Showing papers in "Industrial Management and Data Systems in 1986"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed discussion of a data set compilation of hourly averaged interplanetary plasma and magnetic field parameters is presented, where the authors address data sources, systematic and random differences, time shifting of ISEE 3 data, and plasma normalization.
Abstract: Supplement 3 of the Interplanetary Medium Data Book contains a detailed discussion of a data set compilation of hourly averaged interplanetary plasma and magnetic field parameters. The discussion addresses data sources, systematic and random differences, time shifting of ISEE 3 data, and plasma normalizations. Supplement 3 also contains solar rotation plots of field and plasma parameters. Supplement 3A contains computer-generated listings of selected parameters from the composite data set. These parameters are bulk speed (km/sec), density (per cu cm), temperature (in units of 1000 K) and the IMF parameters: average magnitude, latitude and longitude angles of the vector made up of the average GSE components, GSM Cartesian components, and the vector standard deviation. The units of field magnitude, components, and standard deviation are gammas, while the units of field direction angles and degrees.
220 citations
TL;DR: This is a highly sophisticated, computer‐based information system which comprises a co‐ordinated collection of data models, reporting and analysis tools and supporting hardware and software that enables an organisation to gather information from its business and the marketplace and turn that data into a basis for action.
Abstract: Attention is now focusing on the use of sophisticated Decision Support Systems (DSS) as an invaluable tool in management decision making. This is a highly sophisticated, computer‐based information system which comprises a co‐ordinated collection of data models, reporting and analysis tools and supporting hardware and software. These enable an organisation to gather information from its business and the marketplace and turn that data into a basis for action. A particular set of skills and resources, both systems and people‐oriented, are required to implement a DSS. The hardware is universally available and the software is now beginning to appear. Both are becoming increasingly cheaper. This should enable many more companies to exploit decision‐making systems towards more effective management.
8 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the workplace responses from both sides of industry to new information technology and found that British management and industries are somewhat hesitant in responding to new technology, the British public is very "technologically minded" and could be a "winner" again by the year 2000.
Abstract: New information technology is having an increasing impact on industrialised countries. The workplace responses from both sides of industry are examined. While British management and industries are somewhat hesitant in responding to new technology, the British public is very “technologically minded”. This suggests that Britain is moving faster “in the right direction” than any other nation (bar Holland) and could be a “winner” again by the year 2000.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that without a common source, planning, implementation and measurement and control between various levels of management will be meaningless, and that the management approach remains largely tactical, expense-oriented and shortsighted.
Abstract: Prominent figures in the Information Systems (IS) industry have been propagating the need to integrate the information systems plan of a company with its strategic business plan. They have urged the executive level management to take an active part in charting the role of Information Technology (IT) in their organisation's present and future operations. The primary reason for this has been that the cost of data processing and communications has reached a critical level. A multi‐million pound operation cannot be run without executive systems direction and control. Without a common source, planning, implementation and measurement and control between various levels of management will be meaningless. Despite this, the management approach remains largely tactical, expense‐oriented and short‐sighted. Structures for strategic management of information systems and associated facilities have not yet clearly emerged. In an information systems environment, strategy implies plans, policies and commitment to use IT for exploiting business opportunities in order to achieve the corporate goals of an organisation. Because corporate objectives data, financial and budget data, resource usage, together with service and installations inventory data and personnel data already exist in computer‐readable form for large installations, this makes it easier to implement a computer‐based strategic installation management system.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, comic techniques are gaining acceptance as tools of business communication, and managers may not adopt a humorous approach themselves but should accept it in others and try to see the humour in situations.
Abstract: Until recently most managers were wary of using humour as a communication technique in the business setting, believing that the two did not mix. Now comic techniques are gaining acceptance as tools of business communication. Humour and laughter are coping skills. One of the most important tasks of a manager is to implement these skills throughout all levels of the firm to preserve the individual health of the employees and the entire firm. Humour can promote “good feelings” on the job and enhance oral presentations. Managers may not adopt a humorous approach themselves but should accept it in others and try to see the humour in situations. Those who do not want to employ humorous techniques should match it to the situation and/or audience, and never use it at the expense of an individual.
3 citations
TL;DR: The product life cycle is the cornerstone to understanding product/market behavior, but it is not well suited to the analysis of industrial markets as discussed by the authors, and therefore it is unsuitable for industrial markets.
Abstract: The product life cycle is the cornerstone to understanding product/market behaviour, but it is not well suited to the analysis of industrial markets. In the industrial marketplace technology can be isolated as the dominant variable, explaining variations in sales over time for a product category. New “high‐tech” firms must make the critical decision early in their life as to whether to follow their technology through its life cycle, adapting to the needs of each stage it goes through, or whether to specialise in one particular stage of technology and continually develop new products to replace those that progress to later stages of the technological life cycle.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of a successful and profitable firm, Recliners Unlimited, was used to demonstrate the benefits of using personal computers as a marketing tool and how to use them as a cost effective way of improving sales.
Abstract: Very few businesses are using personal computers as a marketing tool and are missing out on a cost‐effective way of improving sales. A course run by the Welsh Regional Management Centre at the Polytechnic of Wales and sponsored by the Manpower Services Commission demonstrates the returns which can be made. The programme is based on an actual case study of a highly successful and profitable firm, Recliners Unlimited. The programme provides tuition in using the computers and integrates this with the organisation of an advertising campaign with a direct mail shot and telephone follow‐up.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In the UK, a contract of employment does not have to be in writing as mentioned in this paper, which can cause problems for employees who may be aware of the basic terms of their employment, but not details such as overtime working.
Abstract: In the UK, a contract of employment does not have to be in writing. This can cause problems for employees who may be aware of the basic terms of their employment, but not details such as overtime working. The terms which consolidating legislation in 1978 set out are given. It is important that the terms and conditions in a contract are clearly understood by the employee. It is advised to have these terms set down in writing.
3 citations
TL;DR: Overall satisfaction with computer systems is greatly affected by user expectations, the number of systems and minicomputers, and central processing, which means that additional variables do not contribute significantly to the overall satisfaction of the computer system.
Abstract: The question of the location of computers, i.e. whether to have a centralised or decentralised processing system, is of particular concern to managers. A study carried out to measure the impact of computer location on user satisfaction shows that overall satisfaction with computer systems is greatly affected by user expectations, the number of systems and minicomputers. Microcomputers and central processing have a lesser effect on overall satisfaction. This means that additional variables do not contribute significantly to the overall satisfaction of the computer system. The implications of the study are discussed.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the challenge of decision-making under uncertain conditions and the absolute necessity of decision aids for the practising manager at nearly any level of the organisation and developed specific strategies for making effective decisions based on the amount of information available and the degree of environmental uncertainty.
Abstract: The appropriate use of decision strategies can be of marked benefit to effective decision making. The challenge of decision making under uncertain conditions and the absolute necessity of decision aids for the practising manager at nearly any level of the organisation are examined. Specific strategies are developed for making effective decisions based on the amount of information available and the degree of environmental uncertainty and a framework for selecting the correct strategy put forward, since these strategies are only appropriate given certain conditions.
2 citations
Abstract: Motivation is central to management. Previous work and practice has been based on the work of Maslow and Herzberg. This approach has not always been successful. A new theory, the social action theory of behaviour, is emerging. It argues that the understanding of behaviour needs to be expanded beyond an understanding of inner psychological needs to an understanding of the wider social setting in which behaviour takes place. Hence the task of managers is to understand what their workers, subordinates and even superiors actually think of themselves and their situation, what they want, and recognise the interpretation that they place on their work.
TL;DR: There has been a great deal of talk recently about the importance of training or re-skilling of the workforce in order to revitalise British industry, but little has been said about the training needs of managers, who face the same changes in their working environments.
Abstract: There has been a great deal of talk recently about the importance of training or re‐skilling of the workforce in order to revitalise British industry, but little has been said about the training needs of managers, who face the same changes in their working environments The Manpower Services Commission's (MSC) “A Challenge to Complacency” is pessimistic about managers' abilities to make a sufficient commitment to training At present training is low on company priority lists and suffers from financial cutbacks Ways to improve and standardise company training include a Queen's Award for Training and more emphasis on self‐learning, eg open learning A list of the MSC recommendations is included
TL;DR: By interconnecting data devices, a network facilitates the exchange of information through a company, providing a means of fast communication and allowing personnel to access the information they require to perform their jobs with the maximum of efficiency.
Abstract: By interconnecting data devices, a network facilitates the exchange of information through a company, providing a means of fast communication and allowing personnel to access the information they require to perform their jobs with the maximum of efficiency. Networking improves efficiency and lowers costs and can provide special electronic features, e.g. electronic mail. However many companies fail to implement a system successfully because they do not plan its introduction carefully. Data networking is a strategic investment and needs consideration of suitability to the company requirements, cost, and whether to buy from one or several suppliers. The Gandalf Digital Communications network is used as an example.
TL;DR: The combined power of high speed and large storage of the modern computer makes it an ideal tool for providing the basic information that will assist managers in making decisions as discussed by the authors, which can be used in general management, forecasting, inventory control, scheduling and product design and manufacture.
Abstract: The combined power of high speed and large storage of the modern computer makes it an ideal tool for providing the basic information that will assist managers in making decisions. Computers are a useful tool in manufacturing because the management of a modern plant is beyond the ability of a human brain to consider the effects, both direct and indirect, of all relevant factors which need to be taken into account if effective decisions are to be made. The computer can be used in general management, forecasting, inventory control, scheduling and product design and manufacture. As a result administrative costs are reduced, forecasting is more accurate, the work environment is improved, there is a smoother information and material flow, better product quality, better inventory control, improved deliveries and increased productivity and profitability.
TL;DR: A project approach to productivity and creativity is based on the premise that management cannot afford wage increases without a corresponding increase in productivity as discussed by the authors, which will provide a teamwork atmosphere among labour and management, both realising that the longevity of all members of the organisation is at stake.
Abstract: Significant wage and material price increases, coupled with only slight increases in organisational productivity, are forcing some companies to question their present approach to operational management. A project approach to productivity and creativity is based on the premise that management cannot afford wage increases without a corresponding increase in productivity. Employees can contribute to the organisation through new ideas, better work methods and cost reduction programmes. They want and need recognition and a sense of belonging to the company. A project approach will provide a “teamwork” atmosphere among labour and management, both realising that the longevity of all members of the organisation is at stake. Appointment of a productivity manager with corresponding project managers throughout the company will place the emphasis on increasing organisational efficiency and productivity of the firm.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of IT in British banking and its effects are discussed, and it has been suggested that management decisions on new technology be grounded in a carefully thought-out strategy, exploring the "why", "how" and "what if" questions raised by the development of an IT strategy: how it can be implemented, and what its effects were likely to be.
Abstract: Information Technology (IT) may lead to a change in a company's methods and personnel skills, leading to stress and strain within the “culture” of the organisation, and challenge the business, its methods and its objectives. Confronted by the potential impact of IT it has been suggested that management decisions on new technology be grounded in a carefully thought‐out strategy, exploring the “why”, “how” and “what if questions raised by the development of an IT strategy: how it can be implemented, and what its effects are likely to be. The use of IT in British banking and its effects are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outlined the factors for establishing a successful shareholder concession scheme, including the provision of an additional return to shareholders, the generation of shareholder goodwill and loyalty or increased sales.
Abstract: Many companies have introduced shareholder concession schemes, where the company provides a concession or “perk” on one or more of the company's products. Reasons for introducing such a scheme include the provision of an additional return to shareholders, the generation of shareholder goodwill and loyalty or increased sales. Whatever the reasons, some cost to the company is involved. Factors for establishing a successful scheme are outlined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the need for third-party companies to provide computer maintenance is certain to become more widespread as end users become more knowledgeable and specific in their requirements, and the strength of a thirdparty maintenance company is its ability to take on responsibility for the whole installation, its contract flexibility, its pricing structures, and ability to service any make of computer.
Abstract: The need for third‐party companies to provide computer maintenance is certain to become more widespread as end users become more knowledgeable and specific in their requirements. The strength of a third‐party maintenance company is its ability to take on responsibility for the whole installation, its contract flexibility, its pricing structures and its ability to service any make of computer. Points to look for in a reputable company are the availability of spare parts or interchangeable parts from other systems, back‐up facilities (i.e. back‐up machines) and the use of subcontracted service centres.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between personnel and data processing needs careful redefining to build a link between the two and Data Processing staff need to design and communicate an end-user strategy, which will only occur if the implementation of technology is matched by appraisal of skills and organisation within personnel departments.
Abstract: The computer systems developed during the 1960s and 1970s made very little impact on management decision. Management Information System design was constrained by three factors — the technology was large‐scale and inevitably centralised and controlled by data processing staff; the systems were designed by specialist staff who rarely understood the business requirements; and managers themselves had little knowledge or “hands‐on” experience of computers. In the 1980s a greater awareness of the need for planning and better use of personnel information, coupled with the development of distributed processing systems, has presented personnel management with opportunities to use computing technology as a means of increasing the professionalism of practising personnel managers. Effective use will only occur if the implementation of technology is matched by appraisal of skills and organisation within personnel departments. Staff will need a minimum level of computing expertise and some managers will need skills in modelling, particularly financial modelling. The relationship between personnel and data processing needs careful redefining to build a link between the two and data processing staff need to design and communicate an end‐user strategy.
TL;DR: In this article, forms of countertrade, its benefits to companies and countries, its disadvantages, and guidelines for countertrades are described using prudence and sound decision criteria practitioners may gain considerable benefits from this mode of trading.
Abstract: Countertrade is a widely used and important means for financing business transactions. Participation involves some serious risks and care should be taken in the selection of countertrade goods, partners and institutions. Forms of countertrade, its benefits to companies and countries, its disadvantages, and guidelines for countertrades are described. Using prudence and sound decision criteria practitioners may gain considerable benefits from this mode of trading.
TL;DR: In this paper, a project carried out as part of an in-company MBA program aimed to improve the overall profitability of UK storage installation sales and the quality of service offered to the client.
Abstract: Dexion Ltd are the UK‐based subsidiary of an American corporation, concerned with the manufacture and supply of storage and materials handling equipment. The study discussed here originates from a project carried out as part of an in‐company MBA programme. It aims to improve the overall profitability of UK storage installation sales and the quality of service offered to the client. The approach adopted concentrated primarily on information from in‐house sources due to the unwillingness of comparative companies to co‐operate. Much of the information came from in‐depth analysis of performance/trends of the three major UK sales regions, a series of interviews with key personnel involved in the installation process, and previously published in‐house reports. The recommendations will impact on people, the work and structure of the organisation, and its systems, all of which interact with one another. Therefore while many of the proposals will stand alone the full benefit will only accrue with the introduction ...
TL;DR: A model is proposed which illustrates the way in which data can be used intensively, comprising a marketing, production and financial sector, and the nature of the cost of information is considered.
Abstract: Most commercial organisations have the hardware and software to gather and process as much, if not more, information than they can use. If the amount of information is not controlled it can lead to increases in its cost. The nature of the cost of information is considered and a model proposed which illustrates the way in which data can be used intensively, comprising a marketing, production and financial sector. The more realistic the components of the total model, the better the job it will be able to do at both the tactical and strategic level.