Showing papers in "Genetika-belgrade in 2011"

Influence of agroclimatic conditions on content of main cannabinoids in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Abstract: In a six-year field experiment eight industrial hemp varieties were examined for ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) contents. The study analyzed the influence of growing degree days (GDD), soil temperature at 5 cm, air humidity, and growing season precipitation on the levels of the main cannabinoids in this crop. Agroclimatic conditions do not influence THC and CBD contents in industrial hemp in the same way. THC synthesis and accumulation are under the significant positive influence of GDD and air humidity and under the negative influence of precipitation, while soil temperature at 5 cm has no significant effect on it. Soil temperature at 5 cm has a significant positive effect on the CBD content, as do GDD. Precipitation has a negative influence on the CBD content of industrial hemp, while air humidity has no influence on it.

Interdependence of yield and yield components of confectionary sunflower hybrids

Abstract: The two most important criteria for introducing new confectionary hybrids into production are high seed and protein yield. That is why it is important to find the traits that are measurable, and that at the same time show a strong correlation with seed and protein yield, so that they can be used as a criteria for confectionary hybrid breeding. Results achieved during 2008 at the locations Rimski Sancevi (Region of Vojvodina) and Kula (Central Serbia) show that the new confectionary hybrids are expressing higher seed yields in comparison to standards (Vranac and Cepko) though with a lower seed oil content. A very strong positive correlation was determined between seed yield and seed protein content, kernel content and mass of 1000 seeds. A very strong positive correlation was determined between seed protein content, seed yield and mass of 1000 seeds, with protein yield. This indicates that seed yield, seed protein content and mass of 1000 seeds have a high influence on protein yield. The degree of interdependence between different traits is a sign of direction which is supposed to facilitate better planning of sunflower breeding program.

Germination energy as a parameter of seed quality in different sunflower genotypes

Abstract: Using the standard method, we studied the germination energy of seed of seven different sunflower genotypes (five hybrids and two cytoplasmically male sterile female lines) developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The seed was treated with the fungicides benomil, metalaxyl and fludioxonil and the insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid and kept for a year in a storage facility. Analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among the genotypes, chemical treatments, and storage periods. Highly significant differences were also recorded for all the interactions among the factors studied. On average, the highest germination energy was found in the hybrid H2 (93.45%), whose values of this parameter were highly significantly higher than those of the rest of the genotypes, except for the hybrid H1. Also, each of the hybrids had highly significantly higher germination energy than either of the two lines, and the differences among the hybrids themselves were highly significant. Looking at the chemical treatments, the control had the highest germination energy by a highly significant margin (80.39%). The largest difference was observed in relation to the treatments with insecticides (5.48 and 9.56%). These treatments had highly significantly lower values of germination energy than those involving fungicides. Germination energy increased in the first nine months of storage, peaking at 81.29%. After that, there was a sharp drop to 68.94% after 12 months of storing. Differences among the different storage periods were all highly significant except for that between six and nine months of storage, which was not statistically significant.

Genotype and liming effects on cadmium concentration in maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract: Liming experiment with hydrated lime (73% CaO + 2-3% MgO + 21% water) in the amounts 0, 5.0 and 20.0 t ha-1 was conducted in spring 2006 on acid soil. Each plot of liming (414m2) was divided in four sub-plots for receiving four replicates in level of the genotype. Six domestic maize hybrids (Os298P, Tvrtko303, Os499, Os444, Os596 and Os552) originating from Agricultural Institute Osijek was sown at beginning of May (basic plot 24 m2). The ear-leaf samples of maize were collected at flowering and grain in maturity stages. Mean grain yields of maize in the experiment were 11.63 and 4.83 t ha-1, for the 2006 and the 2007 growing season, respectively. Unfavorable weather characteristics in 2007 were main responsible for yield loss. Yield differences between liming treatments and the control were in both years non-significant. Liming effects on decreasing leaf-Cd in maize was found in both years (2-year means: 0.095 and 0.066, for the control and mean of two liming treatments, respectively). Considerable difference of leaf-Cd was found among the maize hybrids and it was in range from 0.040 to 0.160 mg Cd kg-1. Two hybrids (Os298P and Tvrtko 303) separated from remaining four hybrids by the higher leaf-Cd (2-year means 0.141 and 0.043 mg Cd kg-1, respectively). However, these differences are responsible for possible harmful dietary effects only in case of using these hybrids as silage maize because grain-Cd in maize was considerably lower (under detectable range = <0.02 mg Cd kg-1) and without effects on food contamination.

Genetic association among root morphology, root quality and root yield in ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Abstract: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a dryland medicinal crop and roots are used as valuable drug in traditional systems of medicine. Morphological variants (morphotypes) and the parental populations were evaluated for root - morphometric, quality and yield traits to study genetic association among them. Root morphometric traits (root length, root diameter, number of secondary roots/ plant) and crude fiber content exhibited strong association among them and showed significant positive genotypic correlation with yield. Starch-fiber ratio (SFR), determinant of brittle root texture showed strong negative association with root yield. The total alkaloid content had positive genotypic correlation with root yield. So genetic upgradation should aim at optimum balance between two divergent groups of traits i.e. root yield traits (root morphometric traits and crude fiber content) and root textural quality traits (starch content and SFR) to develop superior genotypes with better yield and quality.

Use of multivariate analysis in mineral accumulation of rocket (Eruca sativa) accessions

Abstract: The leafy vegetables contain high amount of mineral elements and health promoting compound. To solve nutritional problems in diet and reduced malnutrition among human population selection of specific cultivar among species would be help increasing elemental delivery in the human diet. While rocket plant observes several nutritional compounds no significant efforts have been made for genetic diversity for mineral composition of rocket plant accessions using multivariate analyses technique. The objective of this work was to evaluate variability for mineral accumulation of rocket accessions revealed by multivariate analysis to use further breeding program for achieve improving cultivar in targeting high nutrient concentration. A total twelve mineral element and twenty-three E. sativa accessions were investigated and considerable variation were observed in the most of concentration the principal component analysis explained that 77.67% of total variation accounted for four PC axis. Rocket accessions were classifies into three groups and present outcomes of experiments revealed that the first three principal components were highly valid to classify the examined accessions and separating mineral accumulations. Significant differences exhibited in mineral concentration among examined rocket accessions and the result could allow selecting those genotypes with higher elements.

Biplot analysis of diallel crosses of NS maize inbred lines

Abstract: Bocanski J, A Nastasic, D Stanisavljevic, Z Sreckov, B Mitrovic, S Treskic and M Vukosavljev (2011): Biplot analysis of diallel crosses of NS maize inbred lines- Genetika, Vol 43, No 2, 277 - 284 Genetic markers, from morphological to molecular, in function with early Heterosis is a prerequisite for the successful commercial maize production It does not appear in any cross of two inbred lines, and therefore, the determination of combining abilities of parental lines is essential The most commonly used method for determining combining abilities is diallel analysis Besides conventional methods for diallel analysis, a new biplot approach has been sugested In this paper, we studied the combining ability for grain yield in a set of genotypes obtained by diallel crossing system of six inbred lines Both, the Griffing's conventional method and the biplot approach have been used for diallel analysis Comparing the GCA values from biplot analysis and Griffing's method, similar results can be observed, with the exception of NS L 1051 and NS L 1000 whose ranks are interchanged Biplot analysis enables the SCA estimation of parent inbred, and the highest SCA has inbred B73D Biplot analysis also allows the estimation of the best crosses Inbred B73D shows the best results when crossed with testers Mo17Ht, NS L 1051 and N152, inbred N152 combines best with testers NS L 1001 and NS L 1000, whereas the cross of inbred NS L 1051 with tester B73D results with the highest grain yield per plant in comparison with other testers

Estimation of genetic parameters of newly introduced tree willow clones in Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract: Willows being multipurpose species are well recognized in short rotation forestry world over. 200 clones of different species and hybrids were procured from twenty countries over the period of three years. These were subjected for nursery screening and further 18 promising clones were planted in March, 2006 at university main campus Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The five years growth performance was evaluated and clone J-799 has given maximum plant height (19.33 m) which is at par with the clone NZ-1140 (16.33 m) followed by SI-63-007 (14.30 m). As regards with diameter at breast height and volume index, clone J-799 registered first rank followed by NZ-1140 and 131/25 recording 16.50 cm and 0.554 m3, 15.30 cm and 0.386 m3 ;15.30cm and 0.368m3, respectively. Bole straightness was recorded maximum in clone J-795 that is at par with clones J-194, PN-721 and 131/25 followed by clones J-799, SI-63-007, NZ-1140 and SI-64-017. Heritability in broad sense for bole straightness (46.36%) and genetic gain of the volume index (67.95%) was found highest. Genotypic, phenotypic and environment coefficients of variations were recorded maximum (0.995) for volume index character. Genetic correlation coefficient was highest (0.921) between plant height and volume, while phenotypic correlation coefficient was highest between diameter at breast height and volume index. On the basis of five year growth performance, five clones namely J- 799, NZ-1140, 131/25, SI-63-007 and PN-731 are found suitable for lower and mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh.

Characterization of vegetative and grain filling periods of winter wheat by stepwise regression procedure. II. Grain filling period

Abstract: In wheat, rate and duration of dry matter accumulation and remobilization depend on genotype and growing conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate polynomial regression of stepwise regression procedure for describing grain filling period in three winter wheat cultivars. The stepwise regression procedure showed that grain filling is a complex biological process and that it is difficult to offer a simple and appropriate polynomial equation that fits the pattern of changes in dry matter accumulation during the grain filling period, i.e., from anthesis to maximum grain weight, in winter wheat. If grain filling is to be represented with a high power polynomial, quartic and quintic equations showed to be most appropriate. In spite of certain disadvantages, a cubic equation of stepwise regression could be used for describing the pattern of winter wheat grain filling.

Phenotypic variability of bread wheat genotypes for nitrogen harvest index

Abstract: Nitrogen harvest index (grain nitrogen content over total nitrogen content ratio) is a measure of the efficiency of nitrogen translocation from the vegetative portions of the plant to the grain. It can be recommended as a selection criterion for nitrogen use efficiency improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen harvest index in twelve bread wheat genotypes at three nitrogen levels and to classify genotypes according to their phenotypic similarity for the examined trait. The results of factorial ANOVA showed that nitrogen harvest index was influenced mostly by the year × genotype interaction, year of investigation and genotype; and to the lowest extent by the applied nitrogen rate. Increasing nitrogen doses did not lead to the increased nitrogen harvest index. The calculated nitrogen harvest index values were the highest for wheat growing season 2004/05, and the smallest for the season 2006/07. The highest nitrogen harvest indices were calculated for cultivars Pobeda at the N0 rate and Zlatka at the N100 rate (0.93), and the lowest for cultivar Tamaro at the N0 rate (0.63). Analyzing the constructed dendogram, cultivars Pobeda and Renan at all three levels of nitrogen supply can be singled out as the genotypes with the highest, and cultivar Tamaro as the variety with the lowest harvest index value. The results of this study may be used in developing new high-yielding bread wheat cultivars with improved nitrogen use efficiency. Growing such cultivars would provide the savings in mineral fertilizers and minimize their possible harmful effect on environment.

Genetic parameters of yield components and pomologic properties in raspberry seedlings

Abstract: Over a three-year period yield components and pomologic properties were studied in 20 raspberry seedlings obtained by open pollination of Meeker`s yellow clone. The primary goals of this research were to determine its variability components, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation and coefficient of heritability in a broader sense. The analysis of the components of total variance evidenced that higher proportion of genotypic variance was found with fruit shape index (30.84%) and sucrose content (35.61%). The results revealed that genotypic coefficient of variation were less than its corresponding estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation for all traits which indicated significant role of environment in the expression of these characters. The values of heritability coefficients, in a broader sense, were high except for number of flowers per inflorescens (9.47%), titratable acidity (6.38%) and inverted sugar content (28.88%). Nine characters had h2 in interval from 50 to 80% but for fruit weight and fruit length was greater than 80% which implies the high potential of genetic improvement in those traits.

Viability of soybean seed produced under different agro-meteorological conditions in Vojvodina

Abstract: At the time of soybean seed sowing in the field, a high soil moisture, low soil and air temperatures, and crasts formation may occur, which can lead to slow germination, poor seedling establishment, and in some cases to loss of seed vigor. Due to the importance and prevalence of soybean the aim of this study was to determine the quality and seed viability of different genotypes produced at three locations in Vojvodina during 2009 and 2010. Eight soybean varieties (Afrodita, Valjevka, Balkan, Novosadjanka, Ravnica, Ana, Vojvodjanka and Venera) produced in Vrbas, Senta and Inđija during 2009 and 2010 were tested. Seed germination was determined using Standard laboratory test, and vigor tests (cold test, and accelerated aging test). Studied genotypes baheved differently in different years and at different localities. Genotype Venera achieved high germination values in all applied tests in 2009, while genotype Afrodita had high values of the tested parameter when conventional laboratory test was applied, and the lowest values were recorded when vigor tests were applied. Values obtained in 2010 when all tests were applied were above the prescribed minimum. Locality of Vrbas proved to be more favorable for seed production in relation to localities of Indjija and Senta due to better rainfall distribution.

Impacts of flushing and fermentation times on the quality of black tea

Abstract: Flushing and fermentation times are the two main parameters determining the quality of black tea. In this research, the effects of different flushing and fermentation times were studied on the quality of black tea in two clones, 100 and natural Chinese hybrid. Analysis of variance showed there were the significant differences between the clone types, flushing and fermentation times for theaflavin, thearubigin, total color, brightness, tannin and caffeine. Correlation coefficients between all studied traits, except thearubigin and brightness, caffeine and brightness, and total colour and theaflavin/thearubigin ratio, were significant at 1% probability. Regression analysis indicated there was a significant linear regression between fermentation time and brightness, tannin, and theaflavin/thearubigin ratio. Also, multiple regression analysis for brightness and total colour indicated that more than 70% of the variation in brightness was explained by theaflavin, caffeine and theaflavin/thearubigin ratio, and more than 68% of the variation in total colour was because of caffeine and theaflavin/thearubigin ratio.

Application of various statistical methods to analyze genetic diversity of Austrian (Pinus nigra Arn.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) based on protein markers

Abstract: This paper presents the results of studies on protein polymorphism in seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) as the most important economic species of the genus Pinus in Serbia. Polymorphism of protein markers was determined in selected genotypes originating from seven populations (Scots pine) and six populations (Austrian pine). Analysis of protein markers was performed using two statistical methods, NTSYS and correspondence analysis. Both methods give the same arrangement of the analyzed populations, whereby, because of a different view of genetic distances, they can and should be combined, enabling easier and more precise understanding of mutual relationships of the observation units.

The responses of maize genotypes to growth conditions

Abstract: Studies on the effects of sowing densities on maize grain yields under irrigation were performed with the aim of creating favourable conditions for plant growth and development, under which the genetic yield potential would be maximally exploited. A two-factorial trial was performed in the period 2006-2009 on chernozem, according to the split- plot method with four replicates. Four maize hybrids of different FAO maturity groups (ZP 341, ZP 434, ZP 684 and ZP 704) were observed in combination with seven sowing densities (G1 - 40,816 plants ha-1, G2 - 50,125 plants ha-1, G3 - 59,524 plants ha-1, G4 - 69,686 plants ha-1, G5 - 79,365 plants ha-1, G6 - 86,286 plants ha-1 and G7 - 98,522 plants ha- 1). The obtained results showed statistically very significant differences in maize grain yields between the studied hybrids and the sowing densities. The lowest yields were recorded for all studied hybrids at the lowest sowing density (40,816 plants ha-1). The regression analysis indicated that, depending on a maize hybrid, the following maximum yields could be expected: ZP 341 - 13.25 t ha-1 at a sowing density of 81,000 plants ha-1, ZP 434 - 13.00 t ha-1 at a sowing density of 75,000 plants ha-1 , ZP 684 - 13.83 t ha-1 at a sowing density of 82,000 plants ha-1 and ZP 704 - 12,83 t ha-1 at the sowing density of 77,000 plants ha-1. In accordance with the rational use of seeds, high yields are obtained by sowing that provides 50,000 plants of ZP 434 ha-1, 60,000 plants of ZP 341 ha-1 and ZP 704 ha-1 and 70,000 plants of ZP 684 ha-1.

HLA II class antigens and susceptibility to coeliac disease

Abstract: Coeliac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune, complex and multifactorial disorder, which is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The only established genetic risk factors so far are the human leucocyte antigens. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of II class human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in patients with coeliac disease and to investigate the susceptibility to coeliac disease in family members. We typed HLA DR and DQ antigens in 37 patients from Vojvodina with coeliac disease, 23 first-degree relatives, and 210 controls, serologically using standard lymphocytotoxicity technique. HLA DQ5(1), DQ6(1), DR11(5), DQ7(3), DQ2 and DR15(2) were the most common antigens in the control group. Frequency of HLA DQ2, DR3 and DR7 was higher in CD patients than in the control group. The relative risks for HLA DQ2, DR3 and DR7 were 4.846, 6.986 and 2.106, respectively, while positive association was found between HLA DQ2 and DR3 and CD. Frequency of HLA DQ2, DR3 and DR16(2) was higher in first-degree relatives than in the control group while a positive association was found between HLA DQ2 and DR3. A negative association was found between HLA DQ5(1) and DQ6(1) in coeliac patients from Vojvodina and their relatives, in addition to HLA DR11(5) in the group of relatives (RR=0.363,PF=0.232). These findings indicate the impact of the HLA testing for CD in clinical practice in order to rule out the possibility to CD in doubtful cases or in at-risk subjects.

Detection of Stolbur phytoplasma on blackberry: A new natural host in Serbia

Abstract: During the late summer of 2007, a severe phytoplasma-like disease was observed for the first time in blackberry plants (Rubus fruticosus), commercial cv. Cacanska beztrna. Redness and downward rolling of leaves were symptoms observed in three localities in Central Serbia. The presence of Stolbur phytoplasma, belonging to the taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII-A, in diseased samples was confirmed by the PCR - RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA genes and elongation factor Tu (tuf) gene. A sequence analysis of the tuf gene confirmed homology with phytoplasmas stolbur tuf-type II detected previously in Italian grapevines and red clovers in the Czech Republic. This is the first report of Stolbur phytoplasma 16SrXII-A group tuf-type II on blackberries in Serbia.

Nova Bosanka: New variety of winter wheat

Abstract: Highly yielding, early maturing, excellent technological quality, resistent to lodging, optimal seed size, good resistance to plant diseases. New variety of winter wheat under the name Nova Bosanka was created by crossing the genetically divergent parents. According to overall three-year average, the variety Nova Bosanka achieved an average yield of 6.918 kg ha-1 which is 479,3 kg or 7,45% more than the values of standard variety Tina. Three-year average of protein content was 12,8%, water apsorption 59%, energy of dough 100 cm2, belongs to B1 - quality group. By the trait of resistance to lodging variety is at the level of standard.

Clone selection of autochtones and introduced varieties in the old grapevine planted areas of south eastern and eastern Serbia and preliminary check of their health status

Abstract: Clone and sanitary selection of the grapevine has a fundamental importance in improving the quality and the quantity of the grape production in Serbia. In order to preserve the varieties of the old vineyards, the clone and sanitary selection has begun in 2006 in the South Eastern Serbia vineyard areas, 1048 grapevine plants have been examined in three distant vineyards and 60 grapevine plants have been separated that deserved attention based on their production characteristics. The selected plants have been tested serologically, with the ELISA method, to the presence of 4 grapevine viruses: Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 1, Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 2 and Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV- 1, GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3), and grapevine fun leaf virus- GFLV. The infection level of the selected plants was between 10.5% (vineyard III) and 22.2% (vineyard II). We eliminated the infected plants among the selected ones and analyzed only the healthy ones in the 2008. Various potential variety clones have been selected for Prokupac, Pamid, Dimyat, Sauvignon blanc, Rosaki, Chasselas, Semillon, Detier de Bayreuth and Riesling. In 2008 we have repeated the same procedure we did in 2006 but in a different region - the Eastern Serbia area on the autochthonous variety of Muscat des roses noir on 400 grapevine plants 40 potential clones have been selected. The goal of this paper was check out the health status to preserve the autochthonous and introduced varieties of the eastern and south eastern region and to renew the vineyards it’s grown in. It was necessary to go on following the selected candidate - clones for other viruses based on EPPO PM 4/1-26 certification scheme in order to identify the virus-free clones to multiply, conserve and maintain in the collection growing areas.

Similarity of cultivars of wheat (Triticum durum) on the basis of composition of gliadin alleles

Abstract: Twenty one durum wheat cultivars originating from different world countries were investigated. Composition of gliadins was analyzed by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allele composition of gliadins was determined on the basis of identified gliadin blocks. Polymorphisms of Gli- loci was established and 27 different gliadin alleles were identified, namely, 5 at Gli-A1, 4 at Gli-B1, 9 at Gli-A2 and 9 alleles at Gli-B2 locus. The catalogue of determined alleles was presented. Frequency of alleles ranged from 4.76% to 42.86%. Heterozygous Gli-loci were identified at two durum cultivars. Similarity among cultivars was studied on composition of Gli-alleles and presented by UPGMA dendogram. On the base of Gli-allele composition, similarity varied from 0% to 100%.

Genetic gain from selection of vineyard peach native population

Abstract: Vineyard peach native population in our country represents important and rich source of genetic variability. Establishment of the genetic gain and differences concerning genetic variability are very important in selection of the genotypes with different usability. In according to the start up population and after selection of 25% intensity important properties such as fruit quality indexes were examined. Those were fruit weight, output, appearance, taste, aroma, soluble solid and total sugar content and titratable acidity. Besides variability components, coefficient of variation and heritability coefficient, expected and realized genetic gain was determined as well. In the start up population the lowest variability was established for output (CV=1.3%) and the highest for titratable acidity (CV=28.4%). For all analyzed characteristics, medium up to high values for heritability coefficient were determined in both start up population and selected genotypes. As a result of the selection in all properties came to genetic variance decreasing except in fruit appearance. Realized genetic gain was on the level or little lower that expected one for the majority of the properties.

Recurrent headache and migraine heritability: Twin study

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine recurrent headache (migraine and non-migraine) heritability, among the twin pairs. Headache hritability was investigated among 396 twin pairs (42.4% monozygotic and 57.6% dizygotic) aged 3 to 21 years, on north part territory of Serbia-Vojvodina, during the 20 years period. Within the group of tested twin persons, 30.2% had recurrent headaches, 9.2% migraine headache and 21% other recurrent non-migraine headaches. Heritability quotient of all recurrent headaches was 0.3882. For non- migraine headaches heritability quotient of 0.2286 confirmed that the external factors influence is higher than heritability. Migraine headache heritability quotient 0.8598 clearly proved the heritability of the migraine headache. Both, correlation and determination quotient of the migraine headache of all the twins (r12 0.7498; r21256.12%), monozygotic (r120.8458; r1271.54%) and dizygotic (r120.6342; r21240.22%), show high degree of migraine headache twin siblings dependence, and higher correlation and significance of the difference with monozygotic twins.

Does inbreeding affects developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura populations

Abstract: In the present paper, we focused on the coadaptive aspect of genetic variability at population level and its relation to genomic stress such as inbreeding. The paper evaluates the effects of an experimental reduction of average heterozygosity after fourteen generations of systematic inbreeding in laboratory conditions, on developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura populations from two ecologically and topologically distinct habitats, knowing that they possess a certain degree of genetic differences due to their different evolutionary histories. The aims were to analyze: (i) the variability change of wing size (length and width) among the inbred lines from both populations; (ii) the relations between homozigosity and level of fluctuating asymmetry as a potential measure of developmental instability, in inbred lines originating from two populations. Results for the wing size showed similar between line variability pattern across generations of systematic inbreeding in both populations. The obtained results suggest that variability of fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental instability can not be related to homozygosity due to inbreeding per se, in both experimental populations.