Showing papers in "International journal of ambient energy in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a spherical buoy, which can perform heaving oscillation relative to a strut joined to an anchor on the sea bed for power take-off.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This paper describes a spherical buoy, which can perform heaving oscillation relative to a strut joined to an anchor on the sea bed. The buoy is supplied with latching means for optimum phase control and with an air turbine for power take-off. The electrical generator is rated at 0.4 MW. An estimate is given for the cost of a 200 MW power plant and for its annual energy production if placed off the west coast of Norway. The estimated electricity cost is approximately 4 p/kWh. At the present stage of the research, it is consequently not competitive with hydroelectric power plants in Norway. However. There are several options for cost reduction of a powerbuoy plant.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the experimental design of a second phase of research is presented: the results of which are expected to provide definite guidelines for the engineering requirements of a system capable of producing super-heated steam for the generation of electrical power.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS There exists within the crust of the earth a vast thermal resource of rock which is at elevated temperature but which lacks significant fluid flow to be exploited naturally. Measurements of heat flow made throughout the United Kingdom have identified the Cornubian batholith as such a structure, with an abnormally high geothermal gradient. Shallow depth field research has been conducted into the mechanics of linking wells together to engineer the required heat transfer area. This has shown that a combination fracturing technique, involving explosive stimulation and hydraulic pressurisation, has considerable advantages over the conventional hydraulic fracturing technique. The experimental design of a second phase of research is presented: the results of which are expected to provide definite guidelines for the engineering requirements of a system capable of producing super-heated steam for the generation of electrical power.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a test program of a completely fluorinated organic fluid solar engine at fluid temperatures around 250°C are presented, with a series of tests, carried out with a fuel fired heat source (simulating the actual solar heating loop).
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The results of a test programme of a completely fluorinated organic fluid solar engine at fluid temperatures around 250°C are Engine design characteristics. as deduced using the particular fluid properties are briefly described problems encountered in the preliminary test phase and relating to fluid losses, heat exchangers reduced performance and minor mechanical disturbances are illustrated together with the actions undertaken to improve the original engine behaviour. Detailed engine overall and components performance, as derived from a series of tests, carried out with a fuel fired heat source (simulating the actual solar heating loop) are presented. Engine efficiency, with reference to the net power output at the high speed shaft proved to be around 21%, at 250°C turbine inlet temperature which can be compared with 22.6% design value at the same temperature and with 23.6% original goal at 280°C top cycle temperature. The analysis of the heat transfer coefficients within the various heat exchan...
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance characteristics of a reflector-augmented collector have been determined, and the practical application of the principal results to single reflector and V-trough systems is discussed.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A planar reflector is preferred to curved alternatives as a concentrating or augmenting device for a flat-plate solar collector. The performance characteristics of a reflector-augmented collector have previously been determined, and are reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is placed on the practical application of the principal results to single reflector and V-trough systems. The usefulness of highly reflective, horizontal diffuse surface to a tilted collector, and the comparative performance of a faceted reflector containing two planar segments are also discussed.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report that a window with an open south facing aspect can admit large solar gains in cold but sunny conditions and will then reduce the need for back up heating.
Abstract: SUMMARY A window with an open south facing aspect can admit large solar gains in cold but sunny conditions and will then reduce the need for back up heating. In cold overcast conditions the same window will cause a bigger demand for heat to be placed upon the heating plant. The net energy need depends upon the local climate, the comfort temperature chosen, ventilation losses and the design of the window or glazed wall. A study is reported in which 50 years of jointly occurring daily values of temperature and irradiance at 53.4°N on a U.K. site are used. A rank order is suggested for the effectiveness of various constructions as energy saving components.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a laboratory installation and measuring program to investigate whether the extent of power consumption by the fan of an Air Solar Collector can be reduced to obtain a reasonable efficiency.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The paper describes a laboratory installation and measuring programme to investigate whether the extent of power consumption by the fan of an Air Solar Collector can be reduced to obtain a reasonable efficiency.
3 citations
TL;DR: The background to wind power installations in the U.K. and current developments are discussed in this paper, where a variety of different turbine designs being developed at a number of locations throughout the British Isles.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This review covers the background to wind power installations in the U.K. and outlines current developments. Many of the installations described were visited by the author in 1981 and several of the machines described are part of current research projects. There is a variety of different turbine designs being developed at a number of locations throughout the British Isles. These include established configurations such as the three-blade upwind horizontal-axis Aldborough Generator but also new designs such as the variable geometry multi-hinged design at Bembridge on the Isle of Wight.
2 citations
TL;DR: A brief overview of the Chemical Heat Pump Program is presented, serving as a basis for system designs applicable to space and offering the capability for high-density energy storage as an integral part of the system.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A brief overview of the Chemical Heat Pump Program is presented. Program background, rationale. technology description, and research and development needs are addressed. Chemical heat pumps comprise reversible reactions which can be driven by low-grade heat. Thermal energy is absorbed in one direction and liberated in the reverse direction: thus, serving as a basis for system designs applicable to space. conditioning or process heat management and offering the capability for high-density energy storage as an integral part of the system.
2 citations
TL;DR: The NBRI originally developed a pipe type integral solar water heater for use in low income dwellings as discussed by the authors, which was subsequently adapted by a number of manufacturers to suit manufacturing procedures and utilise more durable materials.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The NBRI originally developed a pipe type integral solar water heater for use in low income dwellings. This design was subsequently adapted by a number of manufacturers to suit manufacturing procedures and utilise more durable materials. The integral unit is relatively inexpensive and simple to install and operate. Its solar efficiency is high but it has the disadvantage that the water in the unit cools during the night. The integral unit unit is inherently frost resistant in a mild winter climate because of the large waterways and small exposed surface area. Those units currently available are water and hail resistant and are of durable construction. The integral solar water heater, when used as a stand-alone water heating system, is much more cost-effective than the alternative of an electrical geyser or a geyser combined with a solar water heater.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of renewable energy sources and how and on what scale they can contribute at both local and national level is presented, together with the present state of development and recent cost estimates.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The paper surveys renewable energy sources and considers how and on what scale they can contribute at both local and national level. The present state of development and recent cost estimates are given in most cases. together with brief mention of the current research effort on each source.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an abbreviated account of developments in the application of solar energy in Japan investigated by the author during a study tour of Japan and Australia in April-May 1980 is given.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This paper gives an abbreviated account of developments in the application of solar energy in Japan investigated by the author during a study tour of Japan and Australia in April–May 1980. A complete account in Swedish is given in references (1).
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive series of feasibility studies concerning various energy conversion concepts for geopressured-geothermal fluids has been carried out, from reservoir simulation to surface plant performance, and results have been developed in parametric form so that important physical limitations and economic compromises can be identified.
Abstract: A comprehensive series of feasibility studies concerning various energy conversion concepts for geopressured-geothermal fluids has been carried out. These studies encompass the complete energy delivery system, from reservoir simulation to surface plant performance, and the results have been developed in parametric form so that important physical limitations and economic compromises can be identified. Geopressured fluids contain three forms of energy: hydraulic, thermal and chemical (due to dissolved methane). The present paper presents typical results for wellbore flow characteristics along with performance of surface plants for conversion of thermal and hydraulic energy components. Thermal recovery plants are expected to employ either direct flash or organic Rankine cycle units; results from both configurations are presented. In addition, performance results for two organic working fluids are given. The extreme importance of gas recovery from geopressured fluids is also illustrated. Even partial recovery of dissolved gas may provide an energy output which is equivalent to the combined thermal and hydraulic components. Conversely, it seems unwise to discard all thermal and hydraulic energy and employ a geopressured fluid as solely a carrier for dissolved methane.
TL;DR: In this paper, the design of evacuated collectors developed in various laboratories is reviewed and the research and development work on all glass evacuated collector at the University of Sydney is discussed In detail Long-term comparative test data for flat plate and evacuated collectors and the projected economics of large volume manufacture of all-glass collectors indicate the viability of evacuated collector for applications such as domestic water heating.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The design of evacuated collectors developed in various laboratories is reviewed and the research and development work on all glass evacuated collector at the University of Sydney is discussed In detail Long-term comparative test data for flat plate and evacuated collectors and the projected economics of large volume manufacture of all-glass collectors indicate the viability of evacuated collectors for applications such as domestic water heating.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a design strategy for an optimum heat pump installation, focusing on thermal storage, energy management, and heat recovery and Motive Power of the heat pump.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Commencing from the basic overall design strategy for an optimum heat pump installation, the paper reviews the key design parameters—Thermal Storage, Energy Management. Heat Recovery and Heat Pump Motive Power. The paper also considers refigeration aspects of the Heat Pump and suggests areas for improvement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented results of simulations of a solar heated house using a heat pump using the program TRNSYS from the University of Wisconsin USA, although some subroutines were modified because in the original form they were not applicable to the present work.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The paper presents results of simulations of a solar heated house using a heat pump. To perform these simulations, the program TRNSYS, from the University of Wisconsin USA was used although some subroutines were modified because in the original form they were not applicable to the present work. The heat pump routine was changed completely for example and the modelling of the very simple solar collectors—with neither glazing nor back insulation as used in the solar system—is new. A house with various collector areas and storage volumes was studied for the climatic conditions applicable to the South of France. The simulations were repeated for a slightly colder climate.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case is proposed for rational use of exhaust ventilation as a heat source for roof mounted greenhouses which would add significantly to agricultural land resources with little adverse effect on urban life and minimum energy use.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A case is proposed for rational use of exhaust ventilation as a heat source for roof mounted greenhouses which would add significantly to agricultural land resources with little adverse effect on urban life and minimum energy use.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a highly insulated house operated under simulated occupancy and heated by an air-water heat pump during 1978-80 was described, which was one of four BRE low energy house laboratories, was heated continuously to 20°C.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This paper describes the performance of a highly insulated house operated under simulated occupancy and heated by an air-water heat pump during 1978–80. The house, which was one of four BRE low energy house laboratories, was heated continuously to 20°C. Although underfloor heating coils were employed. (in order to provide a low condensing temperature for the heat pump) the control of internal temperatures was largely satisfactory being within ± 2°C of the mean value on over 85% of occasions. The seasonal coefficient of performance of the heat pump for space and hot water heating was 2.3 which in primary energy terms corresponds to a natural gas boiler of about 70% efficiency. The heat demand of the dwelling at −1°C was 3.8 kW which was close to the expected value and the heat pump required backup heating only during some defrosts. The backup heating system was used in the true supplementary mode only on 2 days during the winter of 1978/79.
TL;DR: In this paper, the requirements for data to enable designs, performance predictions, and cost analyses to be made for passive solar buildings are considered in the context of requirements for a representative selection of other solar energy applications.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS The requirements for data to enable designs, performance predictions, and cost analyses to be made for passive solar buildings are considered in the context of the requirements for a representative selection of other solar energy applications. It is shown that the measurements needed at this point in time range from samples of precise details of certain characteristics of solar radiation at time intervals of a few seconds, to estimated solar parameters typical of general climatic conditions at seasonal intervals over time periods of decades. It is concluded that no single set of instruments or data base will ever satisfy the requirements of all potential users. Data requirements are classified under four broad categories and a strategy is suggested whereby specific requirements for data could be obtained at an acceptable cost and accuracy within the framework of a national monitoring network.
TL;DR: In this paper, the simulation model results for a sample agricultural wind energy application are presented for a hypothetical winter wheat and sorghum farm, and the simulation results are used to evaluate the performance of the application.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This paper contains simulation model results for a sample agricultural wind energy application The sample application depicts a hypothetical winter wheat and sorghum farm.
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment of the point of economic competitiveness of solar technologies in France is given and the case of the solar hotwater heater and the solar heatina of houses and flats is discussed.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS An assessment of the point of economic competitiveness of solar technologies in France is given. Payback period criterion and Cost-Benefit Analysis are discussed for the case of the solar hotwater heater and the solar heatina of houses and flats. Macroeconomic obstacles to the penetration of solar energy are considered along with financial efforts in favour of solar energy and the part played by solar energy in the energy balance in the year 2000.