Showing papers in "Ethnic and Racial Studies in 2009"
TL;DR: African American and Caribbean blacks were largely similar in their reports of religious involvement; both groups generally indicated higher levels of religious participation than non-Hispanic whites.
Abstract: This study examined differences in religious participation and spirituality among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks (Black Caribbeans) and non-Hispanic Whites. Data are taken from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative study of African Americans, Black Caribbeans and non-Hispanic Whites. Selected measures of organizational, nonorganizational and subjective religious participation were examined. African American and Caribbean Blacks were largely similar in their reports of religious involvement; both groups generally indicated higher levels of religious participation than non-Hispanic Whites. African Americans were more likely than Black Caribbeans to be official members of their places of worship, engage in activities (choirs, church clubs) at their place of worship and request prayer from others. Black Caribbeans reported reading religious materials more frequently than African Americans. The discussion notes the importance of examining ethnic differences within the black American population of the United States.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of high levels of individual religiosity in explaining Turks and Germans approval of gender equality and the way Turkish and German couples share household tasks was analyzed using data from surveys conducted in Germany.
Abstract: In European public debates, Islam is often described as an impediment to gender equality. By using data from surveys conducted in Germany, we analyse the role of high levels of individual religiosity in explaining Turks’ and Germans’ approval of gender equality and the way Turkish and German couples share household tasks. Results suggest that, for both groups, individuals with strong religious commitments are less likely than secular individuals to hold egalitarian gender role attitudes. At the behavioural level, this correlation between religiosity and gender egalitarianism only holds true for Turkish respondents. Furthermore, strong religious commitments contribute to generational stability in attitudinal and behavioural gender-traditionalism among Turks. However, when explaining Germans’ more egalitarian gender-related attitudes and behaviours, religiosity turns out to be just one factor among others – and not a particularly important one. Further research is needed to disentangle the differen...
191 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyse newspaper discussions of honour killing in the Netherlands and Germany and show that these debates reinforce existing bright boundaries, or a strong sense of us versus them, between immigrants from Muslim and/or Turkish backgrounds and the majority population.
Abstract: Public discourse on Muslim immigrant integration in Europe is increasingly framed around the presumed incompatibility of Islam and Western values. To understand how such framing constructs boundaries between immigrants and majority society in the media, we analyse newspaper discussions of honour killing in the Netherlands and Germany. These debates reinforce existing bright boundaries, or a strong sense of us versus them, between immigrants from Muslim and/or Turkish backgrounds and the majority population. Limited elements of boundary blurring are also present. We extend existing theory by showing that these boundaries are inscribed in the intersection of ethnicity, national origin, religion and gender.
160 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that exclusionary views towards out-group populations are formed along two dimensions: exclusion from the country and exclusion from equal rights, and that objection to admission can be directed either at all non-nationals or only at ethnic and racial minorities.
Abstract: The paper contends that exclusionary views towards out-group populations are formed along two dimensions: exclusion from the country and exclusion from equal rights. Data obtained from the European Social Survey (for twenty-one countries) reveal that objection to the admission of foreigners to the country is more pronounced than objection to the allocation of ‘equal rights’. The data further suggest that objection to admission can be directed either at all non-nationals or only at ethnic and racial minorities. ‘Total exclusionists’ (i.e. support exclusion of all non-nationals) are more likely to support the denial of foreigners from equal rights than ‘racial exclusionists’ (i.e. support only exclusion of ethnic minorities). Multi-level analyses show that support for exclusion is also influenced by socio-economic characteristics of individuals (e.g. education, political orientation) and characteristics of their countries (e.g. size of the non-European population). The findings are discussed in lig...
152 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that Korean society is rapidly becoming a multicultural society and that this process is inevitable and irreversible, and examine various social factors that are contributing to the making of a multi-ethnic Korea, including the continuing influx of foreign workers, rapid ageing of the population, low fertility rate and shortage of brides.
Abstract: More than half a million foreigners reportedly resided in South Korea in 2006, with international migrant workers accounting for a majority. Although the country's reliance on imported foreign labour is likely to continue unabated, the country prides itself as being an ethnically homogenous society and insists on an almost zero-immigration policy. However, this paper argues that Korean society is rapidly becoming a multicultural society and that this process is inevitable and irreversible. In support of this argument, the paper examines various social factors that are contributing to the making of a multi-ethnic Korea, including the continuing influx of foreign workers, rapid ageing of the population, low fertility rate and shortage of brides. The paper also assesses the applicability of various theories and trends of migration to the Korean context. The Korean case affirms the globalization and acceleration of international migration, as practically every society is affected by it and as the num...
144 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviewed opposite positions on the relationship between migration and socio-economic development of sending countries and regions, and the theoretical schools that underlie each of them, and concluded that migration can have developmental effects and under which it will be contrary to the advancement of home communities and countries.
Abstract: In this essay, I review opposite positions on the relationship between migration and the socio-economic development of sending countries and regions, and the theoretical schools that underlie each of them. In order to adjudicate between these competing perspectives, it is necessary to distinguish between the human capital composition of different migrant flows, their duration, and their structural significance and change potential. This theoretical discussion culminates in a typology that seeks to clarify under which conditions migration can have developmental effects and under which it will be contrary to the advancement of home communities and countries. Policy implications of this analysis, in particular the role of governments in sending and receiving nations, are examined.
137 citations
TL;DR: The Measure of Indigenous Racism Experiences [MIRE] as discussed by the authors assesses racism across several dimensions in an urban Indigenous context and finds that personal and systemic racism are most commonly reported among older respondents, those of higher socioeconomic position and among those who identified strongly with their culture.
Abstract: Although Indigenous people continue to experience racism in contemporary Australian society, we know little about the nature of such experiences. The Measure of Indigenous Racism Experiences [MIRE] assesses racism across several dimensions in an urban Indigenous context. This paper presents findings from 312 Indigenous volunteers who responded to the MIRE as part of the Darwin Region Urban Indigenous Diabetes study. Interpersonal racism was reported by 70 per cent of participants, most commonly from service providers and in employment and public settings. A third of respondents had high levels of internalized racism while two-thirds acknowledged the existence of systemic racism. Interpersonal and systemic racism were most commonly reported among older respondents, those of higher socioeconomic position and among those who identified strongly with their culture. Further research is needed to understand the impact of racism on Indigenous people and to determine how to combat racism in Australian society.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the personal social networks of 250 inhabitants of a small Swiss city in French-speaking Switzerland and revealed that these morphologies are closely related to questions of social positioning as well as processes of integration, locally or in transnational space.
Abstract: I ask in this article how the inhabitants – migrants and non-migrants – of a specific geographical space, a small Swiss city in French-speaking Switzerland, live out different forms of transnationalism. Transnationalism is for this purpose defined and operationalized on two dimensions: I make a distinction between network transnationalism and what I call transnational subjectivity. The first dimension includes the transnational social networks; the latter refers to the cognitive classifications of a person's membership and belongings in transnational space. Analysis of the personal social networks of 250 inhabitants of this city, supplemented by data from qualitative interviews, brings to light four different ideal types of how transnationalism is lived. It reveals that these morphologies are closely related to questions of social positioning as well as processes of integration, locally or in transnational space.
132 citations
TL;DR: The notion of diversity can be seen as an individual competence of migrants as members of organizations and the civil sphere, and as a set of programmes which organizations adopt to address cultural pluralism as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Lately, cultural diversity in Western societies has, in terms of religions, languages, ethnic we-groups, transnational ties, and countries of origin, once more undergone immense growth. Modes of migrant incorporation reflect endeavours to respond to this change. While some approaches such as assimilation and multiculturalism emphasize the social integration of migrants in the host societies, the vague term ‘diversity’ harbours innovative measures in two respects. First, diversity addresses not only the incorporation of migrants, but also how societies and particularly their organizations deal with cultural pluralism. Second, diversity can then be understood both as an individual competence of migrants as members of organizations and the civil sphere, and as a set of programmes which organizations adopt to address cultural pluralism. Also, novel forms of diversity have emerged, such as transnationality. Yet in the absence of a rights-based foundation the question arises of how social inequality ca...
127 citations
TL;DR: The authors examine patterns in newcomers' (1) racial/ethnic identifications and (2) social interactions with whites and blacks, showing how and why they lend preliminary support to a black/non-black colour line model, in which the central distinction separates the positions of people with African ancestry from all others.
Abstract: I analyse how Hispanic newcomers are becoming incorporated into the rural southern racial hierarchy during an early stage of immigration. I examine patterns in newcomers’ (1) racial/ethnic identifications and (2) social interactions with whites and blacks, showing how and why they lend preliminary support to a black/nonblack colour line model, in which the central distinction separates the positions of people with African ancestry from all others. Hispanic newcomers, including many who are dark-skinned, poor, and undocumented, have come to perceive the social distance separating themselves from whites as more permeable than that separating themselves from blacks, and are engaging in distancing strategies that may reinforce this distinction.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conceptualize these sentiments as exclusive recognition, which helps us see the fact that the rising anti-migrant discourse is not an ideology that is imposed by the state or any other political organization in Turkey but a historically specific ethnicization process that takes place in the everyday life of cities.
Abstract: This article aims to unravel some common aspects of the recently intensifying antipathy towards migrants from Eastern Anatolia in certain Turkish cities. Based on the fact that every manifestation of this antipathy in everyday life involves a logic that recognizes and excludes these migrants as ‘Kurdish’, the article conceptualizes these sentiments as ‘exclusive recognition’. This concept helps us see the fact that the rising anti-migrant discourse is not an ideology that is imposed by the state or any other political organization in Turkey but a historically specific ethnicization process that takes place in the everyday life of cities. As one of the new dimensions of the question of ethnicity and nationalism in Turkey, ‘exclusive recognition’ shows the insufficiency of reducing the Kurdish question to a problem of democratization of the Turkish political system, and encourages us to turn our attention to the transformation of urban life.
TL;DR: The dominant method in studies of race and racism across different geographic and temporal instances has been comparative as mentioned in this paper, which has been predicated on a set of assumptions about the discreteness of the instances.
Abstract: The dominant method in studies of race and racism across different geographic and temporal instances has been comparative. This, I suggest, has been predicated on a set of assumptions about the discreteness of the instances. By contrast, I argue that comparativism misses deeper and larger issues about the workings of race and racism fuelled by the relations between racial configuration and racist conditions across times and places. I trace the varying methodological modalities of comparativism and relationality in the study of race and racisms, their contributions and shortcomings, contrasts and connections.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate whether respondents who interact with African and Latin American immigrants express lowered exclusionism compared to those who do not, and find that close contact with migrants becomes a weaker predictor of reduced foreigner exclusionism.
Abstract: This article examines the ‘contact hypothesis’ and theories of group threat in Spain, a country of recent mass immigration. Drawing on data for the period 1991–2000, we investigate whether respondents who interact with African and Latin American immigrants express lowered exclusionism compared to those who do not. Measures assessing contact include: close relationship, occasional encounter or acquaintanceship, and workplace contact. After multiple individual- and contextual-level controls, it is found that the close and occasional forms of contact are consistent predictors of lessened foreigner exclusionism across time, but workplace contact is not. Group threat (measured as perceived number of people with different nationality, race, religion or culture) contributes considerably to explaining variation in attitudes inter-regionally. Over time, close contact with migrants becomes a weaker predictor of reduced foreigner exclusionism. Finally, these results suggest that perceived threat is a consis...
TL;DR: This article explored how agricultural employers use race as a proxy for worker quality, making racialized distinctions between recent immigrants and second + -generation Latino/a workers, and explored the theoretical and political implications of these distinctions.
Abstract: Latino/as1 constitute the largest ethno-racial minority group in the United States, and a significant and growing proportion of the US labour force. Nevertheless, they remain at the bottom of the US economy, concentrated and overrepresented in ‘bad jobs’. Using a case study from agricultural work, this paper examines how racialization is implicated in such positioning of Latino/as within the labour market. Based on data from in-depth interviews, I explore how agricultural employers articulate racial meanings about and in relation to Latino/a workers. While employers espouse colour-blindness, they routinely invoke racial meanings in their assessment of workers and everyday practices. They use race as proxy for worker quality, making racialized distinctions between recent immigrants and second + -generation Latino/as. A dual frame of reference serves as an ideological tool to de-problematize exploitative work conditions in the United States. I explore the theoretical and political implications of t...
TL;DR: The authors discusses the various impacts of downward mobility, the ways immigrants and refugees cope with them successfully or not, and the consequences of their class and status decline for their children, and concludes that downward mobility is temporary; others may suffer from it all their lives and even pass the pain on to their children.
Abstract: Although immigration researchers, like other social scientists who study mobility, usually look only at upward mobility, immigrants and refugees often suffer from downward mobility. This is particularly true of new arrivals who were professionals in their country of origin and now work as technicians, although newcomers of lower status may experience it as well. For some immigrants and refugees, downward mobility is temporary; others may suffer from it all their lives and even pass the pain on to their children. This paper discusses the various impacts of downward mobility, the ways immigrants and refugees cope with them successfully or not, and the consequences of their class and status decline for their children. The paper can be read as a follow up to my earlier articles in Ethnic and Racial Studies, ‘Second Generation Decline’, (1992) and ‘Acculturation, Assimilation and Mobility’ (2007).
TL;DR: This article applied cultural capital theory to explain how differences in class-specific cultural styles make campus life difficult for non-affluent blacks and discuss the implications of the findings for future research on black college experiences.
Abstract: Previous research on black students attending predominantly white colleges has emphasized race-based differences with white students while downplaying differences in social class. This research indicates that class-based differences are an important component of many black students’ discomfort at ‘Northern College’, a school that has traditionally served wealthy white students. Drawing on interviews and participant observation done on campus, I apply cultural capital theory to explain how differences in class-specific cultural styles make campus life difficult for non-affluent blacks and discuss the implications of the findings for future research on black college experiences.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight that the analysis of immigration in Spain exemplifies a clear link between policies and public opinion, and this link is at the basis of what they call the ambivalence of Spanish public opinion when border and integration issues are compared.
Abstract: By tackling negative opinions towards immigration we can create a basis to orientate policies that seek to reduce them. My purpose is to highlight that the analysis of immigration in Spain exemplifies a clear link between policies and public opinion. It is this link that is at the basis of what I will call the ambivalence of Spanish public opinion, when border and integration issues are compared.
TL;DR: In this article, second-generation immigrants and the effects of 'inevitable' assimilation on their transnational ties are examined. But the authors focus on the second generation and do not consider the third generation.
Abstract: This paper looks at second-generation immigrants and the effects of ‘inevitable’ assimilation on their transnational ties. The dominant concept of transnationalism is strongly influenced by the experience of transmigrants moving back and forth between the sending and receiving countries or by immigrants involved in transnational activities. Research on second-generation Hindustanis in the Netherlands shows that their transnational ties are strong due to the ethnification of their community. However, their transnational ties are changing. The second-generation Hindustanis have a source culture and are developing new ties, while loosening relations with their parents’ country. Thus, transnationalism is assuming new forms, calling for a typology of different forms of transnational relations.
TL;DR: The authors defined ethnic distance as the degree to which two ethnic identities have been solidified as opposed to each other by their dyadic violent conflicts and religious and/or nationalistic education and hypothesized that the higher the ethnic distance between immigrants and the host society the lower the level of integration.
Abstract: This theoretical article first clarifies the exclusive assumptions of primordialism and constructivism Subsequently, it demonstrates that primordialism has substantial power to explain ethnic phenomena, since (a) ethnic identities persist even in the hardest cases, such as sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, and (b) the attributed significance of assumed kinship has psychological and sociological bases Finally, this article formulates hypotheses based on the core primordialist assumptions and develops ethnic distance as an explanatory variable on the level of integration of immigrants It defines ethnic distance as the degree to which two ethnic identities have been solidified as opposed to each other by their dyadic violent conflicts and religious and/or nationalistic education and hypothesizes that the higher the ethnic distance between immigrants and the host society the lower the level of integration
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the multifaceted dimensions of their patchy assimilation, framed both against and within this discourse and hence both resisting and internalizing it, and against changing concepts of Albanian national and diasporic identities derived from ambiguous perceptions.
Abstract: This paper discusses what we call the ‘Albanian assimilation paradox’. Since arrival in 1991, Albanians have become one of the most ‘integrated’ of all non-EU immigrant groups in Italy, based on their knowledge of Italian, geographical dispersion, balanced demography, employment progress and desire to remain in Italy. Yet they are the nationality most rejected and stigmatized by Italians – stereotyped as criminals, prostitutes and uncivilized people. Based on ninety-seven interviews with Albanians in three cities in Italy, we explore the multifaceted dimensions of their patchy assimilation. Although the hegemonic negative framing of Albanians by Italian media and public discourse plays a major role, other elements of the picture relate to Albanians’ complexly shifting identities, framed both against and within this discourse (and hence both resisting and internalizing it) and against changing concepts of Albanian national and diasporic identities derived from ambiguous perceptions of the national...
TL;DR: The authors examined how the retention of Spanish-language skills affects the academic achievement of English-proficient Latino/a children of immigrants and how this varies by gender, finding that biliterate boys significantly outperform boys who have little Spanish proficiency.
Abstract: In the United States, children of immigrants face strong pressures to shift to English. We examine how the retention of Spanish-language skills affects the academic achievement of English-proficient Latino/a children of immigrants and how this varies by gender. Further, we examine the role that family interaction may play in mediating the impact of gender and language on achievement. We find that biliterate boys significantly outperform boys who have little Spanish proficiency. However, for girls there is no significant advantage or disadvantage to biliteracy in terms of GPA (grade point average). Our results suggest that, for Latino boys, the academic advantage of biliteracy is explained by strong family social cohesion. Our results also suggest that, while within-family social capital provides a scholastic benefit from family social cohesion in the case of biliterate boys, strong family ties can also have academic disadvantages.
TL;DR: The authors explored the literature on school choice and class (in particular middle "classness") to argue that there are serious analytical and sociological costs to a singular focus on class without due attention to race.
Abstract: There is increased attention to questions of class in studies of education, particularly among those who adopt a Bourdieuian perspective. This paper explores the burgeoning literature on school choice and class (in particular middle ‘classness’) to argue that there are serious analytical and sociological costs to a singular focus on class without due attention to race. Examining interview material, it will show instances where the racialized nature of schooling choice has been ignored or overlooked. It argues that viewing the literature through the lens of race and class is imperative for an understanding of the complexities of class and white middle classness in particular.
TL;DR: This article explored the relationship between voting and personal characteristics, work characteristics, social capital attributes and ethnic characteristics and found that the odds of voting are largely a product of socio-demographic and social capital features.
Abstract: Using the social capital literature as a base, we explore the impact of interaction with others on voter participation with particular emphasis on exploring the differences between Canadian-born majority and minority residents. We use the 2002 wave of the Equality Security Community survey to explore the relationship between voting and personal characteristics, work characteristics, social capital attributes and ethnic characteristics. We find that the odds of voting are largely a product of socio-demographic and social capital attributes. The impact of immigration and ethnicity is largely overridden. This suggests that it is not the minority attribute that impacts voting. Rather it is age, level of schooling and level of civic engagement which affects the probability of voting, both federal and provincial.
TL;DR: The authors argue that high expectations of discrimination among Caribbeans contribute to lower levels of positive attachment to British identity, and argue that understanding variation among incorporation outcomes is necessary for grasping the complexity of ethnic minority migrants' lives.
Abstract: This article engages the debate on ethnic minority migrant incorporation by examining national identification dynamics among Caribbeans and South Asians in Britain. Caribbeans tend to be more economically, culturally and socially incorporated than South Asians in Britain. Therefore, according to conventional wisdom, Caribbeans should be more likely than South Asians to have high levels of positive British identification. Instead, public opinion data reveal that South Asians have higher levels of positive attachment to British identity. To explain this puzzle, I focus on the ways in which incorporation outcomes are mixed across indicators. I argue that high expectations of discrimination among Caribbeans contribute to lower levels of positive attachment to British identity. These findings suggest that understanding variation among incorporation outcomes is necessary for grasping the complexity of ethnic minority migrants’ lives. Moreover, this article shifts the focus away from migrants’ incorpora...
TL;DR: The authors found that Islam serves as a common moral ground between generations that came of age in different cultures, creating a space for negotiating conflicting visions, and that Muslim youth in American mosques revive it in debates about race and colour.
Abstract: In this study, marriage serves as the point of entry into discussions about race, religion, and identity in American mosques. The experience of minority status in the US shapes the ways Muslim immigrants construct difference. The intersections of race, class, gender and religion emerge as Arab and South Asian Muslim Americans talk about interracial marriage and preferences for lighter-skinned mates. Muslim American children of immigrants test the boundaries of what constitutes an eligible spouse by drawing on religious sources that challenge their parents’ ideologies of colour and racial prejudices. Islam serves as a common moral ground between generations that came of age in different cultures, creating a space for negotiating conflicting visions. Long after religion has faded as the cornerstone of social protest against racism in the US, Muslim youth in American mosques revive it in debates about race and colour.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored and analyzed the prevalence and determinants of transnational family ties of immigrants in the Netherlands, using data from a representative survey of four immigrant groups and found that incorporation variables have a negative effect on the frequency of contact, they show little effect on remittances.
Abstract: Inspired by recent efforts in the United States to quantify the degree of transnational ties that immigrants possess, this article explores and analyses the prevalence and determinants of transnational family ties of immigrants in the Netherlands. Using data from a representative survey of four immigrant groups in the Netherlands, this paper also aims to fill the gap in knowledge regarding the effects of incorporation into an immigrant's host society on transnational family ties. Findings show that, while the vast majority of immigrants with relatives in the country of origin have frequent contact with these relatives, only a third of respondents contribute to the livelihood of family members in the homeland. Incorporation characteristics show distinct patterns over different types of involvement. While incorporation variables have a negative effect on the frequency of contact, they show little effect on remittances.
TL;DR: In this article, a longitudinal map of three overlapping organizational trajectories developed by Latin American immigrants in the city of Toronto is presented, tracing changes in the local and transnational political opportunity structures, considering how negotiations over resources, representation and agendas between these three Latin American organizational forms generate multi-directional political learning and socialization and the coexistence of different Latin American political cultures.
Abstract: We present a longitudinal map of three overlapping organizational trajectories developed by Latin American immigrants in the city of Toronto. We propose the concept of bridging and boundary work to specify how new (1) intersectional political identities and organizational agendas are constituted by Latin American feminist women and artists in the interstice of (2) country-of-origin and (3) mainstream pan-ethnic organizations. Boundary work occurs as activists with intersectional priorities carve out a distinct political agenda; the ‘out-group’ relations based on a shared sectoral focus constitute bridging work. Tracing changes in the local and transnational political opportunity structures, we consider how negotiations over resources, representation and agendas between these three Latin American organizational forms generate multi-directional political learning and socialization and the coexistence of different Latin American political cultures. We define political socialization as in-group and o...
TL;DR: The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Phinney 1992) and Britishness Questionnaire (Barrett 2000) as mentioned in this paper were used to examine the ethnic and national identities of 11-16-year-old British Africans and Caribbeans.
Abstract: Ethnic and national identities of 11–16-year-old British Africans and Caribbeans were examined by the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Phinney 1992) and Britishness questionnaire (Barrett 2000). Adolescents ranked ethnicity as more important than age, gender or nationality, stereotyped Caribbeans/Africans more positively than British and derived more pride from ethnicity than nationality. England was the least popular answer to ‘where are you from’, but more Caribbeans versus Africans chose this category and older Caribbeans described themselves as more ‘British’ than older Africans. Girls reported stronger ethnic identity than boys, who rated Britishness as more important, reported stronger British pride and liked British people more than girls did. Stereotypes of ethnic and national group members were associated with the strength of self-identification with the group. It is concluded that theory and research should depart from conventional notions that equate each racial label with one cultu...
TL;DR: The authors argue that contemporary British racism is multifaceted, and in order to set the scene for newer forms of racism, they begin by contextualizing them alongside older forms, while also demonstrating that these older forms continue to flourish.
Abstract: In this article, I begin by looking at older forms of British racism before addressing myself to some newer forms – anti-asylum-seeker racism, xeno-racism and Islamophobia. I argue that in contemporary Britain there are a plethora of ‘suitable enemies’. Given that contemporary British racism is multifaceted, and in order to set the scene for newer forms of racism, I begin by contextualizing them alongside older forms of racism, while also demonstrating that these older forms continue to flourish. For conceptual clarity, I deal separately with colour-coded racism, non-colour-coded racism, and what I will call hybridist racism.
TL;DR: A comparison of attitudes to a question on preferences for ethnic separatism for two zones of conflict, Bosnia-Herzegovina and the North Caucasus of Russia, reveals large differences both between and within the regions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A tenet of modern studies of nationalism is that mobilized nations will want to live separately from members of other groups to achieve ethno-territorial goals. A comparison of attitudes to a question on preferences for ethnic separatism for two zones of conflict, Bosnia-Herzegovina and the North Caucasus of Russia, reveals large differences both between and within the regions. For the 2,000 respondents surveyed in each region in December 2005, more than half of those in Bosnia-Herzegovina believed that geographic separatism would improve the state of ethnic relations while the comparative figure for the North Caucasus was only 14 per cent. When examining sub-categories of the ethnic groups in each region, traditional social science factors, such as religiosity, material status and levels of ethnic pride, yielded significant differences but more so for Bosnia-Herzegovina than for the North Caucasus. Intuitive factors, such as experience with violence during the wars, were not consistently reveali...