female college students rated 1 of 4 stimulus persons on competence and intelligence. Data showed highly competent males were rated more positively than highly competent females and males of low competence lower than similar females. Ss' sex was nonsignificant.
201 citations
TL;DR: Social intelligence, the ability to understand others and to act wisely in social situations, is a concept with a long history, sporadic development, but promise as a late bloomer as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Social intelligence, the ability to understand others and to act wisely in social situations, is a concept with a long history, sporadic development, but promise as a late bloomer. Although current references to social intelligence per se are limited, the concept appears to be alive and well under various terms, e.g., role-taking, interpersonal competence, egocentrism (or decentering), and empathy. This review was designed, therefore, to: (a) serve an integrative function by tracing the history of social intelligence and its ramifications; (b) provide an overview of the measurement approaches and relevant research; (c) consider substantive issues, such as the relationship of social intelligence to abstract intelligence and the status of measuring the understanding and action aspects of the concept.
154 citations
TL;DR: Findings supported the hypothesis of the duality and the orthogonality of dimensions of Jewish and American identity, and cast doubt on the notion forwarded by some researchers that Jewish-American identity forms a bipolar continuum.
Abstract: The main problem posed in this study is: What are the content and structure of Jewish and American identity? The Jewish-American Identity Scale, which was adapted and refined for this study, was administered in 1971 to four samples, totaling 1006 Jewish-American college students from various parts of the United States. Initially, factor analysis was applied to the separate samples. Intersample comparisons of factor structures indicated a high degree of congruency; consequently, the samples were combined for subsequent analyses. Factor analysis of the test scores demonstrated that most of the common factor variance was appropriated by two relatively orthogonal factors. Items dealing with American identity and those dealing with Jewish identity had medium to high loadings on the two respective factors. These findings supported the hypothesis of the duality and the orthogonality of dimensions of Jewish and American identity, and cast doubt on the notion forwarded by some researchers that Jewish-American iden...
127 citations
TL;DR: In this article, video-taped interviews and mock ratings of typical cases were employed to evaluate raters' consistency of 37 raters (14 staff psychiatrists, 11 psychiatric residents, 10 clinical psychologists and...
Abstract: Video-taped interviews and mock ratings of typical cases were employed to evaluate raters' consistency of 37 raters (14 staff psychiatrists, 11 psychiatric residents, 10 clinical psychologists and ...
122 citations
TL;DR: Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males (p < .01).
Abstract: It is hypothesized that Rotter's I-E variable mediates individual differences in supernatural and superstitious beliefs, with externals exhibiting more positive attitudes toward such phenomena. An approximately equal number of male and female introductory psychology students were selected as externals (N = 20) and internals (N = 23) from upper and lower quartiles of the Rotter I-E scale. All Ss were administered an attitude questionnaire assessing beliefs toward several paranormal, occult, and pseudoscientific phenomena. Analysis via a 2 × 2 (I-E Control × Sex) analysis of variance strongly confirmed the hypothesis (p < .01). Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males (p < .01). Differences in more general attitudes toward both religion and science are suggested as mediating the over-all I-E and sex differences.
65 citations
TL;DR: The generalizability of the Byrne-Nelson attraction function to the evaluation of group attractiveness and group cohesiveness was investigated by varying both the proportion of person-group attitude similarity (person-group attachment similarity) and intragroup similarity (interaction similarity), and having the experimental S evaluate the stimulus group for its attractiveness and its probable level of cohesive functioning as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The generalizability of the Byrne-Nelson attraction function to the evaluation of group attractiveness and group cohesiveness was investigated by varying both the proportion of person-group attitude similarity (.25, .50, or .75) and the proportion of intragroup similarity (.33, .50, or .83) and having the experimental S evaluate the stimulus group for its attractiveness and its probable level of cohesive functioning. Group attractiveness was measured by scales for liking and desire to work with the group, and group cohesiveness was assessed with scales asking for evaluations of the group’s probable level of productivity, efficiency, feelings of belongingness, and morale. It was found that the evaluation of group attractiveness is a positive function of person-group attitude similarity (p <.001), whereas the evaluation of group cohesiveness is a positive function of intragroup similarity or the similarity of the group members to one another, independent of their similarity to the nonmember evaluator (p <.001).
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of a 29-item, dichotomously scored, self-report measure of fear of success is described, and the measure evidenced a KR-20 of.81 for a sample of 228 college students.
Abstract: The development of a 29-item, dichotomously scored, self-report measure of fear of success is described. The measure evidenced a KR-20 of .81 for a sample of 228 college students.
50 citations
TL;DR: The research reported here documents the existence of self-directed aggression in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys and the use of socially reared animals as models for the study ofSelf- directed aggression is suggested as an alternative to theUse of isolate- reared Ss.
Abstract: The research reported here documents the existence of self-directed aggression in non-isolate-reared rhesus monkeys. Ss for this series of studies were reared with their mothers for most of the fir...
47 citations
TL;DR: The Rotter Trust Scale as discussed by the authors was administered to 97 college students whose responses were subjected to factor analysis and found that the scale measures several discrete components of trust, including the following:
Abstract: The Rotter Trust Scale was administered to 97 college students whose responses were subjected to factor analysis. Results indicated that the scale measures several discrete components of trust incl...
45 citations
TL;DR: There was a significant correlation between Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Control Scale and Janis and Field's (1959) Feelings of Inadequacy Scale, indicating that men with higher self-esteem tend to be internally oriented.
Abstract: Fish and Karabenick ( 1971) investigated the relationship between Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Control Scale and Janis and Field's (1959) Feelings of Inadequacy Scale for males only. AS predicted, there was a significant correlation of -.28 (p < .001), indicating that men with higher self-esteem tend to be internally oriented. Such an outcome is not surprising since earlier investiga[ions have indicated that internals describe themselves as being self-confident, independent, assertive, persevering and insightful, while externals tend to describe themselves unfavorably, as being self-pitying, anxious and inadequate. In light of recent studies which indicate that many of the correlates of locus of control differ for men and women (Hjelle & Clouser, 1970; Platt, Pomeranz, Eisenman, & DeLisser, 1970; Ryckman, Martens, Rodda, & Sherman, 1972), it was decided to administer the same measures to 178 men and 204 women registered in introduccory psychology during a class to check the correlation for women.
43 citations
TL;DR: This article used a self-testing procedure to learn a 20-item Turkish-English vocabulary list under the following conditions: Group T was instructed to use self-test procedure while learning the list and to study the list until they felt they had mastered all of the words, Group S was given the same amount of time to learn the list as was Group T and Group SM studied the list under conditions which made it difficult to use a self test technique.
Abstract: 3 groups of Ss learned a 20-item Turkish-English vocabulary list under the following conditions: Group T was instructed to use a self-test procedure while learning the list and to study the list until they felt they had mastered all of the words. Group S was given the same amount of time to learn the list as was Group T bat studied the list under conditions which made it difficult to use a self-test technique. Group SM studied the list under the same conditions as did Group S but was instructed to study the list to mastery. The results of the experiment suggested that the self-testing technique provided more efficient learning of the list than did the study-alone procedures. The findings were interpreted as providing support for the hypothesis that test-like-events encourage memory search activity during learning, and that this activity leads to more rapid and thorough learning.
TL;DR: Statistics showed demographic factors were related, in part, to differences between the samples on the measures of Tolerance of Ambiguity, and the I-E scale but not to influence differences found on the F-scale.
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that a relationship exists between a behavioral indicator of a pro-women's liberation movement attitude (joining or not joining a women's liberation group) and vari...
TL;DR: 8 repressors and 8 sensitizers were administered a free-association task consisting of ambiguous stimulus sentences with positive and negative response alternatives andAmbiguous sentences were associated with differential group responding.
Abstract: 8 repressors and 8 sensitizers were administered a free-association task consisting of ambiguous stimulus sentences with positive and negative response alternatives. Sensitizers chose significantly more negative associations than repressors. Ambiguous sentences were associated with differential group responding.
TL;DR: That rapid opposite responding is significantly greater in highly creative Ss supports the hypothesis that the capacity to conceive and utilize one or more contradictory or opposite concepts, ideas or images simultaneously is associated with creativity (Janusian thinking).
Abstract: The relationship between the tendency to opposite responding on word-association tests and creativity or originality was tested in this experiment Standard word-association stimuli are administered individually to Ss identified as high and low in creativity, and responses are timed That rapid opposite responding is significantly greater in highly creative Ss supports the hypothesis that the capacity to conceive and utilize one or more contradictory or opposite concepts, ideas or images simultaneously is associated with creativity (Janusian thinking) This finding also indicates that uncommon responses are not necessarily associated with creativity, as has been assumed in word-association originality studies, and it helps account for the lack of consistency in studies based on commonality of response
TL;DR: The largest differential increase in A-state scores between Ss high and low in A -trait occurred with the failure-feedback, though this effect only approached statistical significance.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of orienting instructions and feedback-information on state anxiety (A-state) for Ss who differed in trait anxiety (A-trait). A-state and A-trait were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Differential orienting instructions (ego vs task) had no effect on change in A-state scores from a pretest to a test period. However, differential feedback-information was a significant determinant of change in A-state, with failure-feedback inducing greater increases in A-state than either no feedback or success-feedback. The largest differential increase in A-state scores between Ss high and low in A-trait occurred with the failure-feedback, though this effect only approached statistical significance.
TL;DR: In this article, the development of a measure of simulated personal space, using standardized instructions, is described and reliability and validity of the measure are evaluated. But this measure is not suitable for indoor environments.
Abstract: The development of a measure of simulated personal space, using standardized instructions, is described. Reliability and validity were assessed.
TL;DR: In this article, the Hatrack Problem was presented to 93 university students, of whom half were given additional instructions to be active, in the sense of making constructive attempts at solving the problem.
Abstract: The Hatrack Problem was presented to 93 university students, of whom half were given additional instructions to be active, in the sense of making constructive attempts at solution. The added instructions raised level of activity and also increased number of solutions within a 30-min. period. The results are taken to indicate the importance of actively seeking information in unfamiliar tasks.
TL;DR: Support for the hypothesis that conditioning is facilitated by a preference for the conditioned stimulus was found and it was observed that as long as tap water was preferred to the conditioning stimulus solution the conditioned aversion did not appear.
Abstract: Summary.-3 experimental and 3 control albino rats were run under a 2bottle, taste-aversion paradigm which used a lemonade solution as the conditioned stimulus and centrifugal spinning as the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioning was observed after the second pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Support for thc hypothesis that conditioning is facilitated by a preference for the conditioned stirndus was found. It was observed that as long as tap water was preferred to the conditioned stimulus solution the conditioned aversion did not appear. Most studies of conditioning of appetitive aversions in animals have accomplished this end through the use of conditioned stimuli in the form of x-ray irradiation, or the injection of drugs such as lithium or sodium salts, cyclophosphamine, and apomorphine hydrochloride (Garcia, Kimmeldorf, & Hunt, 1961; Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Wrighc, Foshee, & McCleary, 1971). Several studies attempting to forego the use of toxic substances and to substitute the use of electric shock as the uncondirioned stimulus have not shown conditioning (Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Garcia, McGowan, Ervin, & Koelling, 1968). The apparent link between a gustatory unconditioned stimulus and a gustatory-debilitating conditioned stimulus has led Garcia and Ervin (1968) to postulate that the conditioned aversion may not follow along the lines of traditional learning phenomena. In other words, taste aversion, as a process, appears to be a "wired-in" behavioral effect. This hypochesis seems to be supported by the fact that the vast majority of studies on taste aversion show the formation of the aversion within one presentation of the conditioned stimulus, i.e., singletrial learning. Dragoin and his colleagues (Dragoin, 1971; Dragoin, McCleary, & MCCleary, 1971; Wilcoxin, Dragoin, & Kcal, 1971) have repeatedly drawn the comparison between the observed, behavioral effects of toxic substances used as unconditioned stimuli and "nausea" as would be experienced by humans. Alchough this distinction may be anthropomorphic, it stands to reason that if indeed nausea, or a nausea-like state, is produced in the organism, then there may be an alternative to the use of toxic stimulation. The present study investigated the use of centrifugal spin as an alternative to the traditional use of irradiation or toxins.
TL;DR: Opinions about mental illness were studied among a group of introductory psychology students categorized on the basis of their dogmatism, and results indicated that highly dogmatic persons tended to hold stereotypical beliefs concerning all categories with a greater intensity than low-dogmatic persons.
Abstract: Summary.-Opinions about mental illness were studied among a group of introductory psychology students categorized on the basis of their dogmatism. 3 scales were developed to measure belief aspects of opinions concerning the specific categories of homosexual and suicide and the general category of mental illness. Results indicated that highly dogmatic persons tended to hold stereotypical beliefs concerning all categories with a greater intensity than low-dogmatic persons. In addition, both high- and low-dogmatic Ss did not differentiate between suicide and mental illness but did differentiate homosexuality from both these categories. On pureiy evaluative dimensions of a semantic differential highdogmatics evaluated homosexuals most negatively while low-dogmatics evaluated homosexuals least negatively. The implications of these data for studies regarding opinions about mental illness are discussed as are their importance for dogmatism theory. There is a continuing and growing body of research literature concerning opinions about mental illness (Rabkin, 1972). Much of the literatiue supports Allen's (1943) early finding that the mentally ill are rejected and stigmatized. For instance, Cumming and Cumrning (1957) found that a Canadian community held generally negative attitudes toward the mentally ill, while Nunnally (1961) concluded that Americans hold negative, stereotypical attitudes toward the mentally ill and tend to be uninformed rather than misinformed regarding factual matters. Likewise, Cohen and Struening ( 1962) found that persons tend to view the mentally ill as an "inferior class" and approve of coercive tactics toward them. Yamamoto and Dizney (1967) found that student teachers tend to have relatively lictle factual information regarding the mentally ill yet nevertheless harbor negative attitudes toward them. However, there is also a significant body of research literature supporting an early finding by Ramsey and Siepp (1948) that the general public harbors a growing tendency to view the mentally ill in more humanitarian terms, especially among the more educated. For instance both Hollingshead and Redaich ( 1958) and Freeman and Kassebaum ( 1960) found the upper classes held more favorable attitudes toward the mentally ill than the lower classes. Likewise, Lemkau and Gocetti (1962) found understanding and tolerance toward the mentally ill among a probability sample of Baltimore, Maryland residents while Bentz, Edgerton, and Kherlopian (1969) also found favorable attitudes toward the mentally ill among a sample of rural residents. Finally, Crocetti, Spiro, and Siassi (1971) found no evidence for extreme rejection of the mentally ill among a large sample of blue collar workers. Thus, empirical evidence regarding the status of the attitudes toward the mentally ill is far from
TL;DR: The senile Ss were able to perform at a level appropriate to their ages when the task involved a simple S-R paradigm, but when the complexity of the task was increased by requiring the short-term retention of response-relevant information, brain-damaged patients were markedly less efficient.
Abstract: A group of 14 patients suffering from senile dementia were compared with 40 normal and 20 non-brain-damaged psychiatric controls on a visual vigilance task. The senile Ss were able to perform at a level appropriate to their ages when the task involved a simple S-R paradigm. When the complexity of the task was increased by requiring the short-term retention of response-relevant information, brain-damaged patients were markedly less efficient. Over-responsiveness was the characteristic error of the brain-damaged patients. Dementia may be associated with a disorder of selective attention.
TL;DR: On identical, similar, and generalization tasks, Ss exposed to either convergent model tended to show more convergent responses and fewer divergent responses than those exposed to a divergent thinking model.
Abstract: In order to determine whether exposure to a symbolic model could affect creative behavior, 130 male and female college students were randomly exposed to a prolific divergent thinking model, a prolific convergent thinking model, an inadequate convergent thinking model or no model on an unusual uses task. On identical, similar, and generalization tasks, Ss exposed to either convergent model tended to show more convergent responses and fewer divergent responses than those exposed to a divergent thinking model. On 4 of the 9 measures females had significantly higher scores than males, but there were no significant sex by treatment interactions.
TL;DR: The authors examined the personality characteristics of unincarcerated street addicts as compared with two groups of prisoners: those admitting a history of heroin addiction and inmates who had never experimented significantly with opium derivatives.
Abstract: This investigation examined the personality characteristics of unincarcerated street addicts as compared with two groups of prisoners: those admitting a history of heroin addiction and inmates who had never experimented significantly with opium derivatives. Although the three groups did not differ on such variables as age, education, or level of intellectual functioning and were markedly antisocial as measured by felony convictions and test indices, unincarcerated heroin addicts showed significantly more personality deviance on the MMPI than either prisoner addicts or nonaddict prisoners.
TL;DR: It was concluded that these results promote further validity for the ANSIE measure and support the use of parallel child and adult forms when a wide range of Ss is investigated either longitudinally or cross-sectionally.
Abstract: Relationships with personality dimensions previously obtained with the Rotter I-E scale were compared with those gathered with a new scale, the adult form of the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control...
TL;DR: The relationship between pre-marital pregnancy and locus of control was assessed for 165 female, junior and senior high school students from two metropolitan high schools, one middle-class white, and one lower-class black, and significant differences indicated that within the whitemiddle-class school, pregnant girls tended to score external and non-pregnant girls tend to score internal.
Abstract: The relationship between pre-marital pregnancy and locus of control was assessed for 165 female, junior and senior high school students from two metropolitan high schools, one middle-class white, and one lower-class black. No significant difference between the two schools in mean locus of control scores was found. Significant differences indicated that within the white middle-class school, pregnant girls tended to score external and non-pregnant girls tended to score internal. In the black lower-class school, the opposite tended to be true, i.e., pregnant girls tended toward internality, and non-pregnant girls toward externality. These seeming differences were not inconsistent and internally oriented girls in both environments were perceiving their environments accurately.
TL;DR: A repeated-measures study over a Canadian academic year examined personal and social predictors of patterns of college freshman drug use among 151 users and found the predictive power was increased by combining personal andsocial variables in a multivariate field theory.
Abstract: Summary.-A repeated-measures study over a Canadian academic year (G mo.) examined personal and social predictors of parterns of college freshman drug use among 151 users. Frequency of use, stage of use, and self-reported significant adverse consequences of use were predicted by high social support for use, low expectations for goal attainment, high personal functions of use, and high attitudinal tolerance of use. Changes in personal and social variables over an academic year were related to heavy use patterns. The predictive power was increased by combining personal and social variables in a multivariate field theory. A recent review of research into deviant drug use (Braucht, Brakarsh, Follingstad, & Berry, 1973), suggests several major problems. Among these are the relative rarity of longitudinal research, the absence of an explanatory theoretical structure underlying the research, and the necessity of incorporating both sociocult~~ral and personality variables in order to afford adequare psychosocial understanding of the phenomenon. The following is a report of a 6-mo. longicudinal study of the social psychology of college student use patterns. The theoretical framework of the study is that of social learning theory (Rotter, 1954; Rotter, Chance, & Phares, 1972) as extended and applied successfully to deviant behaviour, such as alcohol and other psychoactive drug use (Jessor, Graves, Hanson, & Jessor, 1968; Jessor, Carman, & Grossman, 1968; Jessor, Jessor, Young, Young, & Tesi, 1970; Jessor, Collins, & Jessor, 1972; Jessor & Jessor, 1973; Sadava, 1971 ) . Very briefly, in this approach, deviant behaviour is conceived as purposive and meaningful in terms of expectancies and values, and as occurring within a meaningful social situational context. The examination of such behaviour as the outcome of a person-environment interaction should help both in explanation and prediction of the behaviour, and in clarification of the theory. The present investigation is based upon the concepts and findings of the studies cited above. Personality variables include those pertaining to expectations for goal attainment, reduced personal controls against deviant behaviour, and personal functions of drug use. Research cited previously has demonstrated a link between low expectations for valued goal attainment through conventional behaviours, e.g., in the areas of academic recognition and social love and affection, and patterns of alcohol and other drug use. Expectations for independence, defined with primary reference to parental control, have tended to be related positively to non-conven'The research is supported by Canada Council Grant S80-1153 and by a grant from Loyola College, Montreal. The assistacce of Carolyn Cornish and Stephen Body in data collection, and of E. Mariolijne Ubb~nk and Anna Bernardo in the preparation of the paper are greatly appreciated. ~~~reciat~on 1s also expressed to Dr. ~iihaid Jessor for the use of several measures and for the benef~t of findings and analyses from his own research.
TL;DR: This article found that Ss respond most favorably to religious profanities and that sexual words were more favorable to sexual words than any other category of obscene language in the evaluation of meaning.
Abstract: 126 Ss' responses to obscene language from the evaluative dimension of meaning were investigated. Results indicated that Ss respond most favorably to religious profanities and that sexual words gen...
TL;DR: The major findings suggest that habituation is the result of increased activity in central sensory systems but an activity that is less organized than that resulting from attentive-state stimulation.
Abstract: This research is concerned with the variance of average evoked responses (AER) under conditions of habituation and that of attentive viewing. The major findings suggest that habituation is the result of increased activity in central sensory systems but an activity that is less organized than that resulting from attentive-state stimulation. Data are also presented which assess certain broad assumptions common to AER research.
TL;DR: Since so little research has investigated the personality correlates of meditation, the present study explored two aaributes of individuals having an interest in meditation, perceived locus of control and personal adjustment.
Abstract: Transcendental meditntion, taught by instructors of the Students International Meditation Society, has apparently attracted approximately 90,000 adherents in the U. S. in the past several years. Beneficial physiological and psychological changes allegedly result from "turning the attention inwards toward the subtler levels of thought until the mind transcends the experience of the thought and arrives at the source of the thought" (Mahesh Yogi, 1969, p. 470). The technique itself consists primarily of mentally repeating a mantrum, a sound with supposedly "special" qualities, daily for a period of 15 to 20 min. For reasons as yet not fully understood, this practice produces various physiological effects including reduction in metabolic rate, decline in the concentration of blood lactate, increase in skin resistance, and intensification of alpha activity in EEG recordings (Wallace, 1970; Wallace & Benson, 1972). Since so little research has investigated the personality correlates of meditation, the present study explored two aaributes of individuals having an interest in meditation, perceived locus of control and personal adjustment. The concept of locus of control is used to differentiate those individuals who believe that rewards are the result of their own behavior (internal orientation) from those who believe that rewards are the result of external sources over which they possess little or no convol (external orientation). Since any change brought about by the act of meditation could only be attributed to the meditator himself, it could be hypothesized that persons interested in meditation would perceive themselves as internally controlled rather than viewing rewards as determined by chance or powerful others. In fact, if there were any restrictions or obstacles in the path of the would-be meditator, it might be expected that the more strongly internally oriented person wodd be more likely to become a meditator than the person who allows external conditions to impede his progress. Persons interested in meditation frequently state that they wish to "tune in" to themselves, to follow the Socratic injunction to "know thyself," an attitude