This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations. I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may j...

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Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology

This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

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Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The global burden of disease.

A role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman. One consequence is that attitudes are less positive toward female than male leaders and potential leaders. Other consequences are that it is more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles. Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that these consequences occur, especially in situations that heighten perceptions of incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles.

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Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Analyses of the effects of America's experiment with vastly increased use of imprisonment as a penal sanction typically focus on crime reduction and public spending. Little attention has been paid to collateral effects. Imprisonment significantly reduces later employment rates and incomes of exprisoners. In many urban communities, large fractions of young men attain prison records and are thus made less able to contribute to their communities and families. Less is known about the effects of a parent's imprisonment on children's development, though mainstream theories provide grounds for predicting those effects are substantial and deleterious. Until research begins to shed light on these questions, penal policy will continue to be set in ignorance of important ramifications of alternate policy options.

Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners

1. Street and school criminologies 2. Street youth in street settings 3. Taking to the streets 4. Adversity and crime on the streets 5. The streets of two cities 6. Criminal embeddedness and criminal capital 7. Street youth in street groups 8. Street crime amplification 9. Leaving the street 10. Street crime redux.

Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness

Les AA. etudient l'impact des demenagements sur la vie des familles et plus particulierement sur la reussite scolaire des enfants. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees a Toronto, au Canada, entre 1976 et 1989. Ils s'efforcent de dresser une typologie des demenagements effectues par les familles et leur frequence. Ils examinent l'influence en ce domaine d'un certain nombre de facteurs comme la structure familiale, le statut socio-economique du pere celui de la mere, l'aide scolaire apportee par chacun d'eux

New kid in town: Social capital and the life course effects of family migration on children

Obviously judicial decisions are not made uniformly. Decision are made according to a host of extra-legal factors, including the age of the offender, his race, and social class. Perhaps the most obvious Pxanple of jidicial discretion occurs in the handling of cases of peisonl from minority groups Negroes, in comparison to whites, are convicted with lesser evidence and sentenced to more severe pulnishments.

Extra-Legal Attributes and Criminal Sentencing: An Assessment of a Sociological Viewpoint

Introduction 1. Criminal inequality in America: patterns and consequences John Hagan and Ruth Peterson 2. Race, crime, and urban inequality Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson 3. Unemployment and crime rate fluctuations in the post-World War II United States: statistical time-series properties and alternative models Ken Land, David Cantor and Stephen T. Russell 4. Ethnography, inequality, and crime in the low-income community Marti n Sanchez Jankowski 5. Age-inequality and property crime: the effects of age-linked stratification and status-attainment processes on patterns of criminality across the life course Darrell Steffensmeier and Emilie Andersen Allan 6. Crime and inequality in eighteenth-century London John Beattie 7. Gender, race, and the pathways to delinquency: an interactionist explanation Karen Heimer 8. Gender inequality and violence against women: the case of murder William Bailey and Ruth Peterson 9. Crime, inequality, and justice in Eastern Europe: anomic, domination, and revolutionary change Joachim Savelsberg 10. The engineering of social control: the search for the silver bullet Gary T. Marx 11. Law, crime, and inequality: the regulatory state Peter C. Yeager 12. Inequality and republican criminology John Braithwaite.

http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/278782264.pdf

John Hagan

Papers

Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners

Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness

New kid in town: Social capital and the life course effects of family migration on children

Extra-Legal Attributes and Criminal Sentencing: An Assessment of a Sociological Viewpoint

Crime and Inequality