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Showing papers in "Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a chiral material is added to the nematic diacrylate before polymerisation to obtain ordered polymer networks with a helicoidal structure, which are maintained over a wide temperature region.
Abstract: Photopolymerization of the diacrylates CH 2 =CH-CO 2 -(CH 2 ) n -O-Ph-CO 2 -Ph(R)-O 2 C-Ph-O-(CH 2 ) 4 -O 2 C-CH-CH 2 (n=4-10, R=H, CH 3 ) gives polymer networks with a high degree of ordering which is dependent on the polymerization temperature. This ordering is maintained over a wide temperature region. Uniaxiolly ordered polymer networks show anisotropy also in their thermal expansion coefficient and modulus. Ordered polymer networks with a helicoidal structure are obtained by addition of a chiral material to the nematic diacrylate before polymerisation

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dependence of the radius of gyration on the molecular weight of polyacrylic acid esters was determined by light scattering and viscosity methods, and the relationship between the [η]-Mw-relations were established.
Abstract: Dilute THF-solutions of different fractions of polymers of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-, i- and t-butyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and lauryl acrylate, prepared by solution polymerization in benzene, were studied by light scattering and viscosity methods. Poly(acrylic acid) was examined in dioxane. For the different polyacrylic esters the [η]-Mw-relations were established and the dependence of the radius of gyration on the molecular weight was determined. Methyl-, Ethyl-, n-Propyl-, n-, i- und t-Butyl-, n-Hexyl-, 2-Ethylhexyl- und Laurylacrylat wurden in Benzol polymerisiert. Verdunnte Losungen in THF einzelner Fraktionen dieser Polymeren wurden durch Lichtstreuungs- und Viskositatsmessungen untersucht. Polyacrylsaure wurde in Dioxan gemessen. Fur die verschiedenen Polyacrylester und Polyacrylsaure wird die Molekulargewichtsabhangigkeit des Staudinger-Index [η] und des Tragheitsradius angegeben.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the response of a HDPE, a L-LDPE and a PP homopolymer to processing conditions and processing stabilizer formulations in the 220°C to 280°C temperature range was investigated.
Abstract: The response of a HDPE, a L-LDPE and a PP homopolymer to processing conditions and processing stabilizer formulations in the 220°C to 280°C temperature range was investigated. The technique of multiple extrusion was used. Melt flow and melt flow ratio were measured after the first, third and fifth extrusion pass. In the case of the HDPE and the L-LDPE, degradation by cross-linking was the predominant reaction and the molecular weight distribution showed a significant broadening compared to the virgin samples. The PP homopolymer degraded by chain scission. By adding a multifunctional hindered phenol and a hydrolysis resistant phosphite, all polymers could be efficiently protected against degradation on processing. For the HDPE and the L-LDPE, increased amounts of phosphite provided increased processing stability at constant phenol concentration. A 4:1 ratio of phosphite to phenol exhibited the best performance. The most efficient ratio for protecting melt flow of the PP homopolymer was found when a two to one ratio of phosphite to phenol was added.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical relationship has been proposed describing the relationship between impact strength and elastomer content, and β-polypropylene with elastomers have been prepared under laboratory and processing technological conditions.
Abstract: Blends of β-polypropylene with elastomers have been prepared under laboratory and processing technological conditions. As a result of the elastomer addition the temperature interval favourable for the formation of the β-modification became narrower. Blends have spherulitic structure like pure β-PP. The elastomer has negligible effects on the size of spherulites and on the rate of crystallization. Optical microscopy and DMA measurements revealed that the blends were two-phase systems in the solid state. The mechanical properties of the blends are close to those of β-PP in the investigated composition range. Increasing elastomer content reduced the strength characteristics but considerably improved cold impact resistance, the most beneficial combination containing about 8–12% of elastomer. A mathematical relationship has been proposed describing the relationship between impact strength and elastomer content. The dependence of the structural characteristics and macroscopic properties of elastomer-modified β-PP blends on the composition and on the temperature is similar to that of the identical β-PP blends. Unter Labor- und Industriebedingungen wurden elastomerhaltige Mischungen der β-Modifikation des Polypropylens (β-PP) hergestellt. Durch das Elastomeradditiv verkleinert sich der Temperaturbereich der Bildung des reinen β-PP in geringem Mas. Die Mischungen bilden eine spharolitische Struktur. Die Zugabe des Elastomeren beeinflust die Grose der Spharolite und die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit nur wenig. Nach mikroskopischen Untersuchungen und DMA-Messungen bilden die Mischungen in festem Zustand ein zweiphasiges System. Die charakteristischen Kennwerte der Festigkeit sind infolge der Elastomerzugabe verringert, aber die Schiagfestigkeit ist wesentlich verbessert. Mit besten Vorteilen kombinieren sich die Kennwerte der Festigkeit und die Kaltebestandigkeit in Mischungenmit 8–12% Elastomergehalt. F¨r die Beschreibung des Zusammenhanges zwischen der Schlagfestigkeit und der Konzentration des Elastomer wird eine Gleichung vorge-schlagen. Die Anderung der Struktur und der Eigenschaften der elastomerhaltigen Mischungen des β-PP in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung und der Temperatur sind ahnlich denen der Mischungen des α-PP.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Wolfgang Freitag1, Oswaldo John1
TL;DR: The application of microwave heating for the separation of stabilizers from polypropylene and polyethylene was studied in this article, where the polymer samples were kept in sealed vessels and irradiated in a laboratory microwave oven.
Abstract: The application of microwave heating for the separation of stabilizers from polypropylene and polyethylene was studied. Additives examined were the antioxidants IRGANOX 1010 and IGRAFOS 168 and the light stabilizer CHIMASSORB 81. The polymer samples were kept in sealed vessels and irradiated in a laboratory microwave oven. Fairly quantitative (>90% of the expected content) extraction of the stabilizers from powered polymer was achieved within 3 to 6 minutes using 1, 1, 1 -trichloroethane or the 1:1 mixture of acetone and n-heptane as the extracting solvent. Die Abtrennung von Stabilisatoren aus Polypropylen und Polyethylen mit Hilfe des Mikrowellenheizens wurde untersucht. Die untersuchten Additive waren die Antioxidantien IRGANOX 1010 und IRGAFOS 168 und das Lichtschutzmittel CHIMASSORB 81. Die Polymerproben wurden in Geschlossenen Gefalen in einem Laboratoriumsmikrowellenherd bestrahlt. Eine nahezu quantitative Extraktion (>90% des erwarteten Gehalts) der Stabilisatoren aus dem gepulverten Polymer wurde innerhalb von 3 – 6 min mit 1,1,1-Trichlorethan oder einer 1:1-Mischung aus Aceton und n-Heptan erzielt.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Francois Gugumus1
TL;DR: In this article, the quenching of excited charge-transfer complexes (CTC) polymer-oxygen by CTC HALS-peroxy radicals is proposed to explain the experimental results observed with HALS stabilized polyethylene and polypropylene.
Abstract: The HALS stabilization mechanisms usually envisaged do not explain the experimental facts. New mechanisms are proposed instead. They include quenching of excited charge-transfer complexes (CTC) polymer-oxygen by CTC HALS-oxygen. In addition, the formation of CTC between peroxy radicals and NH-HALS is of prime importance. These CTC HALS-peroxy radicals can either react photolytically after absorption of UV radiation or with a second peroxy radical, thus promoting termination between two peroxy radicals. Initiation of photooxidation in HALS stabilized polyethylene involves usually CTC HALS-oxygen throughout the useful lifetime of the polymer. In contrast to that, initiation of photooxidation in HALS stabilized polypropylene is classical and due to photolysis of tertiary hydroperoxides. The formal kinetics based on the mechanisms envisaged explain the experimental results observed with HALS stabilized polyethylene and polypropylene. On the one hand, they concern, the performance of HALS: in polyethylene it is a linear function of the square root of HALS concentration whereas in polypropylene it increases linearly with HALS concentration as long as the last does not become too high. On the other hand, the experimental facts explained, concern the decrease of the HALS concentration during W exposure of HALS-stabilized polyethylene and polypropylene. The decrease is first order in both polymers but is independent of the initial HALS concentration in polyethylene, whereas it decreases with increasing initial HALS concentration in polypropylene. This is in agreement with the corresponding initiation mechanisms envisaged for polyethylene and polypropylene.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Felix R. Stohler1, Kurt Berger1
TL;DR: In this article, a short overview describes the importance of stabilization and the necessity of using antioxidants and costabilizers during manufacturing, processing and end use of polyoxymethylene(polyacetals).
Abstract: A brief introduction describes the main differences between homo, and copolymer polyacetals and their main degradation mechanisms. A short overview describes the importance of stabilization and the necessity of using antioxidants and costabilizers during manufacturing, processing and end use of polyoxymethylene(polyacetals). Various stabilizer systems are presented and studies on the interaction of antioxidants with costabilizers added. The criteria for testing the performance of these additives are discussed and demonstrated by many examples. In a second part the increasing importance of light stabilized polyacetal is mentioned and investigations on the performance of light stabilizer systems are highlighted.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Francois Gugumus1
TL;DR: In this paper, the peroxy radical reaction is considered and the influence of such a reaction on photooxidation kinetics is particularly important for polyethylene and polypropylene.
Abstract: The mechanisms of photooxidation usually envisaged, are perfected by taking into account photoreactions of peroxy radicals. They involve interaction of a peroxy radical with the polymer to yield a hydroperoxy radical and a pair of macroradicals. After peroxidation, this pair will usually undergo bimolecular termination. The influence of such a reaction on photooxidation kinetics is particularly important for polyethylene. Then, chain termination occurs mainly by interaction of two hydroperoxy radicals or of a hydroperoxy radical with a macroperoxy radical. The reaction does not only affect kinetics of photooxidation but also the nature of the photooxidation products. The latter is more important for polypropylene than for polyethylene.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Francois Gugumus1
TL;DR: In this article, various mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of the photooxidation products of the PE-LD films (ketones, carboxylic acids, vinyl groups) and the kinetics of product formation are discussed in detail.
Abstract: Various mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of the photooxidation products of the PE-LD films (ketones, carboxylic acids, vinyl groups). The kinetics of product formation are discussed in detail. The experimental results can be explained on the assumption that the rate of ketone formation increases linearly with exposure time. Possible explanations are proposed. Verschiedene Mechanismen fur die Bildung von Oxidationsprodukten (Ketone, Carbonsauren, Vinylgruppen) bei der Photooxidation von PE-LD werden vorgeschlagen. Die Kinetik der Produktbildung wird eingehend diskutiert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse konnen erklart werden, wenn man annimmt, das die Geschwindigkeit der Ketonbildung mit der Belichtungsdauer linear ansteigt. Mogliche Grunde hierfur werden erortert.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Azo-benzoin initiators are useful for the synthesis of polymers with photoactive end groups as discussed by the authors, and they exhibit initiator properties similar to that of common azo initiators.
Abstract: Azo-benzoin initiators are useful for the synthesis of polymers with photoactive end groups. The kinetics of the bulk polymerization of styrene initiated by 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoyl)bis(α-methylolbenzoin methyl ether) (ABME) was investigated. On the basis of kinetic parameters, it was found that azo-benzoin initiators exhibit initiator properties similar to that of common azo initiators. A relatively high chain transfer constant of the initiator (C1) may be attributed to the presence of α-methylolbenzoin methyl ether groups in the structure. Azo-Benzoin-Initiatoren sind fur die Herstellung von Polymeren mit photosensitiven Endgruppen geeignet. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die kinetischen Parameter der radikalischen Substanzpolymerisation von Styrol mit 4-4′-Azobis-(4-cyanopentanoyl)-bis-(α-methylolbenzoin-methylether) (ABME). Die Initiatoreigenschaften von ABME ahneln denen gebrauchlicher Azoinitiatoren; die relativ zu diesen hohere Kettenubertragungskonstante von ABME konnte durch die Methoxygruppen im Molekul bedingt sein.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reactivity ratios of selected methylmethacrylate or styrene copolymerisation systems have been reviewed in terms of the extended Kelen-Tudős method.
Abstract: The reactivity ratios of selected methylmethacrylate or styrene copolymerisation systems have been reviewed in terms of the extended Kelen-Tudős method. r-values, together with their 95% confidence limits have been calculated. Quantities δ and Q, suitable for classification of the systems, have been applied. Of the 71 reevaluated methylmethacrylate systems 40 (56.3%) were found to belong to class I and 20 (28.2%) to class I(!), i. e. 60 (84.5%) systems for which the conventional copolymerisation equation was found to be adequate. For 3 (4.2%) systems belonging to class II the two-parameter model does not hold and 8 (11.3%) systems were related to class III, i. e. systems for which the experimental data are inconsistent and the published r-values meaningless. 32 styrene copolymerisation systems were reevaluated with the following classification: 19 (59.4%) systems in class I, 5 (15.6%) systems in class I(!), 2 systems in class II and 6 (18.8%) in class III. Anhand der erweiterten Kelen-Tudős-Methode wurden Copolymerisationsparameter fur Copolymerisationen mit Methylmethacrylat bzw. Styrol gepruft. Es wurden r-Werte einschlieslich des 95% Vertrauensintervalls berechnet. Zur Klassifizierung des jeweiligen Systems wurden die Grosen δ und Q angewendet. Bei der Copolymerisation mit Methylmethacrylat wurden 71 Systeme ausgewertet. Hiervon wurden 40 (56,3%) System der Klasse I und 20 (28,2%) Systeme der Klasse I(!) zugeordnet. Insgesamt ist also fur 60 (84,5%) Monomerpaare die konventionelle Copolymerisationsglei- chung zutreffend. Fur 3 (4,2%) Systeme, die der Klasse II zugeordnet werden, ist das Zwei-Parameter-Model1 ungultig. Zur Klasse 111 gehoren 8 (I 1, Woo) Monomersysteme, fur die die experimentellen Daten inkonsistent und die publizierten r-Werte unzutreffend sind. Im Falle der Copolymerisation mit Styrol wurden 32 Systeme ausgewertet, und es ergab sich folgende Einteilung in Klassen: 19 (59,4%) Systeme in Klasse I, 5 (15,6%) Systeme in Klasse I(!), 2 Systeme in Klasse I1 und 6 (18,8%) Systeme in Klasse 111.

Journal ArticleDOI
Francois Gugumus1
TL;DR: The variation of the photooxidation of PE-LD films as a function of film thickness depends heavily on the exposure device used for artificial weathering as discussed by the authors, which is practically proportional to film thickness if high UV intensity artificial exposure devices are used.
Abstract: The variation of the photooxidation of PE-LD films as a function of film thickness depends heavily on the exposure device used for artificial weathering. Carbonyl development is practically proportional to film thickness if high UV intensity artificial exposure devices are used. With less accelerating devices and on outdoor exposure, only limited increase with film thickness is observed. Then, an appreciable part of total oxidation is restricted to the surface layers. The differences between exposure devices are attributed to the absence of chain reactions in polyethylene with high UV intensity devices. With other accelerating devices and on outdoor exposure, chain reactions occur especially in the surface layers of the films where they involve usually oxidation products. Der Einflus der Foliendicke auf die Photooxidation von PE-LD-Folien hangt stark von dem fur die kunstliche Bewitterung verwendeten Gerat ab. Mit kunstlichen Bewitterungsgeraten, die eine grose UV-Intensitat aufweisen, ist die Carbonylbildung der Foliendicke praktisch proportional. Mit Geraten, die weniger beschleunigend wirken, und in der Freibewitterung nimmt die Carbonylbildung deutlich weniger mit der Foliendicke zu; dann bleibt ein wesentlicher Teil der Gesamtoxidation auf die Oberflachenschichten der Folien begrenzt. Die mit Polyethylen-Folien beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen Geraten werden auf die Abwesenheit von Kettenreaktionen bei den mit hoher UV-Intensitat arbeitenden Belichtungsgeraten zuruckgefuhrt. Mit weniger beschleunigenden Geraten und in der Freibewitterung laufen oxidative Kettenreaktionen hauptsachlich in den ausersten Schichten der Folien ab, wobei in wesentlichen Oxidationsprodukte daran beteiligt sind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dependence of morphological structure and notch impact strength of polypropylene/ethylene-propylene elastomer blends on conditions of mixing was investigated, and the independence of particle size of the rate of mixing in homogeneous samples was discussed on the basis of a dynamic equilibrium between the break up and coalescence of droplets.
Abstract: The dependence of morphological structure and notch impact strength of polypropylene/ethylene-propylene elastomer blends on conditions of mixing was investigated. Two types of polypropylene and two types of ethylene-propylene elastomer having different viscosities were used. At low rates and short times of mixing the samples contain both regions showing fine dispersion and regions showing large elastomeric inclusions surrounded with pure polypropylene. With increasing rate and time of mixing the large inclusions gradually disappear. The conditions of mixing which are necessary for reaching a homogeneous structure of the blends depend on viscosities of the components. The independence of particle size of the rate of mixing in homogeneous samples is discussed on the basis of a dynamic equilibrium between the break up and coalescence of droplets. The notch impact strength of the individual samples of the same blend is determined by the size and number of inhomogeneities (large inclusions) in the given sample. Es wurde die Abhangigkeit der morphologischen Struktur und der Kerbschlagzahigkeit von Polypropylen/Ethylen-Propylen-Elastomer-Gemischen von den Mischbedingungen verfolgt. Es wurden je zwei Typen von Polypropylen und Ethylen-Propylen-Elastomer mit verschiedenen Viskositaten verwendet. Bei niedrigen Geschwindigkeiten und kurzen Mischungszeiten bestehen in den Proben einerseits Bereiche mit feiner Struktur, andererseits grose Elastomereinschlusse, die von reinem Polypropylen umgeben sind. Mit Erhohung der Geschwindigkeit und der Dauer des Mischens verschwinden diese grosen Einschlusse allmahlich. Die fur die Erzielung der homogenen Struktur notwendigen Bedingungen hangen von der Viskositat der einzelnen Komponenten ab. Die Unabhangigkeit der Teilchengrose in den homogen vermischten Proben wird aufgrund des dynamischen Gleichgewichts zwischen dem Zerfall und der Koaleszenz der Tropfen diskutiert. Die Kerbschlagzahigkeit einzelner Proben einer bestimmten Mischung wird durch die Grose und durch die Zahl der inhomogenen Bereiche (grose Elastomereinschlusse) in der gegebenen Probe bestimmt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the crystallinity of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polypropylene with the aid of wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering methods.
Abstract: The crystallinity of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polypropylene was measured with the aid of wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) X-ray scattering methods The values of crystallinity evaluated using the latter method are distinctly larger than those ones given by the WAXS method The differences are supposed to be associated with the transition layer existing between the amorphous and crystalline regions It was concluded that small angle X-ray scattering cannot be employed as an independent routine method of crystallinity determination

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a processus fondamentaux de la separation electron-trou problem lies au transport des porteurs de charge (determination experimentale de leur mobilite en regime stationnaire; proposition d'un modele cinetique for le transport dispersif).
Abstract: Article de synthese: processus fondamentaux de la separation electron-trou problemes lies au transport des porteurs de charge (determination experimentale de leur mobilite en regime stationnaire; proposition d'un modele cinetique pour le transport dispersif). Proprietes des polymeres quasi-conjugues (polysilanes)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photoinduced polymerization of multifunctional acrylic esters in various polymeric binders was analyzed using photocalorimetric, differential scanning calorimetry and ESR-spectroscopy.
Abstract: Photocalorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and ESR-spectroscopy were used to analyse the photoinduced polymerization of multifunctional acrylic esters in various polymeric binders. Limiting conversion, maximal polymerization rate, inhibition time, and the time necessary to reach the maximum of the polymerization reaction rate were used to compare the reactivity of the photopolymer systems investigated in this work. Significant correlations exist between the limiting conversion and chemical structure of the acrylic esters used. A relation was also found between the glass transition temperature and oxygen permeability of the binder and the limiting conversion measured calorimetrically. A good correlation does not exist for the other reactivity parameters, because other factors such as phase change and changing diffusion conditions can have a complex influence on those values. Die photoinduzierte Polymerisation von Acrylaten in verschiedenen Bindemitteln wurde mit Hilfe der Photokalorimetrie, der DSC und der ESR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Um die Reaktivitat vergleichend zu diskutieren, wurden zur Auswertung photokalorimetrischer Mesergebnisse folgende Parameter ausgewahlt: Grenzumsatz, maximale Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit, Inhibierungszeit und die Zeit, welche notwendig ist, um das Maximum der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit zu erreichen. Zwischen dem Grenzumsatz und der chemischen Struktur der Acrylate sowie dem Glaspunkt und der Sauerstoffpermeabilitat des verwendeten Bindemittels bestehen eindeutige Korrelationen. Fur die anderen Grosen existieren keine deutlichen Zusammenhange, da andere Faktoren wie z. B. ein verandertes Phasenverhalten order veranderte Diffusionsbedingungen diese Werte in komplexer Weise beeinflussen konnen.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. Lorenz1, M. Els1, F. Haulena1, A. Schmitz1, O. Lorenz1 
TL;DR: In this paper, thermischen and mechanische Eigenschaften of nichtsegmentierten and segmentiertens polyurethanen were untersucht, and the effect of the spacer length of mesogenic diol on thermal and mechanical properties was investigated.
Abstract: Es wurden thermische und mechanische Eigenschaften von nichtsegmentierten und segmentierten Polyurethanen untersucht, die als Diolkomponente 4,4′-Di(ω-hydroxyalkoxy)biphenyle mit unterschiedlicher Spacerlange enthalten. DSC-Messungen zeigten, das die bei den nichtsegmentierten Polyurethanen auftretenden thermischen Ubergange auch bei den segmentierten beobachtet wurden, allerdings unter Verschiebung zu tieferen Temperaturen. Polarisationsmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den nichtsegmentierten Polyurethanen weisen auf das Vorliegen von LC-Phasen hin. Die Spannungswerte von Filmen segmentierter Polyurethane nahmen mit steigender Spacerlange insbesondere bei Temperaturen ≤40°C zu. Dies wird auf eine mit steigender Spacerlange erfolgende Entkopplung der Bewegungen von mesogenem Bereich und Urethanteil zuruckgefuhrt. Die Entkopplung fordert gleichzeitig die Bildung groserer Domanen des Mesogens. Oberhalb eines temperaturabhangigen kritischen Spannungswertes treten Fliesvorgange auf. Eine chemische Vernetzung unterhalb der thermischen Ubergange fuhrt zu einer Verbesserung der mechanischen Filmeigenschaften, da sich die durch Domanen des Mesogens bewirkte physikalische Vernetzung der chemischen uberlagert. Die Untersuchung erfolgte an einem Polyurethan mit COOH-Gruppen, das bei Temperaturen unterhalb bzw. oberhalb der thermischen Ubergange mit einem Melaminharz vernetzt wurde. Nonsegmented and segmented polyurethanes (PURs) containing 4,4′-di(ω-hydroxyalkoxy)biphenyls were synthesized and the effect of the spacer length of the mesogenic diol on thermal and mechanical properties was investigated. DSC measurements showed similar thermal transitions for the segmented and the nonsegmented PURs. However, for the segmented PURs a shift to lower temperatures was observed. Polarization microscopy indicated the existence of LC phases in the nonsegmented PURs. The moduli of films of segmented PURs increased with growing length of the spacer, particularly at temperatures ≤40°C, due to decoupling of motions of the mesogenic and the urethane part. Decoupling also promotes formation of larger domains of the mesogenic groups. Flow was observed above a temperature dependent critical stress value. Chemical cross-linking below the thermal transitions improved the mechanical film properties as the physical network, due to domains of the mesogenic groups, superposes the chemical network. This was demonstrated with a PUR containing COOH groups crosslinked with a melamine resin at temperatures below or above the thermal transitions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface chlorination of rubber strips was performed by immersion of strips in aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite and in hydrochloric acid in dependence of time and in temperature range from 20 °C to 80°C.
Abstract: The samples of vulcanized rubber compounds with natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were prepared. The surface chlorination of samples was performed by immersion of strips in aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite and in hydrochloric acid in dependence of time and in temperature range from 20 °C to 80°C. The changes of chemical structures, thermal stability and morphological properties of chlorinated vulcanizates were recorded by IR-FMIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Extremely heterogeneous complex mechanisms of chlorination and parallel degradation processes in dependence on time and temperature above all were indicated and compared to NR and SBR vulcanizates. At higher temperatures the structural changes in elastomeric matrix in connection with selective separation and surface migration of multicomponent filler due to agressive media were observed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is assumed that hydrogen peroxide is formed by the bimolecular termination reaction of caprolactam peroxy radicals, which is also formed by their monomolecular decomposition.
Abstract: The oxidation of caprolactam initiated with 0.008-0.82 mol/kg 1,1′-azo-di(cyclohexane carbonitrile) was studied in the temperature range 80–98°C. At the conversion lower than 3%, caprolactam hydroperoxide, adipimide, and hydrogen peroxide were determined in the oxidation products. Depending on the initiator concentration, the kinetic chain length of oxidation ranged between 3 and 30. The formation rate of hydrogen peroxide was equal to one half of the rate of initiation reaction, i. e. to one half of the rate of bimolecular termination in the steady state. It may be assumed that hydrogen peroxide is formed by the bimolecular termination reaction. This is in agreement with the fact that hydrogen peroxide was not found in the thermally initiated oxidation of caprolactam which proceeded with the kinetic chain length more than 300. Another product of the bimolecular termination reaction of caprolactam peroxy radicals is adipimide, which is also formed by their monomolecular decomposition. Im Temperaturbereich 80-98°C wurde die Oxidation von Caprolactam verfolgt, die durch 0,008 – 0,82 mol/kg 1,1′-Azo-bis(cyclohexancarbonitril) initiiert wurde. In den Produkten der bis zu einem Umsatz von max. 3% durchgefuhrten Oxidation wurden Caprolactamhydroperoxid, Adipinsaureimid und Wasserstoffperoxid nachgewiesen. Die von der Konzentration des Initiators abhangigen kinetischen Kettenlangen der Oxidation betrugen 3 – 30, wobei die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserstoffhydroperoxidbildung halb so gros wie die Initiierungsreaktionsgeschwindigkeit war. Bei der thermisch initiierten Oxidation mit einer kinetischen Kettenlange um 300 entstand keine nachweisbare Wasserstoffperoxidkonzentration. Es kann also angenommen werden, das bei der bimolekularen Abbruchreaktion der Caprolactamperoxyradikale Wasserstoffperoxid und Adipinsaureimid entstehen. Adipinsaureimid wird auch durch den monomolekularen Zerfall der Peroxyradikale gebildet, die neben der Oxidation von Caprolactamradikalen auch durch den Zerfall von Caprolactamhydroperoxid entstehen konnen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The influence of the supermolecular structure of these carriers, generated during the suspension polymerization by adding a mixture of inert diluents, on the carrier properties was observed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Acrylic carriers were obtained by aminolysis of nitrile or ester groups in copolymers or terpolymers synthesized from acrylonitrile, acrylic esters and divinylbenzene or ethylene dimethacrylate in the presence of a mixture of inert diluents. The influence of the supermolecular structure of these carriers, generated during the suspension polymerization by adding a mixture of inert diluents, on the carrier properties was observed. Acrylic carriers for immobilization of penicillin acylase should be obtained from either porous or ‘sol’-type copolymers which aquire after aminolysis the structure of expanded gel. Tragersubstanzen auf Acrylbasis wurden durch Aminolyse von Nitril- oder Estergruppen in Co. oder Terpolymeren aus Acrylnitril oder Acrylsaureestern und Divinylbenzol oder Ethylendimethacrylat in Gegenwart inerter Solventien hergestellt. Der Einflus der ubermolekularen Struktur dieser Tragersubstanzen, die durch Zugabe inerter Solventien wahrend der Suspensionspolymerisation erzeugt wurde, auf deren Tragereigenschaften wurde untersucht. Geeignete Tragersubstanzen zur Immobilisierung von Penicillinacylase wurden entweder aus porosen oder ‘Sol’-Typ-Copolymeren erhalten; sie zeigten nach der Aminolyse die Struktur eines expandierten Gels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of isotactic polypropylene and EPDM rubber have been treated by electron irradiation in the composition range of rubber modification and in the thermoplastic rubber composition range as well.
Abstract: Blends of isotactic polypropylene and EPDM rubber have been treated by electron irradiation in the composition range of rubber modification and in the thermoplastic rubber composition range as well. Mutual crosslinking of the components through the interface could be detected. This intercrosslinking caused a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties particularly of the thermoplastic rubber. Es wird uber Untersuchungen an Legierungen aus isotaktischem Polypropylen und EPDM-Elastomer berichtet, die mit hochenergetischen Elektronen bestrahlt worden waren. Die Mischungsverhaltnisse in den Proben uberstrichen sowohl den fur elastomermodifizierte Thermoplaste typischen Bereich als auch den der thermoplasticschen Elastomeren. Eine Vernetzung der Komponenten uber die Grenzflache hinweg wurde nachgewiesen. Diese grenzflachenubergreifende Vernetzung bewirkte eine merkliche Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere des thermoplastischen Elastomeren.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the thermal stability of degraded polyvinyl chloride samples at 180°C under nitrogen, the HCl evolved was detected by conductometry, and experiments showed that the nature of the ester group is the dominating factor for the thermal stabilisation of poly(vinylchlorid) in these blends.
Abstract: Poly(vinyl chloride) was mixed with various poly(methacrylate)s and polycarbonates by combined precipitation from common solutions. The thermal stability of the samples was measured at 180°C under nitrogen, the HCl evolved was detected by conductometry. UV-Vis-spectra of degraded samples were measured to investigate the influence of the poly(methacrylate)s on the lengths of polyenes formed during the degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). The experiments show that the nature of the ester group is the dominating factor for the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride) in these blends. Poly(n-butylmethacrylate) exhibits the best stabilization for poly(vinyl chloride) in this series. Polycarbonates with a higher glass transition temperature than the temperature of degradation destabilize poly(vinyl chloride). Stabilization experiments with dibutyltin-bis(isooctylthioglycolate) show a costabilizing effect of the poly(methacrylate)s and polycarbonates. Polyvinylchlorid wurde mit verschiedenen Polymethacrylaten und Polycarbonaten durch Ausfallen gemeinsamer Losungen gemischt. Die thermische Stabilitat der Proben wurde bei 180°C in einer Stickstoffatmosphare mittels konduktometrischer Messung der abgespaltenen Salzsaure bestimmt. Um den Einflus der Polymethacrylate auf die Lange der entstandenen Polyensequenzen zu ermitteln, wurden die abgebauten Proben UV-spektroskopisch untersucht. Wie die Experimente zeigen, ist die Estergruppe von dominierendem Einflus auf die thermische Stabilitat von Polyvinylchlorid in diesen Blends. Poly-n-butylmethacrylat stabilisiert dabei Polyvinylchlorid am besten. Die eingesetzten Polycarbonate haben Glastemperaturen, die uber der Abbautemperatur liegen; sie vermindern die thermische Stabilitat von Polyvinylchlorid. Stabilisierungsversuche mit Dibutylzinn-bis(isooctylthioglykolat) zeigen einen costabilisierenden Effekt der Polymethacrylate und Polycarbonate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, isothermal differential thermal analysis was used to test the thermooxidative stability of polybutene during internal pressure tests at 110°C and found that the degradation of pipe material started from the exterior pipe wall.
Abstract: Isothermal Differential Thermal Analysis was used to test the thermooxidative stability of pipes of polybutene during internal pressure tests at 110°C. At low hoop stresses and long testing times pipe failure was exclusively caused by thermooxidative degradation of the polymer. The stabilizer distribution in the initial state and its alteration during the pressure tests could easily be measured by isothermal DTA. Leaching of antioxidants from pipe walls could be detected. The decrease of residual thermooxidative stability was degressive. Degradation of pipe material started from the exterior pipe wall. Molecular weight of polybutene decreased rapidly after stabilizer exhaustion which could be observed by isothermal DTA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Grafting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) in the melt has been studied through measurements of monomer conversion, the degree of grafting and the grafting efficiency.
Abstract: Grafting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) in the melt has been studied through measurements of monomer conversion, the degree of grafting and the grafting efficiency. Results show that the grafting of DMAEMA on LLDPE can be carried out in the melt at temperatures as low as 90°C even though the melting point of the LLDPE is as high as 120°C. When the grafting reaction is carried out at too low or too high temperature, a low degree of grafting is observed. High reaction temperature favoured crosslinking of the polymer as indicated by decreasing melt flow index. Most of the grafts were obtained during the early period of the reaction (before 3 min under the reaction conditions used). Further increase in reaction time increased crosslinking and also produced more homopolymer, thus decreasing the grafting efficiency. Organic peroxides are effective initiators for the grafting reaction over a broad range of half-lives while azo initiators do not produce grafting. Das Pfropfen von 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylat (DMAEMA) auf lineares Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (LLDPE) in der Schmelze wurde mittels Messungen des Monomerumsatzes, des Pfropfgrades und der Pfropfeffizienz untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das das Pfropfen von DMAEMA auf LLDPE bereits bei niedrigen Temperaturen von etwa 90°C in der Schmelze durchgefuhrt werden kann, obwohl der Schmelzpunkt von LLDPE bei etwa 120°C liegt. Wenn die Pfropfreaktion bei zu hohen oder zu niedrigen Temperaturen durchgefuhrt wird, kann nur ein sehr niedriger Pfropfgrad beobachtet werden. Hohe Reaktionstemperaturen begunstigen die Polymervernetzung, was sich im Absinken des Schmelzindex bemerkbar macht. Die meisten Pfropfvorgange werden wahrend der Anfangsphase der Reaktion (unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen wahrend der ersten 3 min) beobachtet. Eine Verlangerung der Reaktionsdauer uber diesen Zeitraum hinaus fuhrt zu verstarkter Vernetzung und erhohter Produktion des Homopolymeren, was die Effizienz des Prozesses verringert. Organische Peroxide sind uber einen weiten Halbwertszeitenbereich effektive Initiatoren der Pfropfreaktion, wahrend Azoinitiatoren keine Pfropfung bewirken.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a kinetic model for the free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was developed and verified experimentally by using an isothermal reaction calorimeter.
Abstract: A kinetic model for the free-radical precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in toluene was developed and verified experimentally by using an isothermal reaction calorimeter. The model predicts the rate of polymerization accurately up to complete conversion in the temperature range of 40 to 60°C. Zur Beschreibung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit der radikalischen Fallungspolymerisation von Acrylsaure in Toluol wurde ein Modell entewickelt. Die experimentelle Uberprufung des Modells erfolgte durch Messungen in einem isotherm betriebenen Reaktionskalorimeter. Das Modell beschreibt die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bis zum vollstandigen Umsatz in einem Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 60°C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a process model for the slurry polymerization of ethylene with high mileage Ziegler-catalyst/cocatalyst systems has been developed, which teaches which set of process parameters must be kept constant together with their acceptable deviations to keep product data within the required frame.
Abstract: Saving product quality and quality consistency in polymer production needs a detailed knowledge of the polymerization process A process model for the slurry polymerization of ethylene with high mileage Ziegler-catalyst/cocatalyst systems has been developed This model teaches which set of process parameters must be kept constant together with their acceptable deviations to keep product data within the required frame The consequences for a technical production plant are also discussed Zur Sicherung von Produktqualitat und Qualitatskonstanz bei der Polymerherstellung ist eine genaue Kenntnis des Polymerisationsprozesses notwendig Fur die Suspensionspolymerisation von Ethylen mit hochaktiven Ziegler-Katalysator/Cokatalysator-Systemen wurde ein Prozes-Modell entwickelt Dieses Modell gibt an, welcher Satz von Prozesparametern innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen konstant gehalten werden mus, um die Produktdaten in den vorgegebenen Abnahmegrenzen zu halten Die Konsequenzen fur eine Produktionsanlage werden diskutiert

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that UF-resins contain fractions with molar masses up to 500000g/mol which are not only aggregates caused by physical intermolecular forces.
Abstract: Es wurden UF-Harze mit verschiedenen Kondensationsgraden durch unterschiedlich lange saure Kondensation hergestellt und mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC), gekoppelt mit einem Kleinwinkel-Laserlichtstreugerat (LALLS), untersucht. Aus den Konzentrations- bzw. Lichtstreukurven kann die jeweilige Molmassenfunktion IgMw(V) sowie das Molmassengewichtsmittel berechnet werden. Dieses steigt mit fortschreitender Kondensation analog zur Trubungstemperatur der einzelnen Kondensationsstufe deutlich an und liegt im Bereich von einigen Tausend bis uber 100000g/mol. Zusatzlich wurde festgestellt, das in UF-Harzen Molmassen bis ca. 500000g/mol enthalten sind; dabei handelt es sich offensichtlich um Aggregate, die nicht nur durch physikalische Wechselwirkungen hervorgerufen werden. UF-resins have been synthesized with different degrees of condensation by different duration of the acidic condensation step and were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on-line with a low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) photometer as molecular weight detector. The molar mass function lg Mw (V) and the weight average of molar mass have been calculated from the concentration signal and the scattering signal. The weight average molecular mass increases with longer condensation analogously to the turbidity temperature from several thousands up to more than 100000g/mol. Additionally it was found that UF-resins contain fractions with molar masses up to 500000g/mol which are not only aggregates caused by physical intermolecular forces.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the tensile strength of polyurethane prepolymers based on poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly(oxytetramethylene) (PTMO) polyols were employed as a crosslinking agent to the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA).
Abstract: Polyurethane (PU) prepolymers based on poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly(oxytetramethylene) (PTMO) polyols were employed as a crosslinking agent to the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Then the DGEBA was cured with a tertiary amine catalyst to form PU-crosslinked DGEBA. The tensile strength of both the PU(PBA)-crosslinked DGEBA and PU(PTMO)-crosslinked DGEBA systems increased to a maximum value with increasing PU content in the system and then decreased with further increasing PU content. Izod impact property of these PU-crosslinked DGEBA indicated that the PU(PBA)-crosslinked DGEBA had much more significant improvement than the PU(PTMO)-crosslinked DGEBA. On the contrary, the fracture energy (G1 C value) of the resultant PU-crosslinked DGEBA showed that the PU(PTMO)-crosslinked DGEBA had much higher G1 C values than the PU(PBA)-crosslinked DGEBA. Polyurethanprapolymere (PU) auf der Basis von Poly(butylenadipaten) (PBA) bzw. Poly(oxytetramethylen) polyolen (PTMO) wurden als Vernetzer fur Bisphenol-A-diglycidylether (DGEBA) eingesetzt. Anschliesend wurde DGEBA mit einem tertiaren Amin zu einem PU-vernetzten DGEBA ausgehartet. Die Reisfestigkeit sowohl von PU(PBA)-als auch von PU(PTMO)-vernetzten Systemen stieg mit steigendem PU-Gehalt bis zu einem Maximum an, um bei noch hoheren Gehalten von PU wieder abzufallen. Hinsichtlich der Izod-Schlagzahigkeit brachte die Vernetzung des DGEBA mit PU(PBA) eine wesentlich bedeutendere Verbesserung als mit PU(PTMO). Andererseits zeigten PU(PTMO)-vernetzte DGEBA-Polymere viel hohere Werte der Bruchenergie G1 C als PU(PBA)-vernetzte.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Oxidized areas in polyolefin (PE, PP, EPDM) solids can be located by immersion in a warm isopropanolic solution of Sudan III and methylene blue, followed by observation of the solid discoloration pattern.
Abstract: Oxidized areas in polyolefin (PE, PP, EPDM) solids can be located by immersion in a warm isopropanolic solution of Sudan III and methylene blue, followed by observation of the solid discoloration pattern Oxidized sites are stained blue, non-oxidized sites are stained pink UV/Vis transmission and photoacoustic spectra can be obtained from the stained samples

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of melt flow properties and mechanical properties of sulfonated butyl rubber ionomers showed that in the case of lithium ionomers addition of zinc stearate lowered the melt viscosity and slightly affected the tensile strength.
Abstract: Study of melt flow properties and mechanical properties of sulfonated butyl rubber ionomers showed that in the case of lithium ionomers addition of zinc stearate lowered obviously the melt viscosity, represented by torque value of a Brabender rheometer, and enhanced tensile strength of the ionomer up to 25% of zinc stearate, while in the case of ethylamine neutralized ionomer addition of zinc stearate lowered the melt viscosity not so obviously as in the case of lithium ionomer and slightly affected the tensile strength Amine neutralized ionomers exhibited very low permanent sets, while the lithium ionomer showed much higher permanent set, which increased with sulfonate group and amount of zinc stearate added Increase of neutralization degree below equivalent ratio of 1 significantly raised the melt viscosity and tensile strength For monovalent cation ionomer, melt viscosity and tensile strength diminished with decreasing ionic potentials, but for divalent cation ionomers with increasing ionic potentials and with decreasing covalent character tensile strength decreased and melt viscosity increased For different amine neutralized ionomers tensile strength decreased in the following orders: ethylamine > triethylamine > diethylamine; isopropylamine > ethylamine > tertiary butylamine > methylamine; ethylamine > hexylamine > dodecylamine > octadecylamine Bei Untersuchungen der Schmelzfluseigenschaften und der mechanischen Eigenschaften von sulfonierten Butylkautschuk-Ionomeren mit einem Brabender-Plasticorder zeigte sich, das im Falle des Lithium-Ionomeren der Zusatz von Zinkstearat deutlich die Schmelzviskositat erniedrigt und die Zugfestigkeit bis zu 25% Zinkstearat-Zugabe erhoht, wahrend bei den mit Ethylamin neutralisierten Ionomeren Zinkstearat die Viskositat nur wenig erniedrigt und die Zugfestigkeit kaum beinflust Amin-Ionomere zeigten sehr geringe bleibende Verformung, wahrend Lithium-Ionomere deutlich hohere Werte ergaben, die mit dem Gehalt an Sulfonat-Gruppen und an zugesetztem Zinkstearat anstiegen Mit ansteigendem Neutralisationsgrad stiegen unterhalb der Aquivalenz die Schmelzviskositat und die Zugfestigkeit merklich an Bei einwertigen Kationen nahm die Schmelzviskositut und die Zugfestigkeit mit fallendem Ionenpotential ab, bei zweiwertigen sank mit steigendem Ionenpotential und sinkendem covalenten Charakter die Zugfestigkeit, aber es stieg die Schmelzviskositat Fur die verschiedenen Amine, die zur Neutralisation der Ionomeren verwendet wurden, nahm die Zugfestigkeit in folgenden Reihenfolgen ab: Ethylamin > Triethylamin > Diethylamin; Isopropylamin > Ethylamin > Tertiiirbutylamin > Methylamin; Ethylamin > Hexylamin > Dodecylamin > Octadecylamin