Showing papers in "IEEE Computer in 1972"
TL;DR: The performance of computer systems cannot be seriously and meaningfully measured unless the work- load the system is dealing with during the measurement sessions is carefully selected.
Abstract: The performance of computer systems cannot be seriously and meaningfully measured unless the work- load the system is dealing with during the measurement sessions is carefully selected. Even in the case the real workload is driving the system while measurements are being performed, such questions as determining the dura- tion of a session and the intervals of system activity to be monitored arise.
97Â citations
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TL;DR: Wire-routing is to the engineer it represents a change in his way of doing things and, particularly in the synthesis area of wire-routed, has not produced results as good as manual solutions in many cases.
Abstract: It is also an area of considerable controversy. To management it represents an overhead in terms of software development and computer execution costs, an overhead whose return is sometimes obscured. To the engineer it represents a change in his way of doing things and, particularly in the synthesis area of wire-routing, has not produced results as good as manual solutions in many cases.
50Â citations
TL;DR: The development of computers has been influenced by three factors: the technology (i.e., the components from which the authors build); the hardware and software techniques they have learned to use; and the user (market).
Abstract: The development of computers has been influenced by three factors: the technology (i.e., the components from which we build); the hardware and software techniques we have learned to use; and the user (market). The improvements in technology seem to dominate in determining the possible resulting structures. Specifically, we can observe the evolution of four classes of computers:
40Â citations
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TL;DR: Designers of microprogrammed computers have been using solid-state, random-access memories as scratch- pads and solid- state read-only memo- ries to store microinstructions and program constants.
Abstract: Designers of microprogrammed computers have been using solid-state, random-access memories as scratch- pads and solid-state read-only memo- ries to store microinstructions and program constants. TTL (transistor- transistor logic) integrated circuits are frequently chosen because TTL speed is high.
35Â citations
TL;DR: It seems to us that the ideas described in this paper meet many of the criteria and avoids a number of the pitfalls associated with high performance computers.
Abstract: A good design is the Elderado in any systems area. The elements of good design include efficiency, simplicity, and flexibility for use. While we make no pretense that the ideas described in this paper are essential to good computer design, it seems to us that it does meet many of the criteria and avoids a number of the pitfalls associated with high performance computers.
27Â citations
TL;DR: The areas of gate level simulation, synthesis, partitioning, interconnection and fault test generation are discussed, and new algorithms in each of these areas are presented and compared.
Abstract: In this paper we review some of the recent developments in the automated design and analysis of digital systems. The areas of gate level simulation, synthesis, partitioning, interconnection and fault test generation are discussed, and new algorithms in each of these areas are presented and compared.
23Â citations
TL;DR: Wherever performance measurement is applied in the design-use-evaluate cycle, it is important that the latest and most effective tools be brought to bear.
Abstract: The measurement of computer performance is a topic of resurgent interest both within and outside the computer community. Both the designers and users of computer systems have a continuing interest in those techniques which attempt to quantify the performance of the machines they build and program. Wherever performance measurement is applied in the design-use-evaluate cycle, it is important that the latest and most effective tools be brought to bear.
18Â citations
TL;DR: This presentation describes the approaches employed in characterizing and instrumenting the usage and servicing capacity of two operating systems designed for use on Xerox Sigma computer systems, the Batch time-sharing Monitor and the Universal Time-sharing System.
Abstract: Frequently designers of computer systems have few (if any) convenient means of investigating system per- formance during actual operation. This kind of analy- sis must, of course, take into account user demands and characteristics of the host system's hardware/software complement. Moreover such studies are complicated because they typically involve a large number of variables which, because of their random nature, do not exhibit unique values. The problem is not only to identify criteria which characterize the manner in which the system is used but also to select parameters which are readily measurable. This presentation describes the approaches employed in characterizing and instrumenting the usage and servicing capacity of two operating systems designed for use on Xerox Sigma computer systems. These operating systems are the Batch Time-sharing Monitor (BTM) and the Universal Time-sharing System (UTS). The performance monitors are designed with emphasis on sampling, sorting and ordering of statistical data. Examples of performance monitoring data are presented which were obtained from actual measurements.
15Â citations
TL;DR: The year 1970 saw the fruition of several years' effort to achieve a broad range of Congressional reforms, and the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 in section 121 specifically provides that electronic equipment may be used to record votes in the House of Representatives.
Abstract: The most important voting procedure traditionally utilized in the United States House of Representatives to resolve legislative issues involves a time-consuming roll call of Representatives' names. It has been recognized for a number of years that this cumbersome feature of the legislative process could be automated so that a more efficient use of Members' time would be possible. The year 1970 saw the fruition of several years' effort to achieve a broad range of Congressional reforms. Not since 1946, when important structural changes in Committees and their staffs were made, had there been a generalized reform of Congressional, procedures. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (PL 91-510) in section 121 specifically provides that electronic equipment may be used to record votes in the. House of Representatives. The Senate, a body of only 100, has not chosen to employ automated voting procedures.
7Â citations
TL;DR: The earliest interactive computer graphics terminals were closely coupled to their central computers and placed heavy loads upon them for resource allocation, but two marked trends in the evolution of terminals have been a reduction of central computer load and exploitation of the increasing performance/cost ratio for terminal equipment.
Abstract: The earliest interactive computer graphics terminals were closely coupled to their central computers and placed heavy loads upon them for resource allocation. Two marked trends in the evolution of terminals have been a reduction of central computer load and exploitation of the increasing performance/cost ratio for terminal equipment. The trends have led to graphics terminals that operate on a stand-alone basis. The history of these trends is traced and particularly illustrated by the cases of the fully interactive, refreshed CRT GRAPHIC 21 and the simply interactive, storage CRT GRAPHIC 101 terminals.
7Â citations
TL;DR: A large number of techniques, including hardware and software monitoring, simulation, analytical modeling, and decision-theoretic approaches, are developed and emplopyed to provide well-utilized, high-performance systems.
Abstract: The high cost of modern remote communications systems dictates optimum utilization of such facilities. Design and performance evaluation of these systems must not be left to intuitive or heuristic reasoning; instead, formal procedures, both analytic and empirical, must be developed to provide well-utilized, high-performance systems. To this end a large number of techniques1,2 have been developed and emplopyed in the recent past. Among these are hardware and software monitoring, simulation, analytical modeling, and decision-theoretic approaches.
TL;DR: This paper describes the planning and execution of a recent experiment which utilized a hardware monitor and associated analysis programs to evaluate the performance of a computer system which is employed for real-time satellite command and control.
Abstract: This paper describes the planning and execution of a recent experiment which utilized a hardware monitor- ing device and associated analysis programs to evaluate the performance of a computer system which is employed for real-time satellite command and control. The evaluated system was the portion of the United States Air Force Satellite Control Facility Real-Time Data System, located in Sunnyvale, California. Communication line, processor, and channel utilization were analyzed, as was the interaction of Executive, Input/Output, and Application software modules.
TL;DR: The problem of low programmer productivity associated with membership in large programming efforts is examined, and techniques for improving productivity are presented with emphasis placed on improving communications.
Abstract: When writing small programs, one can use many unwise practices which have little effect on whether a program meets its design objectives as long as the program works. But, when writing large programs, poor program writing techniques can increase development time and cost and can cause maintenance difficulties after development. The problem of low programmer productivity associated with membership in large programming efforts is examined. To place the problem of writing large programs into proper perspective, factors one must live with are described. Techniques for improving productivity are then presented with emphasis placed on improving communications. Areas covered are programmer education, environment, task assignment and supervision along with program organization and documentation.
TL;DR: The Statistics Gathering Package, SGP, is an information retrieval program supplemented with a variety of summarization techniques used to access a data base of performance and usage information collected by OS, SMF, and LASP.
Abstract: The Statistics Gathering Package, SGP, is an information retrieval program supplemented with a variety of summarization techniques. It is used to access a data base of performance and usage information collected by OS, SMF, and LASP. SGP provides information that is needed by installation management, system programmers, consultants and computer users to make decisions.
TL;DR: The procedures illustrated below attempt to provide management and designers of future computer systems with a structured way to evaluate service organization bases for this evaluation.
Abstract: As more and more economic activity shifts to service industries, meaningful evaluation of their "product" is Abecoming a topic of major concern. The service organization is constantly being evaluated by its customers and it is important for management to understand bases for this evaluation. In the case of the general purpose time-sharing system, there may in fact be several different groups of users with different desires and goals. The procedures illustrated below attempt to provide management and designers of future computer systems with a structured way
TL;DR: The Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation, Osaka, Japan has been operating its traffic control system since the beginning of EXPO '70, that is, March 15, 1970 on its entire expressway systems in Osaka and Kobe, with emphasis on its hardware system.
Abstract: The Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation, Osaka, Japan has been operating its traffic control system since the beginning of EXPO '70, that is, March 15, 1970 on its entire expressway systems in Osaka and Kobe. The total length of the Hanshin Expressway is now 79.6 KM and is expected to become 128 KM by 1975. This report presents some features of the control system with emphasis on its hardware system. This system at present has a digital computer, FACOM 270-30, with 65 KW core memory, various peripherals, more than 200 detectors, more than 70 variable information indication devices along the expressway and TV monitoring systems. The control system on Hanshin Expressway is designed to permit future expansions and modifications.
TL;DR: A state-of-the- art intensive care unit monitoring system, currently being implemented at the National Institutes of Health, is described in depth.
Abstract: Digital computers have become valuable assistants in the intensive care units of many American hospitals. Computerized patient monitoring systems offer the potential for improved patient care by aiding in the early identification of trends in monitored physiologic para- meters and by relieving the medical staff of many of the repetitive clerical tasks which occupy their time. Advanced monitoring systems further assist by initiating blood replacement and drug infusions under carefully controlled conditions. Consideration of several operational systems in the United States supports these concepts. A state-of-the- art intensive care unit monitoring system, currently being implemented at the National Institutes of Health, is described in depth.
TL;DR: Today's geologist, civil engineer, city planner, highway engineer and government cartographer have turned to small computers and digital plotters for maps that in the past were produced entirely by hand.
Abstract: Computer-aided plotting is turning the ancient art of cartography into an exact science. Today's geologist, civil engineer, city planner, highway engineer and government cartographer have turned to small computers and digital plotters for maps that in the past were produced entirely by hand. This movement to computer-aided cartography has yielded more accurate maps faster and at lower cost.
TL;DR: This paper will try to look at the next three generations of computers by judicious use of zero- origin indexing.
Abstract: In the beginning there was ENIAC. Then there was the 650, then the 7090 and then the 360. By any reasonable mathematics that makes four generations, but by judicious use of zero- origin indexing, we can come out with the present day machinery belonging to the third generation. In this paper, we will try to look at the next three generations of computers.
TL;DR: The issue of quantitative determination of memory usage and utilization is central to multiprogramming computer systems and the term "job" is used in the sense of "process" as defined in [1], which also gives an excellent survey of related subjects.
Abstract: The issue of quantitative determination of memory usage and utilization is central to multiprogramming computer systems. In such systems, one tries to improve the system performance by loading a set of independent jobs together into main memory. If the jobs have complementary resource requirements and the system is capable of parallel resource operation, the total time required to complete all jobs is less than if they were processed serially, i.e., in a uniprogramming mode. The situation is illustrated in Figure 1 showing a space-time diagram of memory occupancy, where the available memory space is dynamically covered with jobs. The term "job" is used in the sense of "process" as defined in [1], which also gives an excellent survey of related subjects. However, we restrict jobs to keep a fixed amount of memory until they are completed. Generalization of the concepts to be developed to include systems with dynamic allocation, swapping, paging is possible but not attempted here.
TL;DR: The papers which follow are part of the technical program of the "Islands of Applications" conference which was held June 8-13, 1972 in Tokyo, Japan, and resulted from a joint Japanese-American effort.
Abstract: The papers which follow are part of the technical program of the "Islands of Applications" conference which was held June 8-13, 1972 in Tokyo, Japan. This conference was co-sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society and the United States Department of Commerce. The conference was held in conjunction with the Second United States Solo Computer Exhibition and the conference provided a forum for discussions of computer applications in many key areas. The conference technical program resulted from a joint Japanese-American effort. Dr. Hiroshi Sinkawa and the author served as conference co-chairmen. Special thanks must be given to Professor Tonau Osatake and Professor Hisao Yamada, both of the University of Tokyo, who are most helpful in obtaining session co-chairmen and papers from the Japanese authors. The conference technical program consisted of 27 papers.
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TL;DR: In a play about Galileo, Bertold Brecht has one of his characters comment bitterly after Galileo's recantation that "unhappy is a land that breeds no heroes."
Abstract: In a play about Galileo, Bertold Brecht has one of his characters comment bitterly after Galileo's recantation that "unhappy is a land that breeds no heroes." The reply by Galileo is "unhappy is a land that needs heroes."
TL;DR: Design Automation is used here to mean the art of using computers to aid in the design of computers, since the "automation" part relates more closely to the automatic manufacturing processes to which it supplies data, than to the design process itself.
Abstract: Introduction The first generation of general purpose computers quickly demonstrated their usefulness in handling problems involving large quantities of data with great speed and accuracy Because of the complexity of these computers, their designers were soon enmeshed in these kinds of problems when dealing with the design data Out of this experience was born Design Automation, which is used here to mean the art of using computers to aid in the design of computers DA, as it is often abbreviated, might more it is often abbreviated, might more accurately stand for "design assistance", since the "automation" part relates more closely to the automatic manufacturing processes to which it supplies data, than to the design process itself
TL;DR: A number of ways to apply on-chip power switching are described, including on- chip power switching for memory cards and systems that can be organized into blocks.
Abstract: Power reduction techniques are described for both LSI memory components and systems. These techniques have been verified experimentally for both read-only and random access read/write components using power switching circuits external to the chips. A number of ways to apply on-chip power switching are described. The power switching concept is also described for memory cards and systems that can be organized into blocks.
TL;DR: A revised version of an early paper by the author on a register transfer, logic design language and its application to the design of early microprogrammable computer is presented.
Abstract: 1. Introduction. The purpose of this article is to present a revised version of an early paper by the author on a register transfer, logic design language and its application to the design of early microprogrammable computer. This paper [1] as an invited paper at an IRE was presented originally at an IEEE meeting held at the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania, early in 1957. It is being published here in the open literature for the first time in order to present to a wider audience this approach to computer design in its original form.
TL;DR: Digital computers are being applied in large numbers to air traffic control operations in the United States, with work underway to further apply computers to such control functions as ground-based conflict prediction, sequencing and spacing, and flow control.
Abstract: Digital computers are being applied in large numbers to air traffic control operations in the United States. By the mid-1970's, all U.S. en route traffic control centers and all busy terminals will be equipped with systems featuring digital computers which process flight plans and radar and beacon data into displays for air traffic controllers. Work is underway to further apply computers to such control functions as ground-based conflict prediction, sequencing and spacing, and flow control.
TL;DR: Bring your data processing problems to the 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference and you'll leave Atlantic City with new information, insights, ideas.
Abstract: Bring your data processing problems to the 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Whether it's hardware or software, personnel or performance, management or marketing, you'll leave Atlantic City with new information, insights, ideas.
TL;DR: Since the beginning of time, man has sought knowledge to explain phenomena and new techniques to simplify his tasks and technological evolution has occurred because man has been motivated to ask and resolve such questions.
Abstract: Since the beginning of time, man has sought knowledge to explain phenomena and new techniques to simplify his tasks. In these quests, he has ultimately dealt with four basic questions: 1) What is the problem? 2) How may the problem be solved? 3) How applicable is a given solution? and 4) Why does a solution yield a particular set of results? Technological evolution has occurred because man has been motivated to ask and resolve such questions.
TL;DR: State-of-the-art" real-time computer system techniques and their impact on airline operations and the "bottom line" are reviewed.
Abstract: State-of-the-art" real-time computer system techniques and their impact on airline operations and the "bottom line" are reviewed.
TL;DR: The most significant effects of LSI on the semiconductor manufacturer are in the areas of design and testing; techniques used in the past for simpler integrated circuits are inadequate for LSI.
Abstract: The complexity of integrated circuits has increased steadily over the past several years from circuits consisting of simple gates through Medium Scale Integration (MSI) and Large Scale Integration (LSI). Fabrication techniques for LSI have evolved from well-established integrated circuit technology. Because of the large physical size and the large number of components on the individual silicon die, production techniques have been substantially improved in order to maintain reasonable yields. However, the most significant effects of LSI on the semiconductor manufacturer are in the areas of design and testing; techniques used in the past for simpler integrated circuits are inadequate for LSI.