Showing papers in "Baghdad Science Journal in 2017"

Community Structure of Benthic Algae in a Lotic Ecosystem, Karbala Province-Iraq

Abstract: This study focused on benthic algae (epipelic and attached algae on concrete lining stream) in BaniHassan stream in Holly Karbala, Iraq. The qualitative and quantitative studies of benthic algae were done by collecting 240 samples from five sites in the study area for the period from December 2012 to November 2013. Also, the environmental variables of the stream were examined in term of temporary and spatial. The results showed that the stream was alkaline, hard, oligohaline and a well aerated. The total nitrogen to the total phosphorus (TN: TP) ratio indicates nitrogen limitation. 129 species of benthic algae belonging to 57 genera were identified. Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) was the predominant taxon (95 species) followed by Chlorophyceae (16 species), Cyanophyceae (14 species), Euglenophyceae (3 species) and Pyrophyceae (one species). Some genera were found throughout the study period: Nitzschia, Navicula, Cymbella, Gomphonema, Surirella, Cocconeis, Aulacoseira, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Spirulina, and Scenedesmus. Site 3 recorded the highest total number of algae in spring 2013, and the lowest total number was at site 5 in Autumn 2013. The chlorophyll-a concentration did not match the total number of algae.

Detecting the antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver (Ag) nanoparticles functionalized with ampicillin (Amp)

Abstract: In the current study, synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) before and after functionalization with ampicillin antibiotic and their application as anti-pathogenic agents towards bacteria were investigated. AgNPs were synthesized by a green method from AgNO3 solution with glucose subjected to microwave radiation. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential determination and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. From SEM analysis, the typical silver nanoparticle particle size was found to be 30 nm and Zeta potential measurements gave information about particle stability. Analysis of FTIR patterns and UV-VIS spectroscopy confirmed the production of nanosilver particles. The activity of produced silver NP was tested against three pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii) in both liquid and solid growth medium. AgNPs presented potential antibacterial activity, against tested bacteria. Ag and Ag-AMP nanoparticles were detected to have penitent antimicrobial. The optical density (OD) of the culture solution and measuring zones of inhibition were used to monitor the growth of bacteria in liquid and solid growth medium respectively

Analysis and Study of the Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Laser weapon in Iraq

Abstract: One of the most important challenges facing the development of laser weapons is represented by the attenuation of the laser beam as it passed through the layers of atmosphere. This paper presents a theoretical study to simulate the effect of turbulence attenuation and calculates the decrease of laser power in Iraq. The refractive index structure Cn 2 is very important parameter to measure the strength of the atmospheric turbulence, which is affected by microclimate conditions, propagation path, season and time in the day. The results of measurements and predictions are based on the Kolmogorov turbulence theory. It was demonstrated by simulations that the laser weapons in Iraq were severely affected due to the large change in temperatures, the limited effective range of laser weapon to a few kilometers as a result of high attenuation and the middle of stratosphere considered as a homogeneous and a suitable area for the work of laser weapons, so be a favorite area of fighter aircraft.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Malva parviflora Extract and Effect on Ecto-5'- Nucleotidase(5'-NT), ADA and AMPDA Enzymes in Sera of Patients with Arthrosclerosis

Abstract: The present research included synthesis of silver nanoparticle from(1*10 -3 ,1*10 -4 and1*10 -5 ) M aqueous AgNO3 solution through the extract of M.parviflora reducing agent. In the process of synthesizing silver nanoparticles we detected a rapid reduction of silver ions leading to the formation of stable crystalline silver nanoparticles in the solution. The characteristics of silver nanoparticles were studied by using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis. The AFM measurements showed that the average size of silver nanoparticles synthesized using (1*10 -3 ,1*10 -4 and1*10 -5 ) M aqueous AgNO3 solution through the extract of M.parviflora were 102 to 114nm. UV-Vis spectra of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed a surface peak at 220nm and 445nm for (1*10 -3 ,1*10 -4 and1*10 -5 ) M aqueous AgNO3 solution through the extract of M.parviflora. The study of nanoparticles due to the possible application for the development of new technologies such as exhibited inhibitory effects on Ecto-5'Nucleotidase (5'-NT), ADA and AMPDA enzymes in Sera of control and Patients with Arthrosclerosis. Further studies on other biological activities are required to exploit their full potential.

Synthesis of Pure Nano semiconductor Oxide ZnO with Different AgNO3 Concentrations

Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles sample is prepared by the precipitation method. This method involves using zinc nitrate and urea in aqueous solution, then (AgNO3) Solution with different concentrations is added. The obtained precipitated compound is structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The average particle size of nanoparticles is around 28nm in pure, the average particle size reaches 26nm with adding AgNO3 (0.05g in100ml =0.002 M) (0.1g in100ml=0.0058M), AgNO3 (0.2g in 100ml=0.01M) was 25nm. The FTIR result shows the existence of -CO, -CO2, -OH, and -NO2 groups in sample and oxides (ZnO, Ag2O).and used an atomic force microscope and microscope scanning electron to model the record.

Bayes and Non-Bayes Estimation Methods for the Parameter of Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

Abstract: In this paper, point estimation for parameter θ of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution has been investigated by using simulation technique, to estimate the parameter by two sections methods; the first section includes Non-Bayesian estimation methods, such as (Maximum Likelihood estimator method, and Moment estimator method), while the second section includes standard Bayesian estimation method, using two different priors (Inverse Chi-Square and Jeffrey) such as (standard Bayes estimator, and Bayes estimator based on Jeffrey's prior). Comparisons among these methods were made by employing mean square error measure. Simulation technique for different sample sizes has been used to compare between these methods.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Bisacodyl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparation via Oxidative Coupling Organic Reaction

Abstract: A simple, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric way is used to determine Bisacodyl in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method depends on using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine as chromogenic reagent . The method was based on the oxidative coupling reaction of Bisacodyl with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine with Sodium periodate in the presence of sodium hydroxide as alkaline media to form red water soluble dye product , that has a maximum absorption at λmax 522nm . Beer , s law is obeyed in the concentration of (2.00–20.00) μg.ml 1 .The molar absorptivity is (6505) L.mol -1 .cm -1 ,a sandall sensitivity of(0.0555) μg.cm -2 ), correlation coefficient of (0.9970) , Limitof detection (LOD) (0.0312 μg.ml -1 ), limit of Quantitation (LOQ) (0. 3125 μg.ml -1 ) and the relative standard deviation of RSD% (1.6). The method gave a successful determination for Bisacodyl in pharmaceutical preparations and the value of recovery % was better than (100.16%) .

A Study of Zooplankton Community in Dukan Lake, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, with a New Record of Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester (1880) Medusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

Abstract: A study of Zooplankton community has been carried out at four selected sites on Dukan Lake. Samples of water and zooplankton were collected monthly for the period from July 2015 to February 2016. Some physical and chemical properties of water were studied and the results showed that the air temperature were ranged from 0 to 36.16 °C, water temperature ranged from 2.83 to 34.66 °C, hydrogen ion concentration of studied sites were found to lie in alkaline side, it was ranged between 6.87 to 8.57, electrical conductivity ranged from 190.79 to 850.08 μs.cm -1 , turbidity ranged from 0.9-7.7 NTU, and dissolved oxygen from 3.3 to 6.8 mg.l -1 while BOD5 were ranged from 0.53 to 34.66 mg.l -1 . Concerning to the zooplankton, 37 species were identified which belonged to Cladocera (48.38%), Copepod (43.28%), Rotifera (8.23%), Targigrada (0.08%) and Cnidaria (0.1%). The medusa of Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester (1880) was recorded for the first time in Iraq. Regarding to zooplankton community, rotifer were ranged between 0 to 690.91 ind.m -3 , Copepoda from 54.55 to 5927.27 ind.m -3 and Cladocera ranged from 18.18 to 6072.73 ind.m -3 . According to Shanon-Weiner index, species diversity for zooplankton invertebrates was ranged from 0.325 to 1.091 bits/ind. Jaccard’s similarity index showed that the highest similarity was recorded between site (1) and site (4) with 40.74%.

Inhibitory Effect of Bacteriophages Isolated from Sewage Water in the City of Kirkuk on some Types of Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract: Most approaches to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria concentrate on discovering new antibiotics or modifying existing ones. However, one of the most promising alternatives is the use of bacteriophages. This study was focused on the isolation of bacteriophages that are specific to some of commonly human pathogens namely E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteriophages were isolated from sewages that were collected from four different locations in Kirkuk City. Apart from S. pyogenes, bacteriophages specific to all tested bacteria were successfully isolated and tested for their effectiveness by spot test. The most effective bacteriophages that were isolated from sewages and sewage water of Al-Jumhori Hospital compared to other sites. It is concluded that the sewage water of hospitals represents a perfect environment for these bacteriophages.

Studying the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) and Electron Transport Coefficients in SF6 – He Gas Mixtures by Solving the Boltzmann Equation

Abstract: The Boltzmann equation has been solved using (EEDF) package for a pure sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and its mixtures with buffer Helium (He) gas to study the electron energy distribution function EEDF and then the corresponding transport coefficients for various ratios of SF6 and the mixtures. The calculations are graphically represented and discussed for the sake of comparison between the various mixtures. It is found that the various SF6 – He content mixtures have a considerable effect on EEDF and the transport coefficients of the mixtures.

Levels of Serum Lipid profile and Kidney Function Tests in Iraqi Hypertensive Patients: Duration Effect Study

Abstract: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, which causes serious health problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the lipid profile levels in sera of Iraqi hypertensive patients by measuring Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) and kidney function levels by measuring uric acid, urea and creatinine. Seventy five individuals of Iraqi adults (Males) were divided into three groups: 25 hypertensive patients with duration of disease (1-10) year (group 1), 25 hypertensive patients with duration of disease (11-30) year (group 2) and 25 normal individuals as control group (group3). The findings indicate that serum (TC, TG and LDL) levels were significantly elevated (p ≤ 0.05) compared with healthy group and the values of them were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1.This study also shows significant positive correlations between TC and TG, LDL (p ≤0.01), (p ≤ 0.05)respectively. From collected data, a significant increase was found in the mean value of serum uric acid, urea and creatinine in hypertensive patients in two groups (1, 2) compared with control group and the levels of them were significantly higher in group2 than in group1 (p≤0.01).The results also indicate strong correlations between parameters studied of kidney function tests ( p≤ 0.01). This study has shown that lipid profile and renal function levels abnormalities are highly prevalent among Iraqi hypertensive patients and also the effect of duration of disease on parameters was studied.

Screening of Epiphytic Algae on the Aquatic Plant Phragmites australis inhabiting Tigris River in Al-Jadria Site, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract: The present work included qualitative study of epiphytic algae on dead and living stems, leaves of the aquatic plant Phragmitesaustralis Trin ex Stand, in Tigris River in ALJadria Site in Baghdad during Autumn 2014, Winter 2015, Spring 2015, and Summer 2015. The physical and chemical parameters of River’s water were studied (water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, Salinity, TSS, TDS, turbidity, light intensity, dissolve oxygen, BOD5, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium and plant nutrient). A total of 142 isolates of epiphytic algae were identified. Diatoms were dominant by 117 isolates followed by Cyanobacteria (13isolates), Chlorophyta (11 isolates) and Rhodophyta (1 isolate), Variations in the isolates number were recorded on different parts of macrophyte host as well as, indifferent seasons. Eight new algal isolates (Achnanthesexigue var. heterovalvata Krasske, Navicula exilissima Grunow, Navicula falaisiensis var lanceola Grunow, Navicula microcephalo Grunow, Pleurosigma obscurum W. Smith, Stauroneis amphioxys var. amphioxys Gregory, Stenopterobia intermedia Lewis and Audouinella hermannii Roth).were identified as new records.

Synthesis and Spectral Analysis of Some Metal Ions Complexes with Mixed Ligands of Schiff Base and 1, 10-Phenanthroline

Abstract: The free Schiff base ligand (HL1) is prepared by being mixed with the coligand 1, 10-phenanthroline (L2). The product then is reacted with metal ions: (Cr +3 , Fe +3 , Co +2 , Ni +2 , Cu +2 and Cd +2 ) to get new metal ion complexes. The ligand is prepared and its metal ion complexes are characterized by physic-chemical spectroscopic techniques such as: FT-IR, UV-Vis, spectra, mass spectrometer, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, metal content, chloride content and microanalysis (C.H.N) techniques. The results show the formation of the free Schiff base ligand (HL1). The fragments of the prepared free Schiff base ligand are identified by the mass spectrometer technique. All the analysis of ligand and its metal complexes are in good agreement with the theoretical values indicating the purity of Schiff base ligand and the metal complexes. From the above data, the molecular structures for all the metal complexes are proposed to be octahedral.

Polymorphism study of MTHFR 677C→T and its correlation with oxidative stress and their influence on female infertility in Erbil – Iraq

Abstract: This research includes a study of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene’s allele 677C→T and its correlation with oxidative stress and their impact on female infertility. Fifty infertile women with the range age (23-42) years and twenty five fertile women with the range age (22-39) years as control group living in Erbil city were selected. The serum level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), prolactin hormone (PRL), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine hormone (T3), and Thyroxine hormone (T4) were measured, also a body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A restriction enzyme (Hinf1) was used to improve the mutation in DNA bands of infertile women. The results showed significant increases in MDA level, SOD activity, BMI, PRL, LH, TSH, and T4 in patients women compared with the control group. The results show non-significant differences in T3 hormone levels. The results also show a mutation in DNA bands of infertile women compared with fertile control group.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Metal Complexes of [4-Methoxy-N-(pyrimidine-2-ylcarbamothioyl)benzamide]

Abstract: A new ligand [4-Methoxy -N-(pyrimidine-2-ylcarbamothioyl) benzamide] (MPB) was synthesized by reactioniofi(4-Methoxyibenzoyliisothiocyanate)withi(2-aminopyri-midine). The Ligand was characterized by elemental micro analysis (C.H.N.S),(FT-IR) (UVVis) and ( 1 Hi, 13 CNMR)spectra. Some transition metals complexes of this ligand were prepared and characterized by (FT-IR, UV-Vis) spectra conductivity measurements magnetic susceptibility and atomic absorption. From the obtained results the molecular formula of all complexes was suggested to be [M(MPB)2Cl2] (M +2i =Cu, Mn, Co ,Ni ,Zn ,Cd and Hg),the proposed geometrical structure for all complexes was an octahedral.

Network Self-Fault Management Based on Multi-Intelligent Agents and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI)

Abstract: This paper proposed a new method for network self-fault management (NSFM) based on two technologies: intelligent agent to automate fault management tasks, and Windows Management Instrumentations (WMI) to identify the fault faster when resources are independent (different type of devices). The proposed network self-fault management reduced the load of network traffic by reducing the request and response between the server and client, which achieves less downtime for each node in state of fault occurring in the client. The performance of the proposed system is measured by three measures: efficiency, availability, and reliability. A high efficiency average is obtained depending on the faults occurred in the system which reaches to 92.19%, availability 92.375%, and reliability 100%. The proposed system managed five devices. The NSFM implemented using Java and C# languages.

Human Computer Interface for Wheelchair Movement

Abstract: This paper aims to develop a technique for helping disabled people elderly with physical disability, such as those who are unable to move hands and cannot speak howover, by using a computer vision; real time video and interaction between human and computer where these combinations provide a promising solution to assist the disabled people. The main objective of the work is to design a project as a wheelchair which contains two wheel drives. This project is based on real time video for detecting and tracking human face. The proposed design is multi speed based on pulse width modulation(PWM), technique. This project is a fast response to detect and track face direction with four operations movement (left, right, forward and stop). These operations are based on a code written in MATLAB environment and Arduino IDE environment. The proposed system uses an ATmega328microcontroller (Arduino UNO board).

Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) by two species of terrestrial plants in some stations within Babylon Province, Iraq

Abstract: This study deals with air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anatomical variation in leaves of two species of terrestrial plants Ficus sp. and Conocarpus sp. that have bee commonly the separated along roadsides in many stations within Babylon province. APTI values of both species were less than 10 during study period which represented sensitivity of these plants to air pollution. There are Anatomical responses to pollution in the leaves of both studied species. Main adaptations included increased thickness of parenchyma cell walls with clear dark deposits in sections of Ficus sp. from sections of stations 2 and 4 which represent polluted stations. Conocarpus sp. main adaptation included stomata increased in density and decreased in size with high tannin cells content in heavy polluted station.

Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies for the Gas-phase Reaction of Ozone with 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-Butene and 1, 3-Butadiene

Abstract: The reactions of ozone with 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2 and 1,3-Butadiene CH2=CHCH=CH2 have been investigated under atmospheric conditions at 298±3K in air using both relative and absolute rate techniques, and the measured rate coefficients are found to be in good agreement in both techniques used. The obtained results show the addition of ozone to the double bond in these compounds and how it acts as function of the methyl group substituent situated on the double bond. The yields of all the main products have been determined using FTIR and GC-FID and the product studies of these reactions establish a very good idea for the decomposition pathways for the primary formed compounds (ozonides) and give a good information for the effect of the methyl group on the degradation pathways. The results have been discussed from the view point of their importance in the atmospheric oxidation of these pollutants.