Showing papers in "British Journal of Sociology in 1995"

The embedded firm : on the socioeconomics of industrial networks

Abstract: 1. Introduction: Towards a Socio-Economics of Industrial Networks Gernot Grabher , Social Science Centre, Berlin Part I: Blurring Boundaries: Explaining Inter-Firm Co-operation in Networks 2. The Network as a Governance Structure Hakan Hakansson and Jan Johanson , both of University of Uppsala, Sweden 3. Explaining Inter-Firm Co-operation and Innovation: The Limits of the Transaction Cost Approach Bengt-Ake Lundvall , Aalborg University, Denmark Part II: High Technology Networks: Horizontal Inter-Firm Cooperation and Strategic Alliances 4. Interfirm Strategic Technology Networks and Modes of Technology Partnering in High-Tech Sectors John Hagedoorn , MERIT, The Netherlands 5. External Growth in the Computer Industry: Organizational Perspectives Mario Benassi , University of Trento, Italy 6. Knowledge in the Network and the Network Knowledge: The Structuring of the Biotechnology and Semiconductor Industries Bruce Kogutand & Weijin Shan , both of the University of Pennsylvania and Gordon Walker , Yale University Part III: Subcontracting Networks: Vertical Inter-Firm Co-operation and Disaggregation of Large Companies 7. An Exit/Voice Approach to Supplier Relations: The Case of the U.S. Automobile Industry Susan Helper , Boston University 8. Small Firms and Outsourcing as Flexibility Reservoirs of Large Companies Klaus Semlinger , Institute for Social Research, Munich 9. Vertical Disaggregation and Privatization in Hungary: Organizational Consequences Laszlo Neumann , Research Institute of Labor, Hungary Part IV: Regional Networks: Embedded in Industrial Districts 10. Factory or Putting-Out? Knitting Networks in Modena Mark H. Lazerson , State University of New York at Stony Brook 11. Power in the Decentralized Industrial Order: The Case of Baden-Wurttemberg Gary B. Herrigel , University of Chicago 12. The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Ambivalent Role of Inter-Firm Cooperation in the Ruhr Area Gernot Grabher , Social Science Centre, Berlin 13. Local, Global Networks: A Return to the Regional Economy? Ash Amin , University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Rethinking 'moral panic' for multi-mediated social worlds

Abstract: It is now over twenty years since the well-established sociology of deviance along with the emergent sociology of mass media produced the concept of 'moral panic'. The various studies of youth culture, drugtakers and the media reaction to these and other phenomena produced some of the most important work in post-war British sociology. This article argues that it is now time that every stage in the process of constructing a moral panic, as well as the social relations which support it, should be revised. lt suggests that more attention should be paid to the consequences of the great expansion of the media and to the many more participants involved in public debate (including, for example, commercial promotions departments and pressure groups). We argue that 'folk devils' are less marginalized than they once were; they not only find themselves vociferously and articulately supported in the same mass media that castigates them, but their interests are also defended by their own niche and micro-media. Finally, the article suggests that what were more stable points of social control have undergone some degree of shift, if not transformation. 'Moral panic' is now a term regularly used by journalists to describe a process which politicians, commercial promoters and media habitually attempt to incite. It has become a standard interview question to put to Conservative MPs: are they not whipping up a moral panic as a foil to deflect attention away from more pressing economic issues? It has become a routine means of making youth-orientated cultural products more alluring; acid house music was marketed as 'one of the most controversial sounds of 1988' set to outrage 'those who decry the glamorization of drug culture'.l Moreover, as moral panics seem to guarantee the kind of emotional involvement that keeps up the interest of, notjust tabloid, but broadsheet newspaper readers, as well as the ratings of news and true crime television, even the media

Five feminist myths about women's employment

Abstract: Feminist sociology has contributed substantial revisions to theory, especially in the sociology of work and employment. But it is also creating new feminist myths to replace the old patriarchal myths about women's attitudes and behaviour. Five feminist myths about women's employment are discussed whose acceptance as fact is not damaged by being demonstrably untrue. Arguably the most pervasive is the myth of rising female employment. The myth that women's work commitment is the same as that of men is often adduced to resist labour market discrimination. The myth of childcare problems as the main barrier to women's employment is commonplace in advocacy research reports. The myth of poor quality part-time jobs is used to blame employers for the characteristic behaviour of part-time workers, including high labour turnover. The issue of the sex differential in labour turnover and employment stability illustrates clearly how feminist orthodoxy has replaced dispassionate sociological research in certain topics. The concluding section considers the implications of such feminist myths for an academic community that claims to be in the truth business and for theories on the sexual division of labour.

Postmodernism and organizations

Abstract: Introduction - Martin Parker and John Hassard Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis - John Hassard An Overview PART ONE: TOWARDS POSTMODERNISM From Interpretation to Representation - Paul Jeffcutt Deconstruction in the Study of Organizations - Steve Linstead Eco and the Bunnymen - Gibson Burrell PART TWO: DEBATES WITH POSTMODERNISM Modernism, Postmodernism and Motivation, Or Why Expectancy Theory Failed to Come Up to Expectation - Pippa Carter and Norman Jackson What Can Organization and Management Theory Learn from Art? - Dag Bj[um]orkegren The Play of Metaphors - Mats Alvesson Organizational Discourse and the Gendering of Identity - Albert J Mills Organizations, Multiple Oppressions and Postmodernism - Jeff Hearn and Wendy Parkin PART THREE: DEPARTURES FROM POSTMODERNISM Organizations and Modernity - Michael I Reed Continuity and Discontinuity in Organization Theory Postmodernism - f002 Paul Thompson Fatal Distraction Life After Jean-Fran[ce]cois - Martin Parker

The empire of civil society: critique of the realist theory of international relations

Abstract: The Empire of Civil Society mounts a compelling critique of the orthodox realist theory of international relations and provides a historical-materialist approach to the international system.

Legitimacy and Order in Prisons

Abstract: L'A. s'efforce d'elaborer une theorie concernant la legitimite en systeme carceral et cela a la lumiere des contributions de D. Beetham et T.R. Tyler. L'A. affirme que l'on n'a pas pose le probleme de la legitimation par rapport au fonctionnement des prisons. Il etudie certains etablissements penitentiaires de securite maximale. Il examine les circonstances, le contexte au cours desquels les detenus vont accorder une certaine legitimite aux responsables et aux regimes d'incarceration et cela au niveau humain comme juridique. Il met ces facteurs en relation avec les politiques penitentiaires britanniques

Reassessing the structural covariates of violent and property crimes in the USA : a county level analysis

Abstract: Les AA. a partir de donnees collectees dans de nombreux comtes aux Etats-Unis etudient les rapports entre phenomenes de violence, de situation de precarite economique, les problemes d'integration ainsi que d'autres variables structurelles et la nature et les taux des crimes violents par rapport aux homicides. Ils n'etablissent aucun lien entre sous-proletariat et crimes violents. Le critere d'inegalite sociale leur apparait non pertinent en cette matiere au contraire de ceux de precarite economique et cela vis-a-vis des homicides comme des crimes violents pour lesquels s'ajoutent les criteres de densite de population et de vie urbaine

A Far Glory: The Quest for Faith in an Age of Credulity

Abstract: In this discussion of social and religious ideas, Berger discusses such issues as the meaning and consequences of secularization and pluralism, the status of the self, the link between faith and identity, the meaning of transcendent experience, and the problem of moral action.

The Paradigm That Changed the Work Place

Abstract: Micro floppy disk user manual verschenen o.d.t.: A full bibliography of English-language literature concerning the socio-technical systems design (STSD) paradigm / Corien T.A. de Goffau.

The sociology of money : economics, reason & contemporary society

Abstract: Preface. Introduction: On the Nature of Money. Part I:. 1. The Political Economy of Money. 2. Money and the State. 3. Cultural Aspects of the Mature Money Economy. 4. Money and the Social System. Part II:. 5. The Politics of International Monetary Integration. 6. Money in Postmodern Economics. 7. High Modernity, Rationality and Trust. 8. Monetary Analysis in Social Theory. Bibliography. Index.

The Social Organization of Boards of Directors

Abstract: Particulierement delicate en ce qui concerne l'acces aux informations, l'analyse de l'elite des affaires en grande Bretagne trouve avec la presente etude un chainon manquant aux etudes existantes. Cet article analyse les conseils d'administrations en tant qu'institutions sociales. L'article decrit l'activite des administrateurs, les types d'influence, les controles et les equilibres regnant au sein des conseils et leur capacite a repondre aux attentes des actionnaires. Il discute les traits pertinents de l'ideologie des administrateurs. L'analyse eclaire l'importance de l'influence exercee par les membres de la direction, notamment celui du directeur general. Leurs rapports avec les principaux actionnaires sont etudies. Il se degage une tendance a un role accru de ces derniers

The social meanings behind male sex work: implications for sexual interactions.

Abstract: This qualitative study explores the meanings of the commercial sexual encounter between male sex workers and their clients. The study highlights the various social meanings male sex workers attribute to having sex, their typologies of clients, the psychic contexts of male commercial sex, safer sex interactions, and how these issues inform sexual behaviour. The data shows that the meaning attached to the act of having sex is an important aspect of the way in which participants perceive their partners, conduct themselves during sexual encounters, and engage in safe sex practices. Clients are categorized by sex workers according to their perceptions of 'them', which include 'marrieds', 'easy trade', 'undesirables', 'sugar daddies' and 'heaven trade'. Different types of clients pose alternate levels of risk to the safe sex practices of sex workers. The sex worker's definition of commercial sex as work enables him to separate work and personal sex and define work sex as 'not real sex', in which safe sex practices symbolize both the degree of self that is shared and protective work equipment. It was also found that this sample of sex workers do not negotiate safe sex. Rather they use 'modes of interaction' which direct the encounter either towards safe sex, or they refuse to continue with the transaction. The interactive modes identified are 'natural', 'educative', 'challenge', 'other options' and 'walk-out'. These modes of interaction are effective strategies for ensuring safe sex, and can be used by the broader community to gain partner compliance in safe sex practices.

Death, Dying and Bereavement

Abstract: Introduction to Second Edition - Jeanne Katz PART ONE: LIFE AND DEATH Introduction - Jeanne Katz Death in Staithes - David Clark Death Denied - Philippe Ari[ac]es Death in the News - Tony Walter, Jane Littlewood and Michael Pickering The Public Invigilation of Private Emotion Approaches to Death in Hindu and Sikh Communities in Britain - Shirley Firth Demographic Change and the Experience of Dying - Clive Seale Health Policy and Services for Dying People and Their Careers - Christina R Victor Sudden Death from Suicide - Stella Ridley The Dream - T R S The Good Death? - Mary Bradbury Little Henry or, God Will Take Care of Me - H M Benson Death Be Not Proud - John Donne Aubade - Philip Larkin Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night - Dylan Thomas The Prophet - Kahil Gibran Doctor's Mask on Pain - Jane Martin Spiritual Care of Dying People - Alyson Peberdy Death and the Meaning of Life - Leo Tolstoy PART TWO: CARING FOR DYING PEOPLE Introduction - Jeanne Katz Extending Specialist Palliative Care to All? - David Field and Julia Addington-Hall The Case for Palliative Care in Residential and Nursing Homes - Moyral Sidell, Jeanne Katz and Carol Komaromy Complementary Medicine - Patrick C Pietroni Its Place in the Care of Dying People Speaking Out - Sarah Palmer Caring for Mother - Susan Leifer Plus Postscript Living with MS - Richard Were Saturday Times Column 3.10.98 - John Diamond The Alphabet - Jean-Dominique Bauby Communication in Palliative Care - Robert Buckman A Practical Guide Saturday Times Column 23.1.99 - John Diamond Communicating with Dying Children - Dorothy Judd Jewish Perspectives on Death, Dying and Bereavement - Jeanne Samson Katz The Syllabus - Mitch Albom Dying Trajectories, the Organization of Work and Expectations of Dying - Anselm Strauss Sitting It Out - Elizabeth Dean A Very Easy Death - Simone de Beauvoir Teach Me to Hear Mermaids Singing - Clare Vaughan PART THREE: DILEMMAS AND DECISIONS AT THE END OF LIFE Introduction - Jeanne Katz Learning the Hard Way - Clare Williams Somebody Loves Me - Anthony Masters The Death of Ivan Ilyich - Leo Tolstoy Intimacy and Terminal Care - Judy Gilley The Use of Deception in Nursing - Kevin Teasdale and Gerry Kent Do-Not-Resusciate Decisions - Johannes J M van Delden The 'Blue-Spotted' Patient - Basiro Davey Do-not-resuscitate decisions in the acute surgical wards of a district general hospital. The Main Tradition - Fiona Randall and R S Downie Right to Die or Duty to Live? - William Grey The Problem of Euthanasia Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - Luke Gormally Seven Reasons Why They Should Not be Legalized A Student's Story - Anonymous Betting Your Life - Christopher James Ryan An Argument against Certain Advance Directives Palliative Care and the Doctrine of Double Effect - Stephen Wilkinson Palliative Care and the Ethics of Resource Allocation - Eve Gerrard On Withholding Nutrition and Hydration in the Terminally Ill - Gillian M Craig Has Palliative Care Medicine Gone Too Far? On Withholding Nutrition and Hydration in the Terminally Ill - R J Dunlop, J E Ellershaw, M J Baines, N Sykes and C M Saunders Has Palliative Medicine Gone Too Far? A Reply PART FOUR: BEREAVEMENT: PRIVATE GRIEF, COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY Introduction - Jeanne Katz Bereavement as a Psychosocial Transition - Colin Murray Parkes Processes of Adaptation to Change The Social Distribution of Sentiments - Lindsay Prior Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Bereavement - Shirley Firth I Desperately Needed to See My Son - Sheila Awooner-Renner A Single Parent Confronting the Loss of an Only Child - Evelyn Gillis Epitaph of Libby Dickenson, 1798-1818 - Anonymous Care of the Suddenly Bereaved - D W Yates, G Ellison and S McGuiness Pregnancy Loss and the Death of a Baby - Nancy Kohner Parents' Choices When a Baby Dies - Gavin Fairbairn A Father's View Gay and Lesbian Bereavement - Dudley Cave The Grief That Does Not Speak - Maureen Oswin Personal and Medical Memories from Hillsborough - Tom Heller Ruth - Lesley Moreland Death by Murder Essays upon Epitaphs - William Wordsworth December - Douglas Dunn

Sociology as if Nature Did Not Matter: An Ecological Critique

Abstract: L'A. examine de facon critique les perspectives sociologiques concernant le rapport de l'homme a la nature et plus particulierement ce qu'il nomme la sociologie «pre-ecologique». Il explique que cette perspective qui affirme une division du travail radicale entre les disciplines scientifiques s'est constituee sur la base d'un rejet radical du determinisme biologique. Cette sociologie semble faire comme si la nature n'avait aucune importance. L'A. montre que cette conception releve de la vision moderne qui suppose une plasticite indefinie des relations entre l'homme et son environnement. C'est pourquoi il estime que cette sociologie est celle des societes modernes qui ne prennent pas en compte la protection de la nature. En retour il invite a une reconstruction de la discipline qui prenne effectivement la nature en consideration

Two conceptions of citizenship

Abstract: Avec l'effondrement du communisme en Europe de l'Est et l'influence du neoliberalisme de Reagan et Thatcher l'analyse de la notion de citoyennete tend a prendre une place de plus en plus importante dans la sociologie politique des societes democratiques. L'A. montre qu'il existe deux modeles de la citoyennete. La citoyennete d'Etat est liee a l'identification a une communaute politique. Un second type de citoyennete est liee a la possibilite de jouir d'un certain nombre de droits sociaux. Selon l'A. la citoyennete democratique est du premier type mais a la condition de lui associer une conception de l'individu comme acteur politique. Il examine cette perspective en fonction de la communaute politique europeene

The Persistent Glass Ceiling: Gendered Inequalities in the Earnings of Lawyers

Abstract: La profession juridique entreprend une transformation structurelle avec une croissance prononcee au sein des entreprises des grands secteurs vitaux de l'economie. Cette restructuration vers des professions plus hautement stratifiees coincide avec l'afflux d'un grand nombre de femmes. Cet article examine l'intersection entre l'organisation du travail et la repartition des sexes dans la segmentation de la profession et ses consequences en termes de salaires. Compte tenu des differences de positions, de specialisations et de cadres d'emplois, il apparait qu'un fosse persiste entre les gains des hommes et ceux des femmes, le differentiel s'accentuant meme en haut de l'echelle

Taking the state back out : Rose and Miller on political power

Abstract: L'A. examine les analyses de Nikolas Rose et Peter Miller concernant le pouvoir politique concu par eux comme se situant au-dela de la sphere de l'Etat. Il estime que leur perspective resulte d'une interpretation confuse de la notion de gouvernement et d'une conception implicite de la notion d'Etat. Il rappelle comment ceux-ci s'etaient positionnes contre les perspectives de Foucault et celles developpees par Bruno Latour et cela dans le but de se demarquer de la sociologie traditionnelle de l'Etat. Il montre que leur volonte de concevoir une continuite entre sphere publique et sphere privee est illusoire

Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain: Romantic Protest, 1945-1980

Abstract: 1. The romantic protest tradition before 1945 Part I. C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien: Fantasy as Protest literature: 2. The escape of the prisoners 3. C. S. Lewis - bridging the great divide 4. Middle earth as moral protest 5. Challenge and response Conclusion: within the tradition Part II. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: Romantic Protest on the March: 6. Theme and variation 7. Didn't you hear the H-bomb's thunder? 8. Christians on the march 9. E. P. Thompson and the new left Conclusion: CND as romantic protest Part III. Economics, Ecology and E. F. Schumacher: Painting Britain Green: 10. The greening of Britain 11. The romantic challenge to postwar affluence 12. Schumacher's romantic quest Conclusion: romanticism and the Greens 13. Conclusion Select bibliography.

Religious identification and moral attitudes: the British case

Abstract: British society is currently embroiled in a variety of controversial social issues. An identifiable set of these disputes concerning artificial insemination, AIDS victims homosexual rights, and pornography are all debated as moral issues. This study examines the impact of religious identification on public attitudes in relation to these moral issues. The results show a marked variation in patterns of religious identification and significant differences in relation to moral attitudes. Religious non-affiliates are more supportive of AIDS victims, less disapproving of homosexuals, and less likely to espouse a more conservative view in relation to either artificial insemination methods or pornography than their religious affiliates. Multivariate analyses, however, suggests that religious identification only affects certain types of moral issues, namely attitudes towards AIDS victims, homosexuals, and pornography. When various other factors are controlled, religious non-affiliates are generally more supportive of AIDS victims, homosexuals, and the public availability of pornography than religious affiliates. Furthermore, with the one exception of pornography, this relationship remained regardless of whether Independent Apostates or Stable Independents are considered. Thus, for these issues at least, it is the lack of religious identification per se, or current religious independence, which constitutes one primary factor in explaining moral attitudes.

The mirage of gender equality: occupational success in the labour market and within marriage.

Abstract: Malgre une egalite formelle des sexes en matiere de chances d'acceder aux memes emplois sur le marche du travail qui a stimule l'entree en masse des femmes dans la vie active, l'egalite des salaires demeure un voeu pieux. L'A. va etudier les facteurs de determination du niveau du salaire. Il montre que l'egalite est plus importante dans le secteur public fortement syndicalise. L'A. montre que les inegalites de statut social sont plus fortes au sein du menage que celles de revenu. Il affirme que le systeme patriarcal a su s'adapter a une situation d'egalite sans acorder de changement economique et que cela renforcerait l'ideologie de la domination masculine

Islam is the solution: Jordanian Islamists and the dilemma of the 'modern woman'.

Abstract: During the past decade, the issue of gender relations and women's conduct and dress has been occupying an increasingly prominent place in the discourse of Islamist movements. This article attempts to situate Arab Islamists' preoccupation with women within the legacy of colonialism and social transformations relating to gender and class. With regard to Jordan, the author links the urgency of the issue with social transformations at the level of gender and class during recent decades, and points out that the key to understanding the prominence of the 'woman question' in Islamist thinking is the fact that the social groups which comprise the traditional constituency of the Islamists are finally experiencing for themselves the socially disruptive implications of new patterns in women's work, education and visibility. In short, the issue of women's modesty and conduct, which was more abstract as recent as one generation ago (when only upper middle and upper class women were visible in the public domain), acquires concreteness and urgency in the rapidly changing social environment. The article also tries to show how the Islamists' framing of the issue in cultural terms has a primal appeal, especially to those social groups most alienated from the insular world of the westernized elite and in search of 'authentic' ways of living in the modern world.

Political thought and the limits of orthodoxy : a response to Curtis

Abstract: Les AA. s'efforcent de repondre a Bruce Curtis qui avaient mis en doute la qualite de leurs analyses des phenomenes de pouvoir. Ils accusent ce dernier de ne pas offrir une analyse conceptuelle suffisante de la notion d'Etat. Selon eux cette notion est par elle-meme problematique. Ils critiquent la definition de Curtis concernant l'Etat concu comme source, origine et point de reference de l'activite du gouvernement. Ils montrent que l'Etat est une institution qui s'est developpee au long du 19 e siecle selon une perspective et dans un contexte particuliers. Ils analysent ensuite les notions de rationalite politique et de technique de gouvernement

The growth of religious diversity: Britain from 1945

Abstract: Preface Introduction: Deciding How Far You Can Go, Gerald Parsons 1. How many Ways to God? Christians and Religious Pluralism, John Wolffe 2. Britain's Changing Faiths: Adaptations in a New Environment, George Chryssides 3. 'And there's another country...': Religion, the State and British Identities, John Wolffe 4. From Consensus to Confrontation: Religion and Politics in Britain Since 1945, Gerald Parsons 5. There and Back Again? Religion and the 1944 and 1988 Eductaion Acts, Gerald Parsons 6. Women and Relgion in Post-War Britain, Kim Knott 7. Between Law and Licence: Christianity, Morality and 'Permissiveness', Gerald Parsons

The coming of age of feminist sociology: some issues of practice and theory for the next twenty years

Abstract: Apres deux decennies passees a defier les courants dominants de la sociologie, la sociologie feministe est devenue majeure. Considerant la vigueur des luttes induites par la sociologie feministe, l'A. examine les relations de cette derniere avec la discipline toute entiere et avec la sphere interdisciplinaire des etudes feminines. Les merites respectifs des strategies « integrationiste » versus « multiculturaliste » sont evalues. La diabolisation de l'attitude dite « politiquement correcte » est ensuite discutee comme une forme de reaction au succes universitaire du travail feministe. L'article fait le point sur l'orientation theorique presente et a venir en insistant sur les implications du tournant post-structuraliste de la sociologie feministe et la disposition de celle-ci envers l'action qui, selon l'A., ne fait que commencer