Showing papers in "American Journal of Occupational Therapy in 1987"
TL;DR: Globalization and Internationalization in Higher EducationVisual Thinking StrategiesMarketing Techniques for Educational ProgramsCorporate Governance and Strategic Decision MakingHow to Market a University
Abstract: Strategic Marketing Issues in Emerging MarketsManagement and Leadership of Educational MarketingFast forwarding Higher Education Institutions for Global ChallengesDemographics and the Demand for Higher EducationStrategic Marketing for Educational InstitutionsStrategic Marketing of Higher Education in AfricaSocial Media in Higher Education: Case Studies, Reflections and AnalysisGlobalization of Management EducationNew Age Admissions Strategies in Business SchoolsStrategic Marketing in the Global Forest IndustriesStrategic Marketing for Educational InstitutionsHow to Market a UniversityMarketing Strategies for Higher Education Institutions: Technological Considerations and PracticesStrategic Marketing for Educational InstitutionsReliability and Statistics in Transportation and CommunicationIndonesia Privatization Programs and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and RegulationsSpace MarketingSTRATEGIC MARKETING : MAKING DECISIONS FOR STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE, SECOND EDITIONEBOOK: Marketing Higher EducationThe Ultimate Guide to School Marketing StrategiesStrategic Brand Management in Higher EducationEducational MarketingStrategic Marketing for Nonprofit OrganizationsBecoming A Digital Marketer: Gaining the Hard & Soft Skills for a Tech-Driven Marketing CareerInternational Marketing of Higher EducationAn Examination of Integrated Marketing Communication in U.S. Public Institutions of Higher EducationDemocratizing InnovationEducational ManagementThe Strategic Management of Higher Education InstitutionsThe College Stress TestManaging External Relations in Schools and CollegesChoosing FuturesStrategic Management in Schools and CollegesInstaBrainOpening Up EducationGlobalization and Internationalization in Higher EducationVisual Thinking StrategiesMarketing Techniques for Educational ProgramsCorporate Governance and Strategic Decision MakingHow to Market a University
314 citations
TL;DR: The occupational therapist's knowledge of the developmental process, use of activities, skills with activity analysis and adaptation, and concern for the quality of life are supported throughout the text.
Abstract: As stated by the editors, this book is intended as a basic pediatric textbook. Well organized and fu 11 of clinical examples, it effectively covers many important aspects of clinical practice in pediatrics, providing an introduction to the roles and functions of the occupational therapist in pediatric practice. Several chapters deserve special mention. The chapter \"01' in Pediatrics\" clearly describes the human development through occupation as a generic model for pediatric practice; the chapters on play/recreation and sensory integration offer valuable, clearly written background information with applied clinical examples One criterion for evaluating a textbook is the amount of new information presented (i.e., information not included in other standard textbooks such as Willard & Spackman's Occupational Therapy Unfortunately, the editors have included several sections that review development, health care delivery, general medical information and evaluations without expanding on or adding to the available information. Some sections are a mere summary of the literature, charts, and lists; they do not present the authors' clinical perspectives. Fortunately, other chapters include up dated information and reflect the insights of the various authors. Included are many charts, lists, evaluation forms, and clinical examples that entry level therapists (as well as students) will find helpful Chapters are well referenced. The discussion of treatment related to specific diagnostic conditions includes clearly described appropriate intervention Case studies support the authors' views and clarify specific treatment approaches. The occupational therapist's knowledge of the developmental process, use of activities, skills with activity analysis and adaptation, and concern for the quality of life are supported throughout the text. The editors have accomplished their goal of proViding a comprehensive text for basic professional education in occupational therapy for children thereby fulfilling an important need in our profession. Jim Hinojosa
241 citations
TL;DR: There are no common elements of hand prehension patterns, that no hand function evaluation is appropriate for all types of patients, and that such evaluations should consist of tasks representative of everyday functional activities.
Abstract: Describing hand prehension patterns in the context of functional hand evaluations may not provide the therapist or surgeon with an accurate portrayal of a patient's capabilities. Although dexterity involves both static and dynamic components of hand usage, most descriptions of prehension patterns study the static phase alone. Hand use is a function of anatomic integrity, mobility, strength, sensation, coordination, age, sex, mental status, disease or trauma, and the condition of other proximal extremity joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist). In this study, various descriptions of hand prehension patterns were reviewed and 11 functional hand evaluations were analyzed. The purpose was to see if the descriptions and the evaluations have common elements. The conclusions are that there are no common elements, that no hand function evaluation is appropriate for all types of patients, and that such evaluations should consist of tasks representative of everyday functional activities.
144 citations
TL;DR: This article focuses on association management as doing things right through planned growth and accountability.
Abstract: Management and leadership are key ingredients in the future of the American Oc· cupational Therapy Association. Ben· nis and Nanus (1985) define manage· ment as doing the right thing and leadership as doing things right. There is a need to establish a partner· ship between management and lead· ership, because both are critical to our success in the future. This article focuses on association management as doing things right through planned growth and accountability. The dis· cussion of leadership, or doing the right thing, centers around the con· cept of trans/ormative leadership as presented by Bennis and Nanus (1985) In comparing our Association to the rest of the health, education, and human service industries, we must credit, in large part, our volunteer and national office staff management teams for our successes. Our profes· sion's philosophic beliefs and values also set us apart. Although we spend countless hours trying to maintain a stable association management sys· tem, we seem somewhat reluctant to promote that which we have worked so long and hard to develop-our profession. In today's society it wou ld be unrealistic if we attempted to keep our Association viable and competitive without accepting the responsibility for being accountable for our profes· sion's philosophical beliefs and val· ues. A primary tenet of the responsi· bilities of a successful enterprise, and therefore a successful association, is the unequivocal acceptance of the necessity for accountability of the profession. To manage, an accounta· bility principle needs to be estab· lished and I propose that our princi· pie be stated as \"Our Association shall Elnora M. Gilfoyle
130 citations
120 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the subjects of the treated experimental group maintained their functional status after 1 year, demonstrated a significant decrease of bradykinesia, and perceived a significant improvement in their psychological well-being.
Abstract: The medical treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease has improved the quality of life and increased survival of patients with Parkinson's disease. However, as the illness progresses, impairments in daily living activities occur. A clinical trial for a group rehabilitation program was initiated to maintain the functional status of these patients. The research protocol consisted of a pretreatment evaluation, random assignment to experimental or control groups, and posttreatment evaluations after therapy, at 6 months and at 1 year. The results showed that the subjects of the treated experimental group maintained their functional status after 1 year, demonstrated a significant decrease of bradykinesia, and perceived a significant improvement in their psychological well-being. This study confirms the value of an occupational therapy group approach and its benefits to the functional independence, to the improvement of physical and motor symptoms, and to the quality of life of persons with Parkinson's disease.
109 citations
TL;DR: It was imperative that professions reconsider the emphasis on content while increasing the educational focus on the reasoning process, as a yearlong pilot study to examine the chemical reasoning processes that affect the occupational therapist's knowledge and use of theory.
Abstract: The year 1986 heralded the beginning of a significant research study in occupational therapy. The American Occupational Therapy I-'ounuation (AOTF) anu the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Joint]y funded a yearlong pilot study (0 examine the clInical reasoning processes that reneCt the occupational therapist's knowl euge and use of theory in praCtice The impetus for this study came from a presentation to the Commission on Education at the AOTA Annual Conference in Kansas City in 198--1 Donald Schiin, PhD, a facult\\' member in the department of urban planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. presented his work on the renective [lractitioner Schon argued that In the practice of any [lrofession_ theory emerges through transaCtions between client and professional when tough, unique solutions are required in areas where a field's accumulated knowledge has not provided adequate amwers for the immediate dilemma In earlier work with medicine, architecture, and urban planning. Schon and his colleagues had demonstrated that the accumulated knowledge of a field can never be adequate to proviele solutions to all problems presented by clients. Therefore. these scholars argued, it was imperative that professions reconsider the emphasis on content while increasing the educational focus on the reasoning process_ Several members of the audknce were intrigued by this presentation, efforts were made immediately [0 promote a study of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy_ Dr. Schi)n's enthusiasm for such a study has led to the current research by a team of occupational therapists. under his gUidNedra P. Gillette Cheryl Mattingly
108 citations
TL;DR: The lack of autonomy makes II difficult lor us to shape the authors' own future .
Abstract: A lthough we think of occupational therapy as a professiOn. persons outside our field sometimes clo not ThIrd-p:lrty payers may treal us as lhough we are> techni clans dependenl on the> ludgme>nt of rde>rring physICians or other professlon;1Is [n many states nccu pationaJ therapy IS nOI licensed due to the clifhcullies we have had convinCing IegIslalOrs thai we proVide a unique profeSSional service Til\.'> is espe>Clallv problematiC during lobbyllig activities when other professional groups who are alre>ady Iicensed view us as C0111· petItors wah lower statu.'>. Is occupational therapy really a professlol1' It should he, tor we :ld dress an aspect of human functlon111g that is central to the well-being 01' so· ciety. an aspeCl that is not thee focus of any other dlsciplme We arc cun cerned with understanding tile> occu pat Ion of human hemgs, the ways In whIch people organlie the aLtivitjcs tllJt fill tl,elr lives Jlld give their lives meJl1lng Furthermore. we appl)' thiS understanding of occu patlun to pro· mote the heJlth and well-helng of the people we serve Regardless of how important our Idea.'> andl)Ur ..,ervice mighl he, however, we fall shurt in twO attrihutes thai are vttal to :JI1Y rna ture profeSSion autonomy and responSibility WI thou I aUlOnomy, we are de, pendent on other profeSSionals for prescriptions, for lhe accreditation of our educational programs, for dOing the baSIC research that supports our praClice, and even for the settings 111 whIch we provide our serVKes. Thl.'" lack of autonomy makes II difficult lor us to shape our own future . c con· tlnually find ourselve~ in (he posmon of waltlng for approval or support that origll13tes from outSIde uf our field. Diane Parham
101 citations
TL;DR: Initial results support the integration of Eastern and Western frames of reference in the treatment of patients with chronic illness and the efficacy of the use of purposeful activity for exercise and rest will be supported.
Abstract: cadults with rheumatoid ar thritis. The program integrates principles ofoccupa tional therapy and rai-Chi Ch 'uan and was ex pected to be more effective than traditional exercise and rest regimens because ofits expressive and pleasurable elements. There were Significant differ ences between 17 experimental and 16 control sub jects on two categories ofdependent variables after the former group's participation in the experimental program. These dependent variables were range of motion measures and subject self-reports offre quency, enjoyment, and benefits ofhome exercise and rest routines. Pretest, posttest, and 4-monthfol low-up data were analyzed. Program participants showed signz/icantly greater upper extremity range ofmotion 4 months after completing the program although the reported frequency ofexercise and rest was greater in the control group. Postprogram reports ofenjoyment were Significantly higherfor experimental than for control subjects. If these initial results are confirmed in further studies, the efficacy ofthe use ofpurpose ful activity for exercise and rest will be supported. This study also supports the integration ofEastern and Western frames of reference in the treatment of patients with chronic illness.
87 citations
TL;DR: A cognitive rehabilitation model adapted for occupational therapy from the fields of neuropsychology and cognitive psychology is presented from an information processing perspective.
Abstract: A theoretical model that provides a foundation for understanding function and dysfunction in cognition and perception is needed as a prerequisite for the development of effective assessment and treatment tools to be used with the brain-injured adult. Such a model and clear definitions are absent in the occupational therapy literature on adult brain function and dysfunction. This paper represents a cognitive rehabilitation model adapted for occupational therapy from the fields of neuropsychology and cognitive psychology. Differentiation of terms, an overview of the model's theory, and evaluation principles are discussed. Cognitive rehabilitation is presented from an information processing perspective. Three other treatment approaches identified in the literature are discussed and compared with cognitive rehabilitation.
75 citations
TL;DR: After 3 months, a greater percentage of the subjects receiving the workbook-based occupational therapy program than those receiving traditional occupational therapy demonstrated an application of the behaviors the intervention was designed to change.
Abstract: This paper presents the design and evaluation of an occupational therapy program developed at the National Institutes of Health for teaching energy conservation and joint protection to adults with rheumatoid arthritis. An existing model for educational diagnosis in health education was used to identify program, behavioral, and educational objectives for the new program. The use of this model resulted in measurable objectives, which were used as outcome measures in the randomized research evaluation of the new program. The dependent variables measured were activity-of-daily-living status, psychosocial adjustment to illness, knowledge, disease activity, pain, and fatigue. None were significantly different after the intervention. The independent variables measured included components of balancing rest and physical activity. After 3 months, a greater percentage of the subjects receiving the workbook-based occupational therapy program than those receiving traditional occupational therapy demonstrated an application of the behaviors the intervention was designed to change.
TL;DR: An exercise program for tendon gliding is introduced for use in hand treatment and rehabilitation and can greatly facilitate therapeutic activities when incorporated in a comprehensive program of occupational and hand therapy.
Abstract: An exercise program for tendon gliding is introduced for use in hand treatment and rehabilitation. The program incorporates thumb range of motion and three basic fist positions: book, fist, and straight fist. The anatomic and experimental basis of this program is discussed. The exercises allow the flexor tendons to glide to their maximum potential and can greatly facilitate therapeutic activities when incorporated in a comprehensive program of occupational and hand therapy.
TL;DR: Although the group as a whole did not relax significantly more under experimental conditions than under control conditions, the degree of subjective relaxation was greater in the experimental group, and results were encouraging.
Abstract: Occupational therapists who work with hyperactive children and adults who are in an aroused state sometimes employ deep pressure touch (DPT) as a therapeutic method to achieve calmer behavior. This pilot study attempts to measure effects of DPT on objective and subjective anxiety. Twenty-three healthy college students, serving as their own controls, self-administered DPT via a specially designed apparatus. Heart rate and self-reported anxiety were compared under conditions of DPT (experimental) and confinement without DPT (control). Data on subjects' trait anxiety also were analyzed. Although the group as a whole did not relax significantly more under experimental conditions than under control conditions, the degree of subjective relaxation was greater in the experimental group. These results, coupled with a significant intragroup difference in the response of subjects with high trait anxiety, were encouraging. This study provides direction and focus to investigators interested in further research on the validation of an empirically useful treatment technique.
TL;DR: The present research extends beyond case study and retrospective study reports to support the efficacy of the use of adaptive seating devices by children with multiple handicaps.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of adaptive seating on oral-motor functioning as it relates to eating and drinking in 11 children with multiple handicaps between the ages of 1 and 4 years. An assessment instrument with a behavioral base was used for the seven direct observations of each child's motor behavior. During the first and last visit the parent or guardian filled out a pre- and post-equipment questionnaire. Evaluations were conducted every 6 weeks beginning 3 months before and ending 6 months after the receipt of the seating devices. An analysis of variance was used to analyze rating scale score data. A nonparametric sign test was used for the analysis of yes/no data. Other data were analyzed for frequencies and central tendencies. Sitting posture and head alignment during eating and drinking improved significantly. A significant increase in the frequency with which liquid and food was retained in the mouth was noted. A significant number of children progressed from bottle to cup drinking and from eating blended to chopped or cut-up food. The present research extends beyond case study and retrospective study reports to support the efficacy of the use of adaptive seating devices by children with multiple handicaps.
TL;DR: The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) was used to determine if children with cerebral palsy demonstrated problems in visual perception on a motor-free visual perception test, and appeared to be a useful tool for the occupational therapist in evaluating visual perception in children with cortex palsy.
Abstract: The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) was used to determine if children with cerebral palsy demonstrated problems in visual perception on a motor-free visual perception test. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy and 24 normal children, all of normal intelligence, were given the TVPS. Results showed that children with cerebral palsy attained significantly lower mean perceptual quotients than did the normal children. The TVPS appears to be a useful tool for the occupational therapist in evaluating visual perception in children with cerebral palsy.
TL;DR: Therapists should be cautious about using BSID testing at 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years when attempting to predict later preschool performance, because correlation coefficients had small magnitudes.
Abstract: Early identification of disabilities enables early intervention by occupational therapists and other health professionals. Because the number of children who can be seen in therapy is limited, it is important to be able to identify those infants most likely to have deficits at a later age. Therefore, it is necessary to study and understand the relationship between infants' scores on early developmental assessments and later developmental outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) during the first 2 years of life are related to motor and cognitive performance at 4 1/2 years for a sample of children identified at birth as biologically high risk. This retrospective study involved 70 children who were evaluated at corrected ages of 4 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 4 1/2 years. The 4-month BSID Mental and Motor Scale scores did not relate significantly to later cognitive motor performance. In contrast, the 12-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly to preschool scores on both the motor and cognitive measures. However, the 24-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly only to scores on the preschool cognitive measures. Though significant, these correlation coefficients had small magnitudes. Thus, therapists should be cautious about using BSID testing at 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years when attempting to predict later preschool performance.
TL;DR: There was no evidence that the use of the splints served to maintain PIP extension when compared with the control hand, and dynamic splinting could decrease proximal interphalangeal (PIP) flexion contractures.
Abstract: One of the major factors in the decreasing functional ability of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis is involvement of the patient's hands with secondary immobility and contractures. In a 2-month study of 19 patients, we assessed whether dynamic splinting could decrease proximal interphalangeal (PIP) flexion contractures. Of the eight patients who completed the study, one experienced a statistically significant improvement in PIP range of motion as a result of the splinting. There was no evidence that the use of the splints served to maintain PIP extension when compared with the control hand.
TL;DR: Pre- and posttesting of the performance of 78 students during in-class evaluation sessions showed a significant improvement over a semester in students' abilities to accurately analyze preassessment data and to formulate appropriate treatment plans.
Abstract: One way to help students transfer their academic skills of data gathering and analysis to clinical settings is to teach them the clinical reasoning process outlined by Joan Rogers. This paper describes a format for teaching that process through the use of carefully structured in-class evaluations of physically disabled guest speakers who role-model as clients. Pre- and posttesting of the performance of 78 students during these in-class evaluation sessions showed a significant improvement over a semester in students' abilities to accurately analyze preassessment data and to formulate appropriate treatment plans. Qualitative outcomes are also discussed.
TL;DR: A developmental age trend in crossing the body midline in 2- to 6-year-old children is identified and a combination of linear and quadratic trends was found when the effect of distance from midline on the frequency of contralateral responses produced during testing was analyzed.
Abstract: The present study analyzed the development of manual midline crossing in a sample of one hundred sixty 2- to 6-year-old children and considered test construction factors that could affect the test design. The test construction factors addressed were (a) the effect of biasing the hand used for object manipulation and (b) the effect of distance from midline required for task completion on the frequency of manual midline crossing. A pegboard task was used to measure manual midline crossing. The results identified a developmental age trend in crossing the body midline in 2- to 6-year-old children. Biasing the hand used for object manipulation significantly increased the probability of eliciting manual midline crossing. A combination of linear and quadratic trends was found when the effect of distance from midline on the frequency of contralateral responses produced during testing was analyzed.
TL;DR: Results indicated that the group which received instruction performed significantly better on the novel task than the group that received no instruction, however, no significant difference between groups was found in performance in the work environment.
Abstract: Thirty food service workers were randomly assigned to two groups; one group received body mechanics instruction while the other did not. The application of the instruction was measured by evaluating the subjects' use of body mechanics on a novel lifting and lowering task and during performance on the job. RESULTS indicated that the group which received instruction performed significantly better on the novel task than the group that received no instruction. However, no significant difference between groups was found in performance in the work environment. The role of the occupational therapist in a work-related safety program is also discussed. Language: en
TL;DR: This paper relates changes in the delivery of mental health services to the systematic study of policy development and careful planning needed to help occupational therapy accomplish the same goals.
Abstract: For at least a decade, concern has been expressed about the status of occupational therapy in mental health. Increases in the number of new jobs and clinicians have not kept pace with growth in other practice areas. Although growing criticism of the practice of deinstitutionalization and an increased focus on cost-effectiveness have recently become major public policy trends in mental health practice, the psychological and nursing professions have responded creatively in order to expand their influence and practice. This paper relates changes in the delivery of mental health services to the systematic study of policy development and careful planning needed to help occupational therapy accomplish the same goals.
TL;DR: In this article, the similarities and differences in the ideas and beliefs of the founders of occupational therapy and the proponents of the arts-and-crafts movement are traced. But they do not discuss the differences between the two modalities.
Abstract: This paper explores why occupational therapists use arts and crafts as therapeutic modalities. Beginning with the turn-of-the-century origins of occupational therapy, the paper traces the similarities and differences in the ideas and beliefs of the founders of occupational therapy and the proponents of the arts-and-crafts movement.
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to put the use of advanced technology for rehabilitation in its proper perspective and to present ideas for consideration in building more effective service delivery mechanisms for these technologies.
Abstract: Rehabilitation technology is a rapidly aduancing area involving professionalsfrom multiple disci plines, including engineers, occupational and phys ical therapists, speech pathologists, computer pro grammers, and many others. This paperfocuses on the use ofcomputers and other personal assistiue de vices by disabled persons, hut the concepts pre sented apply to all areas ofpersonal rehahilitation tecl:mology The topics covered include a perspec tiue on the use ofadvanced technology, teclmologi cal appliances versus tools, skills or ~pecial knowl edge neededfor the elfectiue deftt'ery of rehabilitation technolog)" new roles for tbe seruice delivery team, sources oftraining ill rehabilitation tecl:mology, and issues in qualification or certifica tion of rehahilitation technology profeSSionals. Tbe p~l1pose ofthis paper is to put the use o/adl'allced tec/:mology for rehabilitation in its proper perspec tive and to present ideasfor consideration hi build ing more effective serl'ice delivery mechanisms for these technologies.
TL;DR: The results seem to indicate that the TVPS is valid as an assessment of visual-perceptual functions for young adult subjects.
Abstract: The present study explored the discriminative validity of the motor-free Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills (TVPS) as an assessment for adults. The subjects were 26 learning-disabled and 26 normal young men. Overall, the subjects with learning disabilities made significantly more errors and took significantly more time on the total TVPS than did the normal subjects. The group with learning disabilities demonstrated significantly lower accuracy scores on four of the seven subtests and longer time scores on five subtests. Discriminant analysis revealed that the time score for Visual Sequential Memory and the accuracy score for Visual Closure were the two subtest scores that best discriminated between groups and, together, were able to correctly classify 84.6% of the subjects. The TVPS total accuracy score for the subjects with learning disabilities significantly correlated with their overall performance IQ but not with their verbal IQ. Their TVPS total accuracy scores also correlated with scores on Block Design, but not with scores on the Object Assembly or Picture Completion subtests of the WAIS-R. The results seem to indicate that the TVPS is valid as an assessment of visual-perceptual functions for young adult subjects. Recommendations for further study were made.