Showing papers in "EMPIRIA: Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales in 2017"

Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático : Dificultades en el uso de indicadores en dos cuencas de Colombia y Argentina

Abstract: This article meets methodological and theoretical difficulties in using social indicators to assess vulnerability to climate change and contributes to enhance methodological strategies for addressing this phenomenon. Most of the studies of vulnerability to climate change define vulnerability as an expression of three dimensions: the exposures of the systems to climatic events, the sensitivity to these risk conditions and the adaptive capacity to cope with the impacts. These three dimensions enable the operationalization of the concept trough biophysical and social indicators whose main purpose is to quantify the phenomenon and establish causal relationships between events and resources. From a different wiew of this conceptualization, another way of understanding vulnerability is to understand it as a dynamic process strongly shaped by social, cultural, economic, political and institutional conditions. From this approach, climate change is suposed to impact on previous and long-term vulnerabilities mainly defined by access to resources. Vulnerability is then defined as a complex process which does not support quantifications or generalizations between causes and effects as those proposed in indicators systems. Based upon a research experience in Mendoza, Argentina, and Chinchina, in Colombia this article demonstrates the limitations of the use of indicators of social vulnerability to applied social research. Through the analysis of public statistical data in Argentina and Colombia and in-depth interviews in the study areas, the authors reconstruct the difficulties faced in the building process of these indicators to demonstrate the weaknesses of each indicator to account the complexity of vulnerability. Income, land tenure, access to water, technology, infrastructure, technical assistance, education and associativism indicators particularly discussed. At the end, the authors presents an alternative proposal to adress the complexities of vulnerability.

La Investigación Activista Feminista. Un diálogo metodológico con los movimientos sociales

Abstract: This article reviews the activist research strategy in social movements, thought from the perspective of feminist epistemology. It presents retrospective analyzes of the authors' own Activist Research experiences and puts them in the light of a new methodological framework: Feminist Activist Research (FAR). The paper starts from the proposal of the "situated knowledge" and places the emergence of the FAR at the confluence of the new global movements and the third wave of feminism. We conclude that the activist research experiences in which we have participated can be included in the FAR and suppose the most adequate approach from the social sciences to the subject social movement both epistemologically and methodologically, since they allow us to collect data and analysis that become as situated knowledge, academically relevant and socially useful.

Etnografiar las migraciones ‘Sur’-‘Norte’: la inscripción en nuestros cuerpos de representaciones de género, raza y nación

Abstract: This article considers the problematic of the connections between gender, race, culture and migrations spanning different historic.al and social considerations. My principal aim is to share my expectations and experiences making ethnography during the time of my multi-localized fieldwork (Marcus, 1995). I argue, according to Okely that personal is not only political (1975, 1992), but also is theorical (Gregorio 2006:32). Relatedly, I try to “live” (following Jone Miren Hernandez) my own ethnography, in order to understand it as “the experience of the anthropologist related to cultural attitudes of a certain society and not as expression of “the knowledge”, which can be abstract, impersonal and lacks of context. (2012:1). In this way, I try to give back the value of knowledge to our body´s experience as subjects which experiment, feel and get emotions; in direct confrontation with the typical neutrality and objectivity dogmas of the “scientific knowledge”.

“Si me dieran un billete de avión…”: recurriendo a la elucidación gráfica en entrevistas con menores de edad

Abstract: espanolEn las ultimas dos decadas se han desarrollado, desde una orientacion cualitativa, una serie de investigaciones con ninos que combinan metodos visuales y tecnicas mas tradicionales –como entrevistas o grupos de discusion-. Este articulo se suma a esa linea de estudio con el objetivo de examinar, especificamente, las tecnicas de elucidacion grafica en entrevistas con menores de edad. El articulo esta dividido en cuatro apartados. En el primero se ofrece una revision del cambio paradigmatico en investigacion con ninos y ninas, pues dicha transformacion permite contextualizar los actuales debates sobre metodologia visual e infancia. El segundo apartado explora la utilizacion de metodos visuales y tecnicas de elucidacion en investigacion con menores de edad, prestando particular atencion a las tecnicas de elucidacion grafica. En el tercer apartado se detalla como se incorporo este tipo de tecnicas graficas (en forma de: dibujo tematico, diagrama interactivo y vineta) a una investigacion en la que participaron doce menores de edad miembros de familias migrantes. Finalmente, en el cuarto apartado, se ofrecen detalles de resultados obtenidos a partir de la implementacion de esta opcion metodologica y se reflexiona sobre los retos y las oportunidades generados por la misma. Entre los resultados destaca que, usadas de una forma reflexiva y flexible, estas tecnicas pueden facilitar el acceso a ideas, experiencias y recuerdos, desde una perspectiva tanto racional como emotiva. Y pueden, asimismo, reforzar la generacion de relaciones de confianza entre quien investiga y quien participa en una investigacion gracias, entre otros factores, al elemento creativo y ludico que aportan. EnglishIn the last two decades, many researchers have combined visual methods and traditional techniques –such as focus groups or interviews- in qualitative research with children. The aim of this article is to join this line of research by examining the use of graphic elicitation techniques in interviews with children. The article is divided into four sections. The first section reviews the current paradigm shift in research involving children in order to contextualize the existing debates on visual methods and research with children. The second section explores the use of visual methods and elicitation techniques in research with children, paying particular attention to graphic elicitation techniques. The third section details how some of these techniques (a thematic drawing, a diagram and a vignette) were incorporated into a recent study, which involved twelve children of migrant families. Finally, the fourth section, offers indepth findings and some reflections on the challenges and opportunities found in relation to the implementation of these methodological strategies. Among the findings, we can highlight that these techniques, if used in a reflexive and flexible way, can facilitate the access to ideas, experiences and memories, both from a rational and an emotional perspective. In addition, they can reinforce the relationship of trust between the researcher and the research participants due to their creative and ludic nature.

Medición de la cristalización electoral de un movimiento de protesta: de la indignación al voto

Abstract: Nuestro trabajo trata de aportar nuevas aproximaciones metodologicas y conceptuales al analisis del impacto electoral de movimientos sociales y de protesta. Dos campos de estudio, el de los movimientos sociales y el de nuevos partidos politicos, parecen haber dejado un hueco analitico escasamente tratado entre los dos: la conexion entre el auge de movimientos sociales y la posterior aparicion de nuevos partidos politicos. Concretamente, nos interesa indagar como se comportan electoralmente las bases de un movimiento de protesta ante la aparicion de un nuevo partido que, teoricamente, recoge las demandas centrales del movimiento. Analizamos el paso del apoyo al movimiento 15M (conocido tambien como los indignados) al apoyo electoral a Podemos tras sus primeros meses de existencia. Para ello introducimos el calculo de un indice de cristalizacion electoral para diferentes grupos sociales, lo que nos permite contribuir a la caracterizacion de la emergencia del nuevo partido. Los datos apuntan a que el voto a Podemos en las elecciones europeas de 2014 puede entenderse como a una extension de la protesta en el campo electoral. Esta continuidad con la protesta parece caracterizar la aparicion del nuevo partido, tanto en la base social de su primer electorado como en lo que se refiere a su aspecto narrativo-simbolico. Su primera base electoral no responderia tanto a un voto de protesta – en el sentido planteado por Van der Eijk– sino, mas bien, a un voto de la protesta, consiguiendo captar electoralmente a aquellos simpatizantes del 15M mas identificados con sus principales reivindicaciones. Finalmente, contrastando los resultados con otros estudios, apuntamos que la crisis politica y de confianza institucional tendria un efecto asimetrico en la dinamica electoral a lo largo del arco ideologico, de un modo mucho mas intenso de lo que ocurre en el apoyo a los movimientos de protesta. Asi, la ideologia se presenta como el principal regulador del impacto electoral de la insatisfaccion politica entre la ciudadania. This article examines the electoral impact of social protest movements, providing new methodological and conceptual approaches to the subject. Two fields of study, social movements and new political parties, seem to have left a sparsely treated gap between the two: the connection between the rise of social movements and the subsequent emergence of new political parties. Specifically, we are interested in investigating how the foundations of a protest movement electorally behave at the emergence of a new party –one that theoretically reflects the central demands of the movement. We analyze how the support to the 15M movement (also known as the Indignants) has evolved into electoral support to Podemos after its first months of existence. To do this, we compare the social profiles of 15M supporters and Podemos voters through the introduction of an electoral crystallization indication. The results suggest that Podemos vote in the 2014 European elections can be seen as an extension of the protests in the electoral field. This continuity with the protest seems to characterize the appearance of the new party, both in the social base of its first electorate as in regard to its narrative-symbolic aspect. Further, its first electoral base did not respond so much to a ‘protest vote’ –in the sense proposed by Van der Eijk– but rather to a ‘vote of the protest’, gaining electoral support from those more identified with the 15M demands. Finally, comparing the results with other studies, we noted that the political and institutional confidence crisis has an asymmetric effect on the electoral dynamics along the ideological spectrum, a much more intense one than observed on the support to the protest movements. Thus, the ideology is presented as the main regulator of the electoral impact of political dissatisfaction among citizens.

Agencia femenina en los procesos migratorios internacionales: Una aproximación epistemológica

Abstract: This article aims to analyze how the community of Latin American women living in Barcelona display their agency ability, considering how processes of inclusion and exclusion tend to constitute certain synergies that place them as active subjects in the migration becoming The theoretical framework is developed from the main contributions that have been done in the area of migration studies, focusing mainly on those that have used gender as an analytic category and those that have incorporated a transnational perspective In addition, approaches that have theorized about the processes of exclusion and inclusion are presented, then the concept of key feminist agency is introduced Thus, and from an analysis model that emerges from the theoretical and empirical work with twenty-five Latin American women in Barcelona, Spain, between 2015 and 2016, different ways are observed in which women strengthen their agency, which allows them to build associative spaces in order to survive and thrive socially, economically and personally

La potencialidad de la Regresión Logística Multinivel. Una propuesta de aplicación en el análisis del estado de salud percibido

Abstract: The development of different software is facilitating the extension of multilevel models in different disciplines of social sciences in recent years. These quantitative techniques help us to observe characteristics of individuals and the contexts in which they interact in the same analytical model. It let to regard the effect of several explanatory variables on a phenomenon considering both the differences between individuals and the available information that they are grouped above in different hierarchical. Although initially it’s thrived in models of linear dependent variables, it could also be used in models with categorical outcomes. The Multilevel logistic regression (MLR) can facilitate estimation of complex models with a dichotomous categorical dependent variable type. The current article is a brief explanation of this technique. We seek to indicate that it can be used in different areas of sociological analysis, especially in inferential statistics. Despite its apparent complexity, thanks to the recommendations of some authors, we can utilize in a feasible and to facilitate the provision of information on the association of variables and the context of a phenomenon. In the second part of this text we offer an adjusting exercise of multilevel logistic models. The intention was to observe the incidence of individual variables such as working conditions, occupational conditions and the domestic-family demands that working people have, together with variables of the labour market and social protection of the 27 EU members on perceived health status. The main results indicated already that the worst working conditions and temporary employment were associated with poor health with significant gender inequalities between countries. These conclusions were noted by some occupational health studies. This study allowed going beyond the individual analysis and observing that a percentage of the differences between employees can be explained by different variables of welfare between countries.

Reflexión, acción, decisión: trayectorias en la construcción de la identidad de género en el patriarcado gitano

Abstract: This article collects a version of the current moment of tension, change and emergence of feminine individuality among gypsy women from Zaragoza. It was based on the premise that the convergence of personal attributes such as identity and gender (both key concepts of the individual construction) were a challenge to the patriarchal structure -ethnic identity- understanding that when women become aware of herself -gender identity- the tension between the traditional and the modern paradigm emerges. The qualitative and biographical approach (based on narrative and conversation, participant observation and qualitative analysis based on grounded theory) has allowed us to analyze from two key dimensions, the psychological and the contextual, the sequential introspective path through which they advance (reflection-decision-action) and the vital trajectories that are conforming when trying to fit personal growth with the non-affectation of the patriarchal gypsy structure, its culture and its system of values and mandates.

Juventud y percepciones de la crisis: precarización laboral, clases medias y nueva política

Abstract: Uno de los colectivos mas afectados por la crisis economica, los recortes sociales y la desigualdad creciente en los ultimos anos ha sido, sin duda, el de los jovenes, que se enfrentan a un paisaje marcado por un elevado desempleo y una enorme incertidumbre vital. Como grupo vulnerable, es de enorme interes sociologico conocer como perciben estos cambios sociales, politicos y economicos y que papel asignan al Estado del Bienestar en el modelo de austeridad economica vigente en Europa en este momento. Para ello, hemos desarrollado un analisis de caracter cualitativo (analisis sociologico de discursos) a partir de un material empirico obtenido de seis grupos de discusion celebrados a mediados de 2015, que habian sido organizados con el fin de analizar temas relacionados con problemas de los jovenes espanoles en su vida cotidiana. Los grupos se dividieron entre precarios jovenes y jovenes adultos con diferentes origenes sociales, trayectorias personales y educativas y distintas cargas familiares, y se realizaron en la Comunidad de Madrid. El objetivo ha sido el de conocer mejor sus percepciones en relacion al presente y sus expectativas sobre sus trayectorias futuras, con referencia a las transformaciones recientes del mercado de trabajo, los consumos publicos y sus perspectivas sociopoliticas del futuro. En este articulo se analizan los principales resultados obtenidos, a la vez que se establece una comparacion con los resultados de otra investigacion analoga realizada con grupos de jovenes a mediados de 2011, con el fin de observar las variaciones en las representaciones sociales de los jovenes a lo largo de este periodo y su vision del papel de los consumos publicos en el bienestar de la sociedad espanola. Los datos muestran un consenso llamativo entre los participantes en torno al empeoramiento de las condiciones de vida, el bienestar social y las expectativas de futuro, a la vez que un interes mucho mayor en la politica. Young people in Spain have been one of the groups most affected by the economic crisis, social cuts and growing inequality in recent years. They are facing a scenario marked by high levels of unemployment and a dramatic uncertainty in their life project. Being a vulnerable group, it is of enormous sociological interest to understand not only how they perceive the recent social, political and economic changes in the country, but also to know their views on the welfare state and its role inside the current model of economic austerity that prevails in Europe nowadays. To do so, we have developed a qualitative analysis (sociological discourse analysis) drawing on empirical data obtained from six focus groups held in mid-2015 in the region of Madrid. The groups had been organized in order to discuss different issues related to the lifestyles of young Spaniards, and the participants were grouped according to different social, personal and educational profiles and backgrounds. Our goal was to achieve a better understanding of their perceptions regarding the current socio-political situation, their expectations about their future, while dealing with issues such as the most recent changes in the labour market or public consumption. In this article we present our analysis, while also comparing the results with a similar focus group-based research conducted in mid-2011. Our aim is to identify possible changes in the social representations of young people during this period, highlighting particularly the role public consumption is considered to play in Spanish society. Data shows a striking consensus among participants regarding the worsening of life conditions, social welfare and expectations about the future, while at the same time there is a growing interest in politics.

Educación y turismo cultural en la España: Identificación de perfiles turísticos mediante la aplicación de árboles de decisión

Abstract: The present study analyses the impact of education on cultural tourism preferences of the Spanish population. First, the variations in the association between education and cultural tourism are compared at the regional level. In a second phase, a multivariate classification model based in decision trees is used to explain and understand the complex association between socioeconomic and sociodemographic determinants of cultural tourism. The present work demonstrates the existence of educational differences between the Spanish regions, differences that may determine the cultural tourism results of population in Spain. On the other hand, the findings obtained through the classification technique indicate that the effect of education on cultural tourism is mediated by socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors, which may vary the explanatory power of the educational component. Unlike previous studies, the present analytical approach enables the use of complex combinations of predictors for the identification of specific population subgroups that may be more or less likely to cultural consumption.

¿Para quién y para qué son buenas las buenas prácticas? Unión Europea, integración de (in)migrantes y despolitización/tecnificación de las políticas hegemónicas: un estudio de caso

Abstract: Between the end of 90s and the beginning of the new century, a political framework at European Union level has been established. This framework fosters the achievement of a common understanding of migrant integration and promotes mechanisms of coordination, funding, information exchange and “best practices” through the affected institutional levels, by means of soft law. In this paper I will analyse and discuss some of the most important consequences derived from the most important actors' understanding of “integration”. I will use the case of “best practices” as an example, since they are considered as a fundamental tool within EU multi-level governance mechanisms. I will show that in the EU context, the very notion of integration has been constructed through an exercise of (apparent) depoliticization and technification, whose results are contradictory -since the political element often “returns” and manifests itself “at the bottom”, “at the border” and “within” the technical element- and at the same time effective -since this exercise has been able to foster and shape certain ways of knowing, speaking and acting on migrant integration, naturalizing unequal power relations in society itself- . This paper is based on the empirical materials proceeding from the fieldwork done in Brussels between 2011 and 2012. It is made up of interviews done to the most important social and political actors within the EU integration framework, observations of various meetings and the reading of numerous sources.

JOSÉ LUIS PARDO (2016): Estudios del malestar. Políticas de la autenticidad en las sociedades contemporáneas. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama

Abstract: Resena de : Jose Luis Pardo (2016): Estudios del malestar. Politicas de la autenticidad en las sociedades contemporaneas. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama.

José Luis Pardo (2016): Estudios del malestar. Políticas de la autenticidad en las sociedades contemporáneas.

Abstract: Resena de : Jose Luis Pardo (2016): Estudios del malestar. Politicas de la autenticidad en las sociedades contemporaneas. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama.

Música despersonalizada y música participativa: Una propuesta terminológica desde la sociomusicología

Abstract: espanolLa musica, a pesar del ingente trabajo realizado desde la Filosofia, la Sociologia y la Musicologia, sigue utilizando cotidianamente un aparato conceptual poco riguroso. Todavia hoy se utilizan terminos que proceden del ambito linguistico coloquial, con una carga ideologica notable y basados en una vision de la realidad social sesgada de forma etnocentrica y elitista. Otro elemento que se suma a esta remora cientifica es el pecado original que supone la division entre Musicologia –centrada en la historia y ciencias de la musica que se producia en las academias occidentales– y la Etnomusicologia –ocupada en las manifestaciones del resto de las otras sociedades y de los otros grupos sociales, rurales, fundamentalmente. Esta consideracion paternalista y discriminadora tiene que superarse con reflexiones holisticas que se aparten de los apriorismos ideologicos y que puedan identificar las caracteristicas de las diferentes sociedades aunando la capacidad critica y multidisciplinaria de la Sociomusicologia. Para analizar la realidad musical de las sociedades capitalistas, nuestra propuesta toma como base el poder. Recuperamos, asi, la propuesta teorica de Jesus Ibanez en la que se identifica a las elites como las unicas capaces de extraer informacion de otros estratos sociales y, a la vez, inyectar neguentropia para conservar el statu quo. Y su teorizacion sobre la termodinamica de los procesos de produccion, circulacion y consumo del capitalismo. Planteamos, asi, una doble division estructurada segun la produccion y/o la reproduccion quede en manos de las elites o se comparta con las clases subordinadas. Proponemos para ello una nueva terminologia alejada de planteamientos acriticos y basada en las logicas de las propias manifestaciones artisticas. En definitiva, una propuesta teorica adecuada al rigor cientifico y que pretende desmontar el gran mito de la musica: como el planteamiento esoterico y magico de la musica escondia el dominio de los medios de produccion artistica por parte de las elites. EnglishMusic, despite the huge progress made in Philosophy, Sociology and Musicology, still has a very large lax terminological framework. At present, terms from the informal register of language are used in scientific research even if they are ideologically charged and based on an elitist, ethnocentric and biased view of the social reality. Furthermore, the division between Musicology –focused on the study of history and science of Western Art music– and Ethnomusicology –which makes its research on other societies and other social groups, especially, rural ones– represents a hindrance for scientific activity. These paternalistic and discriminatory values must be overcome with holistic approaches. We need to surpass the ideological apriorism and combine the multidisciplinary and critical point of views in order to identify the characteristics of each society. In order to analyze the capitalist societies’ musical environment, we focus our proposal onto the concept of power. So, we rescue the theoretical paradigm from Jesus Ibanez who identifies the elites as the only group capable of extracting information from other social classes while, simultaneously, injecting negentropy in order to preserve the status quo. Furthermore, we include his theoretical work on thermodynamic processes of capitalism production, circulation and consumption. We suggest, thus, a double division based on whether the production and/or the reproduction is reserved for upper classes or shared with subordinate classes. Our work proposes a new terminology based on the logics from the artistic events and away from acritical approaches. In conclusion, this is a theoretical proposal which matches the scientific rigor with which we intend to reveal the great musical myth: how the upper classes used to hide their domain of the productive resources with a magical and esoteric discourse.

Convivencia en espacios de racismo institucionalizado y/o político

Abstract: A racist attitude, either from the majority group or within the minority group, does not arise spontaneously Like almost everything in the social field, the formation of group attitudes involves a process in which these attitudes are externalized by different forms and have different strength In that process, the institutions play a key role in shaping of public opinion and, therefore, in social cohesion In addition, the institutions can be the instrument of containment or transmission of racism The difference between this two roles consist in the fact that the first one involves a weak racism and the second one legitimates discourse which consequences for coexistence and security of the people can be devastating According to the theory developed by Michel Wieviorka in his book The arena of racism, we try to analyze the sequence of incidents that started in November 2014 in the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz In this respect, we try to identify the different levels described by the author by analyzing eight focus groups conducted in the Basque capital

Monomarentalidad e imaginarios de género en contexto migratorio: Punto de vista epistemológico feminista en el estudio de las migraciones

Abstract: This article proposes a critical approach to the study of migration from feminist epistemology point of view, in order to understand the weight of gender structures in the migration experience A qualitative research is done to explore imaginary of gender in Latin American women that currently living in Barcelona and that are single-mother, analyzing possible changes in relation to the experiences in the immigration context The main results indicate that there is transformations of traditional gender imaginary, while not questioning the traditional bases root associated with femininity, do affect their experiences of motherhood and their experiences as women in migratory context Thus, it is considered that migration experiences enhance mobilization towards less traditional views of femininity and motherhood, configured as an empowering experience for women

Una aproximación a las tipologías en la investigación sociológica a partir de los estilos de vida de homosexuales masculinos en Lima

Abstract: In this paper we present a heuristic pathway for the construction of typologies in sociological research. We show the main characteristics of the types, their relationship with the concepts of common sense and their place within scientific concepts. At the same time, using data from a survey conducted in late 2014 as part of an ongoing research about the forms of subjectivation of homosexuality in Lima, we present a typology of the lifestyles of men who practice homoeroticism. With this presentation we seek to reconstruct the modus operandi of the development of typologies, as it articulates the theoretical and technical-methodological research levels. For the first level we draw upon a brief framework for the analysis, as for the second we use two techniques of statistical analysis: the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and the hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC).

“Los malos a mí no me llaman por mi nombre, me dicen moro todo el día”: una aproximación etnográfica sobre alteridad e identidad en alumnado inmigrante musulmán

Abstract: The text analyses the relation in the Spanish context between the problematization of the migratory phenomenon, the new logics of functioning of racism and the conceptual proposals on ‘islamophobia’ that have been established during the last years. To do that, the paper presents some results of different ethnographic researches where I have being working for during the last years in the educational context of Andalusia. Based on biographic interviews with students, families and teachers, the paper illustrates the main representations about the Muslim immigrant students as well as the correspondences and divergences among these images of otherness and those teenagers’ identification processes.

Una aproximación a los métodos mixtos a partir de las trayectorias migratorias de profesionales rumanos en Barcelona

Abstract: Two are the main aims of the paper: to highlight the contributions of sequential mixed method designs in the study of migrations, more specifically in the study of migratory trajectories of skilled Romanian professionals in Barcelona and explain the trajectories of a profile of immigrants that in the Spanish context must be understood from a double exceptionality. Based on a design that includes an online survey to 217 Romanians (belonging to a professional network abroad), 30 biographical interviews and 30 life charts satisfaction of Romanian professionals living in Barcelona, the article tackles the way mixed methods are shaped in the case of skilled profiles of migrants and the particularities of a profile that counts with a low social and academic visibility. As for the methodological contributions, the article reveals the usefulness of online survey (and cluster analysis) as a tool to determine the selection of the profiles studied in the second phase of the study (qualitative). The second methodological contribution links with the way life satisfaction charts may be combined with the analysis of biographical interviews. Finally, the main empirical contribution highlights the heterogeneous nature of the profile of skilled migrants, who develops strategies and different paths depending on the set of resources that mobilize before and especially after migrating. While those who migrate through the transfer of a multinational company count on a safety net that is the company itself, for those who correspond to the profile of international students, the institution is perceived as a launching platform that leads to the incorporation into the skilled labour market, even in times of economic crisis. Finally, when the meso level resources do not exist, the micro-level resources (social networks) are the one that explain successful careers.