Showing papers in "Fishery technology in 2006"

Ensilation of Shrimp Waste by Lactobacillus fermentum

Abstract: Ensilation of shrimp .waste was carried out with of Lactobacillus fermentum at room temperature (30+loC). Formic acid (0.4%) was used to adjust the pH to 5.8 at the start of the experiment. The pH of the medium fell sharply from 5.8 at the beginning to around 4.5 by 2'ld day and was more or less stable during the remaining part of ensilation. The protein content of the residue showed a decrease with a proportional increase in chitin content. The ash and crude fat content registered a decrease. The data on biochemical composition of the slurry revealed that the protein content, a amino nitrogen and NPN increased substantially during fermentation. The TVBN value remained constant at about 0.07% on dry weight basis during the period of observation. Protein solubilization of the order of 60% obtained during the present study was independent of initial bacterial density and is within the range of acceptability indicating that L. fermentum is an ideal candidate for use in biofermentation of shrimp waste.

Design and General Characteristics of Marine Gill Nets of Kerala

Abstract: Gill nets are the most commonly used gear depended upon by the maximum fishermen in all the districts of Kerala. Results of a study on the marine gill nets of Kerala undertaken during May 1999 to June 2000 are reported in this communication. Nets of different mesh sizes ranging from 14 to 250 mm targeted at different groups of fishes are prevalent along the coast. The nets are classified into different groups and the technical specifications of each type are detailed. Polyamide (PA) monofilament has almost completely replaced PA multifilament in all the nets except those targeted for anchovy white sardine and seer. Fishermen often use nets of different mesh sizes, connected end to end, in a fleet of net landing all size groups of fishes.

Life History traits of Silver Roughy Hoplostethus ntediterraneus (Cuvier) (Family: Trachichthydae) from the Continental Slope of South West Coast of India

Abstract: Distribution, abundance, sex ratio, food and feeding, maturation and spawning and length-weight relationship of Hoplostethus mediterraneus (Cuvier) inhabiting the continental slope of south west coast of India were studied. The data for the present study was collected from the deep sea exploratory fishing surveys conducted onboard FORV Sagar Sampada in the Arabian sea between 7° N latitude and 14° N latitude during 1999 - 2002. H. mediterraneus was found to be distributed in the depth range 280 - 682m. Depth wise distribution was found beyond 300m and at 8° to 10° N, it was found only in the depth zone 301 - 400m. While at 11° to 13° N, its occurrence was registered only beyond 400m. It showed a wider bathymetrical distribution (300 - 682m) in the latitude 10° -110 N. Length related chi square analysis of sex ratio in H. mediterraneus revealed that males skewed in all length groups as well as in all seasons. Spawning season of H. mediterraneus coincided with pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Feeding intensity was found to be very less and found to be feeding on myctophids, Aristeus spp., Heterocarpus spp., squids etc. LWR obtained for the depth zones 301 - 400 m and 401-500 m are Log W = -1.06 + 2.3 Log L and Log W = -0.88 + 2.12 Log L respectively

Seafood-borne Bacterial Pathogens

Abstract: The increasing demand for fish and fishery products and the development in international fish trade have raised major concern about the quality and safety of the products internationally traded. The safety of seafood products varies considerably and is influenced by a number of factors such as origin of fish, microbiological ecology of the product, handling and processing practices and preparations before consumption. Worldwide, food poisoning outbreaks have Increased continuously. Expansion of international trade, consumer demand for "lightly processed" foods, mass production of foods, and changes in eating habits have all contributed to these food poisoning outbreaks. Seafood may be a vehicle for many bacterial pathogens. These seafood diseases caused by bacterial pathogens or their toxins, are associated with improper food preparation, handling and storage. This paper reviews the present scenario on occurrence of seafood borne pathogens in India and discusses in the light of international data.

Growth Pattern and Competitiveness of Indian Shrimp Export Trade

Abstract: Shrimp is the world's most important commodity accounting for about 19 percent of international seafood trade in value terms. In India's export trade shrimp contributed about 29 percent in quantity and 67 percent in value in the years 2002-2003. Thre present study was an attempt to critically examine compound growth rate and competitiveness of Indian shrimp in international seafood market based on the data collected from FAO fisheries statistics database, MPEDA statistics and Globe fish commodity update.

Effect of Incorporation of Frozen Stored Minced Fish on the Quality of Gelatinized Product from Rice and Maize Flour

Abstract: Fishmince was prepared Using pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ) meat and frozen stored at -30°C. Mince was mixed with rice flour and maize flour at 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% level and gelatinized using twin screw extruder in the temperature rainge of 80,90,100 and llO" . Frozen stored mince wak drawn at 30 days interval upto 120 days and products were prepared. Gelatinized products were analysed for its chemical composition, biochemical, functional, organoleptical and microbiological status and the results are presented. From the results it is found that, gelatinized products prepared using minced meat stored at -SO'C for 120 days does not show any significant change in the over all quality for acceptance.

Antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from seafoods

Abstract: Antibacterial activity of shrimp shell based chitosan was determined against three food borne pathogens viz., Escherichia coli , Salmonella , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from seafoods. Tests were carried out in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 6.0. Four different concentrations, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.1% (w/v) of chitosan were used against E.coli and Salmonella , and 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.5% and 1% were against P.aeruginosa. Chitosan showed stronger bactericidal activity against Salmonella compared to E.coli and P.aeruginosa as evidenced by 3 log cfu.ml"1 reduction in Salmonella count with 0.01% chitosan concentration. There was complete elimination of 5 log cfu.ml-1 cell count of Salmonella within 24 h at 0.1% chitosan level. There was 3 log reduction in E.coli count at 0.01% chitosan, but not completely inhibited even at the maximum used concentration (0.1%). The inhibition concentration against P.aeruginosa was higher level compared to Enterobacteriaceae and it was found that reduction in 5 log cfu.ml"1 was achieved only at 72 h of chitosan exposure. Different chitosan concentrations 0.05%, 0.1% and 1% had almost same inhibition pattern for P.aeruginosa at 6h. 18h 36h and 72h of exposure. The effectiveness of chitosan against tested pathogens showed Salmonella was most susceptible towards chitosan followed by E.coli and P.aeruginosa .

Studies on the Ice Storage Characteristics of Octopus, Octopus membranaceus (Quoy and Gaimard)

Abstract: Quality changes in ice stored octopus ( Octopus membranaceus ) in different forms viz., whole octopus iced (WOI), dressed octopus iced (DOI) and dressed, packed in polythene bags & iced (DPI) were studied. During storage slight increase in moisture content was noticed in WOI and DOI samples, where as in DPI sample slight decrease was noticed. Crude protein decreased in all the samples. There was not much change in fat and ash content in any of the samples. Significant increase in TVB-N, TMA-N, PV and FFA were noticed in all the samples but the rate of change was more in DPI ch DOI samples. Initial total plate count of octopus was 4.2X104 which increased to 9.93xl05,6.50xl05 and 8.76xl05 cfu/g and Psychrophiles with initial count of 3.45xl03 cfu/g increased to 3.79xl04, l OxWand 2.20x10* in WOI, DOI and DPI samples respectively. There was decrease in nitrogenous compounds such as SSN, WSN and NPN in all the samples. It was found that the whole octopus ice stored was acceptable up to 15 days, where as DOI and DPI were acceptable up to 9 days, but DPI had little bit inferior quality than the DOI. Whole octopus iced showed significantly lower values of quality indices such as PV, FFA, TVB-N, TMA-N, TPC and psychrophilic count, indicating better quality than the DOI & DPI. Significant correlation was observed between changes in biochemical and sensory characteristics.

Length-Weight Relationship of Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal) Inhabiting the Continental Slopes Beyond 300m Depth Along the West Coast of India

Abstract: The length-weight relationship of Priacanthus hamrur inhabiting the continental slopes beyond 300m along the west coast of India was estimated. The length-weight relationship was analyzed using the formulae W= a Lb which was further logarithmically transformed into Ln W=Ln a+b Log L. A total of 295 fishes comprising of 105 females and 190 males with size groups ranging from 196 to 297mm(TL) were used. The length-weight relationship of P. hamrur can be represented by the equations. Females W=0.0097 L305 and Males W=0.025 L2 73. While comparing the 'b' values of male, female and combined P.hamrur , it was understood that there was no significant difference among them. The value of the exponent 'b' computed in the parabolic equation for females did not show much variation for the isometric value of 3 whereas the value of b in males was found to be less indicating a very slight negative allometric growth. This was also reflected on the length-weight relationship of the combined population of P. hamrur .

Comparison of Meat Quality of Portunus pelagicus and Portunus sanguinolentus

Abstract: The meat quality of live and dead crabs of Portunus pelagicus and Portunus sanguinolentus in raw and cooked condition was compared by microbiological, biochemical and organoleptic quality indices. Bacteriological quality assessment revealed that raw meat of dead P. sanguinolentus had higher loads of aerobic plate count, spore forming bacteria, staphylococci, presumptive vibrios, faecal streptococci, total coliforms and faecal coliforms, while raw and cooked meat of live P. sanguinolentus had higher counts of sulphite reducing clostridia. £. coli and human pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella sp.. Vibrio cholerae , V. parahaemolyticus and Listeria sp. were not detected in both the species. Qualitative analysis of bacterial flora revealed a general dominance of grampositive bacteria in all samples contributed mostly by Arthrobacter and Bacillus in raw and cooked meat respectively. Raw meat of dead P. sanguinolentus had high moisture and ash content with low protein and glycogen content than other samples. Water extractable nitrogen, alpha amino nitrogen, timethylamine and total volatile base nitrogen contents of P . sanguinolentus were found to be higher than those of P . pelagicus . Meat of dead P. pelagicus scored higher than the meat of live P. sanguniolentus in the organoleptic evaluation. The results revealed that meat quality of P.pelagicus was superior to that of P. Sanguinolentus .

Leaching of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative into the aquatic environment - a review

Abstract: The scarcity of timber and its rising costs necessitates the use of chemical preservative treated wood for aquatic use Preservative treated wood contains components that may be harmful to the environment The wood treated with the most common preservative, Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), may form a significant source of metals in the aquatic environment The studies on the factors affecting the leaching rates like pH, salinity, and temperature of the leaching media, the block size and the preservative treatment conditions are reviewed Recent studies have generated conflicting data in this regard and Field studies in this direction are also found to be few This communication highlights the need for further research in this field

Storage Behaviour of Washed Mince from Pink Perch (Nemipterus japonicus) at -30oC

Abstract: The proximate composition of Pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ) used in the studywas recorded as protein, 16.22%; fat, 1.3% and ash, 1.7%. The yield of this fish after dressing ie., beheading and evisceration was 76%. The minced meat has a solubility of 91% and no TMA was recorded. Other physico-ejiemical properties also reflected its prime quality. The minced meat was frozen stored at -30oC. During storage up to 120 days ,slight pH increased up to 6%, a-amino nitrogen to 51% and TVB-N to 80%. However there was no significant change (P>0.05) in the FFA and PV during the storage period. Functional properties like solubility, viscosity, Ca2* ATfase activity did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with storage period indicating the quality of minced meat. The study indicateed that storage of minced meat of Pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ) at -30oC does not alter the'major protein fractions as indicated by the functional properties and gel forming ability. This was reflected in the over all acceptability of the cooked meat where, appearance and colour of meat did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with storage period.

Polymer coated tin free steel cans for thermal processing of fish

Abstract: Polymer coated Tin-free Steel (TPS) cans suitable for thermal processing of fish are now available in India. However, for successful use in thermal processing, the cans need to meet various performance criteria with respect to physicochemical properties. These cans were extensively tested for its suitability for processing different fish products. In this study, the physico-chemical properties such as sulphur staining test, delamination test, global migration test, air pressure test etc. were studied and the results compared with standards. Different fish products were processed at different Fo values and shelf life was determined by organoleptic test. The result indicates that the TPS cans locally available are suitable for thermal processing of fish and fishery products.

Aqua Fanners Perceptions on Extension Services - A Paired Comparison Approach

Abstract: Owing to the weak Research-Extension -Farmers linkage system, most of the technologies do not reach the farmers when they are in need. In this study extension services were categorized into five broad heads namely training programmes, communication support, extension programmes, method demonstration and technical assistance. An attempt has been made to study the farmer' s perception towards these extension services and prioritise these services. The psychological scale developed in this study indicated that communication support ranked first with a scale value of 0.647 followed by technical assistance (0.470), training programmes (0.182), extension programmes (0.026) and demonstrations (0). The order of priority of extension requirements was thus analysed that indicated that the farmers preferred good communication support and technical assistance. The transfer of technology can be made effective to the client system when it is need based.

Microbial quality of post-tsunami seafood of the Visakhapatnam coast

Abstract: Forty seafood samples comprising marine fish (28 spp), shrimp (4 spp) and squid (Isp) were collected from Visakhapatnam fishing harbour at regular intervals after the tsunami of 26th December 2004 and analyzed for microbiological and chemical quality. The microbiological and chemical quality of post-tsunami seafood was assessed and compared with pre-tsunami samples. The levels of total plate count (TPC), H2S producing bacteria, total volatile base nitrpgen (TVBN) and peroxide value (PV) waswithin limits. With regard to indicator bacteria eoliforms, E.coli and coagulase positive Staphylococci the quality of posttsunami seafood was poor, having levels higher than the maximum permissible limit in majority of the samples. Similar trend was noted in the pre-tsunami and post-tsunami seafood quality. Human pathogens, Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae were not detected in all the post tsunami seafood samples. The results suggest that no major deviation in the seafood quality occurred during the post-tsunami period.

Nucleotide degradation of pearl spot during medified atmosphere storage

Abstract: The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) at different gas concentration on chill stored pearl spot ( Etroplus suratensis Bloch) was examined by means of nucleotide degradation and sensory evaluation. K value, a quality index for fish, the ratio of the sum of inosine and hypoxanthine to the sum of ATP and related catabolites expressed as a percentage, was determined until sensory rejection during storage up to 23 days at 0 - 20C. The C02 concentration did not affect the K values of pearl spot. K value increased linearly in samples stored under air and four different modified atmospheres. Identical K values were obtained for Pearl spot packed in either aerobic or carbon dioxide modified atmosphere. K values were independent of sensory spoilage and correlate only with the length of storage of pearl spot packed under MAP.

Effect of Chlorine on the Survival of Vibrio cholerae on Shrimp

Abstract: Shrimp is a an important commodity in international trade and stringent quality parameters stipulates zero tolerance of Vibrio choleare in the imported commodity. Sanitary requirements for production of good quality shrimp for processing and export stipulates that shrimp tissue is to decontaminated frompathogens like Vibrio cholerae by washingwith potable water carrying chlorine .Hence effective dose of chlorine to be used in the process water is very critical. The present study was aimed at assessing the microbicidal efficacy of chlorine against Vibrio cholerae cells in water and shrimp with and without shell. The study indicated that in potable water with 2ppm residual chlorine level, a population of 10 7 cfu of Vibrio cholerae could be destroyed after 30 min exposure. Studies on shrimp meat contaminated with varying levels of Vibrio ch olerae exposed to chlorine showed that 4ppm chlorine could effect complete destruction of a population of 103 cfu /ml in lOmin. On headless shrimp with shellon, 7ppm chlorine was required to destroy 103 cells /g of V.cholerae within 10 min. The data indicate that chlorine level has to be adjusted depending on nature of material and Vibrio cholerae present in shell-on shrimp need special attention.

Harvest Losses at Various Resources of Inland Fisheries

Abstract: To properly plan loss reduction strategies, information on the magnitude of losses is important. The up-to-date data on harvest and post harvest losses in inland fisheries from different sources are not available in Indian context. The need of such estimates has become all the more important. Hence, a pilot study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the harvest losses at various inland fishery resources in East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts in Andhra Pradesh, and Hirakud reservoir in Orissa. The extent of losses were found to be 2.40% in freshwater aquaculture, 1.86% in brackishwater aquaculture, 6.52 to 8.89% in reservoir fisheries, 3.69 to 4.48% at landing centres of lake, 8.56 to 13.94% in riverine fisheries and 6.32% in estuarine fisheries. An effort has also been made to identify the causes for these losses, which have been discussed in detail in this paper.

An analysis of the linkages between fishermen and extension personnel in marine fisheries in kerala

Abstract: In marine fisheries the linkages between the fishermen and the extension system play an important role in technology transfer and its adoption. Research studies on linkages in marine fisheries are very limited. So thls study was taken up to find out the linkage activities through which both the systems are contacting each other. It was found that 60 % of the fishermen had medium level of linkage of with the extension personnel followed by low (21.33%) and high (19.34%) linkage level. The paper also highlights the frequency of linkage and the level of perception about linkages between the two systems. The paper implies that the linkage activities need to be enhanced so as to derive an overall development in the fisheries sector.

Use Of Fish Silage as an Alternate Protein Source for the Spawn Rearing of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)

Abstract: An experiment was carried out to study the efficacy of fish silage as an alternate protein source for rearing the spawn of Cirrhinus mrigala . 3 days old mrigal spawn of a single batch of initial average weight 3.5 ± 0.1 mg and length 6 ± 0.14 mm were stocked at a stocking density of 2nos/L in fibre glass tanks. For the first three days feeding was done with mixed zooplankton. From the fourth day onwards, four different types of feed were given with 6 replicates each for 30 days. The feeds were as follows: Conventional feed (Powdered ground nut oil cake and rice bran in the ratio 1:1) (T,), formulated commercial feed (T2), Dried and powdered fish silage made from low quality trash fish (T,) and Fish silage powder and conventional feed in the ratio 1:1 (T4). After 30 days, it was found that the percentage weight gain (12138), Specific growth rate (15.69) and Net Biomass Index (407.7) of the fish spawn fed with fish silage and conventional feed in the ratio 1:1 were significantly higher compared to those fed either conventional or commercial feed. The survival was not significantly different in any of the treatments. The results show that fish silage can be used as an alternative cheap protein source for the spawn rearing of C. mrigala , thereby reducing the cost of spawn rearing to a great extent.

Enterotoxigenicity of Coagulase Positive and Negative Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Fish and Fishery Products

Abstract: Seventy-five strains of coagulase positive and negative Staphylococcus species were isolated from different fish and shellfish products. These strains were investigated for enterotoxin production using Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA) method. The different samples analysed include fresh, frozen and dried fish and shellfish, battered and breaded fish/shellfish products and fish kheema. Either one or a combination of three enterotoxins, viz., Staphylococcai Enterotoxin A, B, C (SEA, SEB, SEC) was produced by most of the strains but none were found to produce the enterotoxin SED. Out of the 75 isolates tested, 25 isolateswere coagulase positive and all these strainswere positive for thermonuclease activity. 76 % of the coagulase positive strains were toxigenic Among these, enterotoxins SEA,SEB and SEC were produced by 26.31 %, 52.63 %, and 47.36 % of the isolates respectively.None of the isolate produced SED. Multiple enterotoxin production was also observed. While 5.26 % of the strains produced SEA & SEC ,15.78 % of strains SEA & SEB and 5.26% of the strains produced SEB & SEC. None of the coagulase negative isolates produced enterotoxin.