Showing papers in "China Report in 1987"
TL;DR: The Chinese were not a maritime nation during the Han and Tang dynasties, but they succeeded in their efforts to be one after 1127 AD (Southern Song Dynasty) when the capital was shifted to Hangzhou, which was exposed to attacks from the sea.
Abstract: The Chinese were not a maritime nation, as the Arabs (and the Indians before them) were during the Han and Tang dynasties, but they succeeded in their efforts to be one after 1127 AD (Southern Song Dynasty) when the capital was shifted to Hangzhou, which was exposed to attacks from the sea. The possession of a huge naval force enabled the Chinese to maintain control over trade with a piratical fringe in the high seas in the Pacific Ocean adjoining China. Towards the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century the Chinese became known in Europe through the accounts of Marco Polo, and by early Ming period (late fourteenth to fifteenth century AD) China was a naval power capable of extending its sphere of activity from the Eastern sea routes to as far as the Indian Ocean shores of East Africa in the West.’ .
32 citations
TL;DR: Yong Le (1403-24), the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, sent altogether forty-eight missions abroad in twenty-two years as discussed by the authors, which included Annam (which came under the Ming rule after 1406 for about two decades only) and most countries from Cambodia through the Indian Ocean.
Abstract: Yong Le (1403-24), the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, sent altogether forty-eight missions abroad in twenty-two years. 1 These included Annam (which came under the Ming rule after 1406 for about two decades only) and most countries from Cambodia through the Indian Ocean. Of the forty-eight missions, only eight are known to have been led by bureaucrats: all three to Cambodia, and some early missions to Champa, Siam, Brunei, and the port of Palembang (Jiugang). For the rest
4 citations
TL;DR: In the post-Mao years, the emphasis appears to have moved away from ideological change and evolutionary struggle in favour of political stability, economic development, and growth as mentioned in this paper, and the vehicle upon which the present leadership has hinged its hopes for progress in agriculture, science and technology, defense, and industry is the four modernisations or FMs.
Abstract: Since Mao zeC1ong’s death in 1~7tj, the People’s Kepublic ot China has crossed a new threshold. This new era of economic and political history into which the PRC has entered may be best described as one of development and reform. Whereas in the closing years of the Mao period emphasis was placed on ideological change and revolutionary struggle, in the post-Mao years the emphasis appears to have moved away from ideological change and evolutionary struggle in favour of political stability,,,.economic development, and growth. The vehicle upon which the present leadership has hinged its hopes for progress in agriculture, science and technology, defense, and industry is the ’Four Modernisations,’ or FMs..1 By the year 2000, Beijing hopes that the FMs will result in the quadrupling of the nation’s 1980 agricultural and industrial output of 700 billion yuan. Until the emergence of Deng Xiaoping as the dominant force in Chinese politics in late 1978, factions opposing reform were able to successfully check such proposed policies. However, since 1978, the West has witnessed a number of economic reforms occurring in China particularly after the 1979-81 period, when Deng consolidated his political
2 citations
TL;DR: The book as mentioned in this paper is the product of years of research in America and field work in China, and the author's trip to China coincided with the sixtieth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, which provided her an occasion to participate in frank discussions about the role of intellectuals in history and in the Chinese revolution in particular.
Abstract: The book is the product of years of research in America and field work in China. Fortunately for her, the author’s trip to China coincided with the sixtieth anniversary celebration of the May Fourth Movement. This provided her an occasion to participate in frank discussions about the role of intellectuals in history and in the Chinese revolution in particular. At the time she was able to meet a number of survivors of the May Fourth Movement, and the work is largely based on her interviews and this to some extent sets the tone of the book.
2 citations
TL;DR: It is also apparent that Beijing is aware of some potential dangers inherent in an evolutionary approach to the Taiwan question as discussed by the authors, and is determined not to rule out the use of force in Taiwan, "because that would limit Beijing's leverage in talks with Taibei".
Abstract: ween Beijing and Taibei’.’ It is an entirely internal affair. Second, while emphasising peaceful unification rather than liberation, the Communists have been determined not to rule out the use of force in Taiwan, ’because that would limit Beijing’s leverage in talks with Taibei.’2 Furthermore, it does not seem likely that a semi-permanent limbo status that the US strategy envisages and in which Taipei hopes to wait for a ’favourable change in the mainland&dquo; will last indefinitely, no matter how patient the Chinese Communists may be. To the veteran revolutionaries, most of whom are still in power, as the recent Twelfth Party Congress indicates, it is the recalcitrant Taipei that left their cherished revolution incomplete. They might indeed like to see the long-awaited reunification before their death. It is also apparent that Beijing is aware of some potential dangers inherent in an evolutionary approach to the Taiwan question. It has to
1 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the notion of correspondence in relation to bilingual study, particularly to foreign language teaching and learning, and examined it at the pbonetic level between Chinese and English in this study, although research can be conducted at any linguistic level between any two languages or dialects' through a similar approach.
Abstract: The notion of correspondence is explored here in relation to bilingual study, particularly to foreign language teaching and learning.~ It is examined at the pbonetic level between Chinese and English in this study, although research can be conducted at any linguistic level between any two languages or dialects’ through a similar approach. In a bilingual situation such as foreign language instruction and acquisition, it is essential to understand the various aspects of interrelation between the native language and the language to be learned. An adequate knowledge of each aspect of correspondence between the two languages leads to a proper understanding of total interrelation. This study examines
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a contribution to a debate on certain problematics of Structuralist theory, in particular to the debate regarding the applicability or otherwise of structuralist methods in the analysis of historical transformation.
Abstract: This paper, like the larger work on which it is based, was originally conceived and written as a contribution to a debate on certain problematics of Structuralist theory, in particular to the debate regarding the applicability or otherwise of Structuralist methods in the analysis of historical transformation. As in the critique of classical Functionalism, it has often been alleged, in criticism of the Structuralist approach and ,of the various styles of Semiotics and Semiology associated with it, that Structuralism can deal . only with static, unchanging systems, and not with processes of change. The problem is rooted in one of the set of fundamental methodological distinctions on which Ferdinand de Saussure, the founder qf modern linguistics, had sought to base his projected science of Semiology: the distinction between ’synchrony’ and ’diachrony’,2 and it has achieved both intellectual respectability and wide currency through the programmatic writings. of one of the foremost anthropologists of our times, Claude L6vi-Strauss.’ In fact, however, as his critics have not failed to
TL;DR: The definition of the Asian region was much more complicated and difficult in Asia than in other regions of Africa, the Arab Region, and Latin America as discussed by the authors, and the geographical boundaries distinguishing the Asian from other regions might be less problematic to identify than the Asian specificities in comparison with other world regions.
Abstract: the definition of the region was much more complicated and difficult in Asia than in other regions of Africa, the Arab Region, and Latin America. The geographical boundaries distinguishing the Asian from other regions might be less problematic to identify than the Asian specificities in comparison with other world regions. The Asian region is, after all, inhabited by 60 per cent of the world population, stretching from Japan to Iran and from the Soviet Union to New Zealand and the various Pacific islands. Most of the world religions and spiritual traditions are present in the region Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism. It also happens that the Asian crossroads provide the meeting points for emerging major conflict areas of the world which calls for distinctive Asian solutions.