Showing papers in "International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering in 2010"
TL;DR: Oh et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a simple model to predict the variation of modulus of elasticity with respect to matric suction for unsaturated coarse-grained soils (i.e., sandy soils with plasticity index, I p = 0).
Abstract: A simple model was proposed by Oh et al. (2009) to predict the variation of modulus of elasticity with respect to matric suction for unsaturated coarse-grained soils (i.e., sandy soils with plasticity index, I p = 0). This model requires the modulus of elasticity under saturated condition ( E sat ) and the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve ( SWCC ) along with two fitting parameters (α and β). In the present study, this model has been extended and a general model has been proposed such that the modulus of elasticity can be estimated for all soils (i.e., both coarse- and fine-grained soils). The proposed model is developed using model footing and in-situ plate load test results of six different unsaturated soils. The study shows that there is a good comparison between the measured and the predicted modulus of elasticity with respect to matric suction for all the six soils whose plasticity index, I p values are in the range of 0 to 16%.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative advantages of placing different reinforcing materials like geotextile, biaxial or uniaXial geogrid, geocell layer and tire shreds at the interface of subgrade and base course are studied in terms of increase in load carrying capacity and reduction in rut depth.
Abstract: This paper presents results of field studies on unpaved low volume roads constructed over weak subgrade using geosynthetic reinforcement. The relative advantages of placing different reinforcing materials like geotextile, biaxial or uniaxial geogrid, geocell layer and tire shreds at the interface of subgrade and base course are studied in terms of increase in load carrying capacity and reduction in rut depth. The rut depths measured in three different test sections when subjected to moving vehicle load simulated by the passage of a scooter on the road at uniform speed for a maximum of 250 passes are compared to understand the relative efficiency of each of these reinforcing materials in reducing the rut formation in unpaved roads. Traffic benefit ratios were also compared for different reinforced test sections.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative density at the maximum unit weight of compaction is expressed as a function of the median grain size, and the compaction energy, and a simple and unique correlation is developed where the relative densities predicted by the correlation provided values which were within ±10% of those obtained from the laboratory tests.
Abstract: Laboratory test results of 55 clean sand samples to determine the maximum and minimum void ratios as well as the void ratios at maximum unit weights of compaction based on standard Proctor tests (600 kN-m/m^3), reduced standard Proctor tests (300 kN-m/m^3), modified Proctor tests (2700 kN-m/m^3), and reduced modified Proctor tests (1300 kN-m/m^3) are presented. Based on the test results, a simple and unique correlation is developed where the relative density at the maximum unit weight of compaction is expressed as a function of the median grain size, and the compaction energy. The relative densities predicted by the correlation provided values which are within ±10% of those obtained from the laboratory tests.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the swell and swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the ini cation of the soil and the water level in the soil.
Abstract: Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the ini...
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the seismic bearing capacity of spread and embedded foundations near slopes has been analyzed using a pseudo-static approach and the seismic forces consisted of a horizontal load applied to the foundation and the inertia of the soil mass.
Abstract: The seismic bearing capacity factors of spread and embedded foundations near slopes have been analytically investigated. The pseudo-static approach was used and the seismic forces consisted of a horizontal load applied to the foundation and the inertia of the soil mass. The upper-bound method of limit analysis was employed and a non-symmetrical failure mechanism was proposed. This mechanism comprises a triangular active wedge, a logarithmic spiral shear zone and a passive wedge. The shear transfer coefficient was introduced to calculate the seismic bearing capacity of spread foundations with variable shear transfer at the base of foundations. The validity of the results from the present analysis was confirmed by comparing with the results proposed by other investigators. Finally, the lowest upper-bound solutions of the seismic bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations near slopes were presented in the form of design charts for practical use in geotechnical engineering. It has been shown that...
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the geotechnical engineering characteristics of biosolids at the Western Treatment Plant (WTP) in Melbourne, Australia were investigated and presented in this paper, including consolidation, triaxial shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, compaction, California bearing ratio, Atterberg limits, particle density and particle size distribution.
Abstract: Biosolids is the end product of the wastewater treatment process. An innovative research project on biosolids is currently being undertaken in Melbourne, Australia to characterize its geotechnical characteristic which is essential to evaluate the performance of biosolids in various geotechnical applications. The geotechnical engineering characteristics of biosolids at Western Treatment Plant (WTP) in Melbourne, Australia was investigated and presented in this paper. The tests undertaken include consolidation, triaxial shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, compaction, California Bearing Ratio, Atterberg limits, particle density and particle size distribution.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal extension of modified Cam-clay model is developed to simulate the mechanical behavior of saturated clays for triaxial condition in a fixed temperature higher than ambient one and up to 100°C.
Abstract: A thermal extension of modified Cam-clay model is developed in this research. Presented model is able to simulate the mechanical behavior of saturated clays for triaxial condition in a fixed temperature higher than ambient one and up to 100°C. The model deals specifically with deviatoric loading after increase in temperature of soil and thus, isothermal loadings are not considered in present formulation. According to previous studies, increase in temperature causes a reduction in void ratio. However some experimental data confirm the assumption that this reduction is dependent on stress level of soil element. A generalized approach for considering the effect of stress level on magnitude of clays thermal dependency in compression plane is proposed in this paper. The comparison between model simulated results and some previous experimental data available in literature shows satisfactory performance of the model for predicting thermo-mechanical behavior of clayey soils.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, shaking table tests were conducted on small scale embankment slopes to study their behaviors under dynamic conditions and failure surfaces developed during induced motion were fairly shallow and confined within the slope surfaces.
Abstract: The shaking table tests were conducted on small scale embankment slopes to study their behaviors under dynamic conditions. The model embankment slopes were built in a rigid box with a length of 1.0 m, width of 0.90 m and height of 0.48 m. Medium grained local sand with a water content of 3% was used in the study. Three slope angles, 30??, 35?? and 40?? were considered for the embankment. Three slope heights of 15 cms, 18 cms and 21 cms were considered for each slope to observe the effect of slope height during a ground motion. All the nine slope models were tested under the peak ground acceleration of 0.1 g. The acceleration and deformation at the base and the crest of model slopes were monitored to find the responses of embankments under dynamic condition. The failure surfaces developed during the induced motion were fairly shallow and confined within the slope surfaces. The failure surfaces were circular in the upper part of the slopes. At the toe of the slopes, bulging and translational movements ...
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the microfabric and mineralogical changes in an expansive soil from Siruseri (South-East Chennai, Tamilnadu, India), when treated with inorganic additives such as Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride, were determined.
Abstract: This paper describes the microfabric and mineralogical changes in an expansive soil from Siruseri (South-East Chennai, Tamilnadu, India), when treated with inorganic additives such as Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride. The engineering and index properties and mineralogical composition of the untreated and treated soil were determined. The soil particles have been found to get altered and new products are formed in the case of the calcium hydroxide treated samples. The fabric becomes more flocculated and the microfabric results indicate the formation of new aggregations and bindings due to the addition of the stabilizer. The X-ray diffraction tests on the treated samples indicated a shift in the basal spacing and reduction in peak intensities which is due to the formation of the flocculated structure. This shows that the stabilizing effect of an effective additive brings a change in the microfabric and mineralogy, which causes a change in the engineering and index properties of the original so...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the maximum and minimum void ratios (emax and emin) and the void ratios at the optimum water content from standard and modified Proctor compaction tests (es and em) were determined.
Abstract: Laboratory tests on 55 clean sand samples were conducted to determine the maximum and minimum void ratios (emax and emin) and the void ratios at the optimum water content from standard and modified Proctor compaction tests (es and em). The void ratios [emax, emines, and em] and, hence, the relative density of compaction (Dr) have been correlated to the median grain size (D50) of soils. Predicted values of Dr give results within a range of ±5% compared to those obtained from laboratory tests. The proposed expressions are valuable in compaction control of earthwork and would be well received in the development of compaction specifications.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt has been made to model and analyze the footings, having finite flexural rigidity, lying on granular bed-stone column-reinforced poor soil system.
Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and analyze the footings, having finite flexural rigidity, lying on granular bed-stone column-reinforced poor soil system. The granular bed placed over stone column reinforced earth beds has been idealized by the Pasternak shear layer. The natural occurring poor soil has been idealized as Winkler springs and stone columns have been idealized as stiffer Winkler springs. Nonlinear behavior of granular bed, natural occurring soil and the stone columns has been considered in the analysis and has been incorporated by means of hyperbolic constitutive relationships. Governing differential equations for the soil-foundation system have been obtained and finite difference method has been adopted for solving these by means of Gauss-Elimination iterative scheme. A detailed parametric study for a combined footing subjected to concentrated column loads at its edges has been carried out to study the influence of various parameters on the flexural response of the f...
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical model, referred to as the compaction-induced stress (CIS) model, is developed for evaluation of compactioninduced straining in an unreinforced soil mass.
Abstract: When an earth fill is subject to loading and subsequent unloading, it will bring about an increase in the lateral stress, provided that there is sufficient constraint to lateral deformation of the soil mass. The increase in lateral stress is commonly known as the "residual" or "lock-in" lateral stress. The residual stress resulted from compaction operation, which involves a series of loading and unloading onto a soil mass, is referred to as "compaction-induced stress" (CIS). The CIS will increase the stiffness and strength of the soil mass, and is an important factor to be considered in the behavior of compacted soil. A number of studies have been conducted on the CIS in an unreinforced soil mass. With a reinforced soil, the CIS is likely to be much more pronounced because there is a higher degree of constraint to lateral deformation in a reinforced soil mass due to soil-reinforcement friction. An analytical model, referred to as the CIS model, is developed for evaluation of compaction-induced str...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of non-plastic fines on liquefaction resistance of Gujarat sand has been studied in terms of void ratio, relative density and sand skeleton void ratios at 15 cycles of loading.
Abstract: To study the effect of non-plastic fines on liquefaction resistance of Gujarat sand, the cyclic triaxial tests have been carried out on sand-silt mixtures with fines content varying from 0 to 50%. The specimens were prepared by moist tamping under compaction procedure at different relative densities. Stress controlled, undrained tests have been performed on the samples consolidated under the pressure of 100 kPa for cyclic loading with CSR varying from 0.075 to 0.275. Pore pressure and axial strain responses are analyzed for the soils tested under various dense conditions. Liquefaction resistance is evaluated in terms of void ratio, relative density and sand skeleton void ratios at 15 cycles of loading. The test results show that the liquefaction resistance decreases as the fines content increases. Sand skeleton void ratio provides an index to estimate the combined effect of fines content and void ratio on liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures.
TL;DR: In this paper, an effort is made to correlate the compaction characteristics of poorly graded sand with the percentage of fine sand present in it, and the changes in maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content are studied.
Abstract: For preliminary design and assessment, various researchers have correlated the compaction characteristics with different soil properties. In this study, an effort is made to correlate the compaction characteristics of poorly graded sand with the percentage of fines present in it. Plastic and non plastic fines are added to poorly graded sands in varying quantities and the changes in maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content are studied. It has been found from the studies that the addition of fines up to a certain amount increases the maximum dry unit weight of poorly graded sands and the amount of increase depends on the uniformity coefficient value of the sand.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of KCl on swelling characteristics of soil, three types of expansive soils were used having different initial plasticity indices, and they were mixed with various proportions of kCl; these are: 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% by weight of dry soil.
Abstract: Some clay minerals suffer significant swell and shrink when exposed to wetting and drying respectively. The different electrical forces acting within the particle-pore fluid system is one of the reasons behind this behavior. These forces are influenced by the type and concentration of ions present in the pore fluid. To study the effect of KCl on swelling characteristics of soil, three types of expansive soils were used having different initial plasticity indices. The soils were mixed with various proportions of KCl; these are: 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% by weight of dry soil. The purity of the used KCl was more than 99%. The investigation showed that the addition of 5.0% KCl was the most beneficial in reducing the optimum moisture content, increasing the maximum dry density, reducing the free swell and the swelling pressure. The main findings of this study were indicated by the cyclic tests of wetting and drying. Even for the extreme conditions where the soils were subjected to many cycles of wetting ...
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element method to model soft cohesive soil, granular trench soil, and the reinforcement material by using a computer program called SIGMA/W was provided, where the behavior of both cohesive and granular soils is simulated by nonlinear-elastic soil model (hyperbolic model), while the linear elastic model was used to simulate the reinforcement materials.
Abstract: Numerous methods have been used in the past and recent time to enhance the bearing capacity of the soils, depending on the type of the structure, available equipments, and the properties of the soil. The use of granular trench (two-dimensional plane strain condition of stone column) is one of these methods. This paper provides a finite element method to model soft cohesive soil, granular trench soil, and the reinforcement material by using a computer program called (SIGMA/W). The behavior of both cohesive and granular soils is simulated by nonlinear-elastic soil model (hyperbolic model), while the linear-elastic model was used to simulate the reinforcement material. The angle of friction of trench soil, modulus of elasticity of reinforcement material, depth, width and shape of the granular trench, locations, and number of the reinforcement layers were varied. The sloped granular trench was analyzed in two cases; lined and unlined conditions. The results showed that use of granular trench...
TL;DR: In this paper, a reliability-based methodology for the evaluation and selection of appropriate field pullout tests is proposed for the determination of the design bond strength of soil-nail interface.
Abstract: Field pullout testing of soil nails is identified as the appropriate method for studying the nail-soil interaction and assessing the performance of soil nail walls The primary objective of this study is to highlight the importance and practical applications of field pullout tests in the design and performance assessment of soil nail walls Bond strength of soil-nail interface is the essential parameter in the design of soil nail walls Field pullout tests provide valuable inputs for the selection of appropriate design bond strength In this paper, a reliability based methodology for the evaluation and selection of appropriate field pullout tests is proposed for the determination of the design bond strength The proposed methodology is illustrated with reference to the field pullout tests on soil nails conducted at a local site
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation behavior of marine clay under reclamation fills and surcharge was carried out by the finite element method with the Plaxis 2 dimensional numerical modeling software, which included the modeling of the consolidation behavior of the marine clay with and without prefabricated vertical drains.
Abstract: The Changi East Reclamation Project in Singapore consists of land reclamation and ground improvement works of the foreshore for the future expansion of the Changi International airport. Modeling of the deformation behavior of marine clay under reclamation fills and surcharge was carried out by the finite element method with the Plaxis 2 dimensional numerical modeling software. The analyses included the modeling of the consolidation behavior of marine clay under reclamation fills with and without prefabricated vertical drains. Modeling of the marine clay with vertical drains was carried out by both the axi-symmetric unit cell and full-scale analysis methods. Modeling of marine clay which was not treated with prefabricated vertical drains was carried out by means of full-scale analysis. The numerical analysis of marine clay deformation with and without vertical drain was carried out at two case study locations namely the Pilot Test Site and In situ Test Site. The test sites comprise of vertic...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of isotropic consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted on three carbonate sands with different physical properties and particle breakage potential, and the results showed different compressibility, shear behavior and shear strength parameters.
Abstract: A series of isotropic consolidated drained triaxial tests were conducted on three carbonate sands with different physical properties and particle breakage potential. Tests were performed on loose and dense ungrouted and loosely grouted specimens. Two sands were obtained from north shores of Persian Gulf, south of Iran, named Kish and Hormoz sands. Another sand was taken from south of England named Rock sand. Some of specimens were cemented using injection of a chemically grout named sodium silicate. Effects of grains physical properties on the shear behavior and strength of grouted sands under constant conditions such as initial relative density (before consolidation), grout, confining pressure and loading are studied. Tests results showed different compressibility, shear behavior, shear strength parameters, deformability and particle breakage for the studied sands. Totally, bonding the particles to each other improves the shear strength parameters and reduces the compressibility of soil. However,...
TL;DR: In this paper, the pore pressure ratio of the pond ash is evaluated in terms of pore water pressure ratio (pw ratio) and the effects of spacing of stone-sand columns on liquefaction resistance of the lake ash have been studied.
Abstract: Aim of this paper is to demonstrate improvement in liquefaction resistance of the pond ash (fly ash) due to its strengthening with stone-sand columns. Tests were carried out on a vibration table (shake table) to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of the pond ash without and with stone-sand columns. In the present study, the liquefaction resistance is evaluated in-terms of pore pressure ratio ( r u ). The effects of spacing of stone-sand columns on liquefaction resistance of the pond ash have been studied. Tests results indicate that the addition of stone-sand columns increases the liquefaction resistance of the pond ash significantly. Further, increasing the number of stone-sand columns, the liquefaction resistance of the pond ash increases considerably. This also decreases significantly the time for building-up of maximum pore pressure; duration for which maximum pore pressures stays and total time for dissipation of pore water pressure which indicates decrease in drainage path. ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a few theories are available for predicting uplift capacity of rectangular/square anchors for civil engineering projects to resist uplift loads, and the theoretical mappings of the uplift capacities of anchors are discussed.
Abstract: Horizontal anchors are widely used in civil engineering projects to resist uplift loads. A few theories are available for predicting uplift capacity of rectangular/square anchors. The theoretical m...
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of vertical single piles embedded in reinforced and non-reinforced cohesionless soil has been investigated with the help of small-scale model tests, and the results show that the pullout resistance increases with the concrete surface roughness, sand density and the inclusion of a reinforcing layer.
Abstract: The behavior of vertical single piles embedded in reinforced and non-reinforced cohesionless soil has been investigated with the help of small-scale model tests. These piles were installed in sand of different relative densities ( D r = 30 and 60%) and subjected to pullout loads of different inclinations. The model pile pullout tests were conducted using three reinforced concrete circular piles with different surface conditions (smooth, smooth with necking and bulging, and rough). The influence of sand reinforcement with geogrid on the uplift performance of the model piles was investigated. These investigations were carried out by varying the inclination of the pullout load, the embedded depth of reinforcement, the number of reinforcement layers, and the length of the reinforcement layer. The test results show that the pullout resistance increases with the concrete surface roughness, sand density and the inclusion of a reinforcing layer. It was also found that the effectiveness of ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of secondary compression or creep on response of ground reinforced with granular piles is analyzed and the variations of settlement of the reinforced ground, the settlement reduction factor, the load sharing between the GP and the in situ soil, the stress concentration ratio, shear stress, with depth, time, swell ratio, creep ratio, area ratio, stiffness factor and normalized applied stress are estimated and presented.
Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of effect of secondary compression or creep on response of ground reinforced with granular piles. The variations of settlement of the reinforced ground, the settlement reduction factor, the load sharing between the GP and the in situ soil, the stress concentration ratio, shear stress, with depth, time, swell ratio, creep ratio, area ratio, stiffness factor and normalized applied stress are estimated and presented. Typical variations of void ratio with log effective stress at selected depths, and variation of mobilized overconsolidation ratio with time, are also presented. Results indicate that the in situ soft ground gets unloaded during creep, causing it to become lightly overconsolidated, another beneficial aspect of treating soft soils with granular piles. The new phenomenon of overconsolidation of in situ soil in granular pile reinforced ground, due to creep is very different from the pseudo-preconsolidation effect proposed by Bjerrum.
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt has also been made to evaluate geotechnical site characterization by carrying out in situ tests using different in situ techniques such as standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration tests(CPT) and multi channel analysis of surface wave (MASW) techniques.
Abstract: Geotechnical engineers use in situ tests for site characterization. In this paper, an attempt has also been made to evaluate geotechnical site characterization by carrying out in situ tests using different in situ techniques such as standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration tests(CPT) and multi channel analysis of surface wave (MASW) techniques. For this purpose a typical site was selected wherein a man made homogeneous embankment and as well natural ground has been met. For this typical site, in situ tests (SPT, CPT and MASW) have been carried out in different ground conditions and the obtained test results are compared. Three CPT continuous test profiles, fifty-four SPT tests and nine MASW test profiles with depth have been carried out for the selected site covering both homogeneous embankment and natural ground. Relationships have been developed between V s , ( N 1 )60 and q c values for this specific site.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the numerical modeling of the pile jetting process, the lateral extent of the spread of pore pressure zone around the jetted pile and the effect of piling jetting on the vertical load carrying capacity of adjacent piles.
Abstract: A recent technique of pile installation of pre-cast piles without noise or vibration is the use of pile jetting. Water jets at high pressures are used to drive the piles that temporarily liquefy the soil thus allowing the pile to penetrate into the ground under their self-weight. This technique is utilized under conditions where control of construction induced vibration is essential, such as amidst existing structures within a city zone. Due to the excessive water velocity introduced in jetting, soil in the immediate neighbourhood is eroded thus creating a narrow water path along which eroded material is brought to the surface. This paper discusses the numerical modeling of the pile jetting process, the lateral extent of the spread of pore pressure zone around the jetted pile and the effect of pile jetting on the vertical load carrying capacity of adjacent piles. Finite element analyses were performed in two phases using ABAQUS. The results from the analyses clearly illustrate the extent of the so...
TL;DR: In this article, the ultimate uplift resistance of a group of two strip anchors embedded in sand and subjected to equal magnitudes of vertical upward pullout loads has been determined by performing a series of small scale model tests.
Abstract: The ultimate uplift resistance of a group of two strip anchors embedded in sand and subjected to equal magnitudes of vertical upward pullout loads has been determined by performing a series of small scale model tests. In the chosen experimental setup, by simulating the boundary conditions along the vertical plane of symmetry mid-way between the two anchor plates, a single anchor plate was employed rather than using both the anchor plates. For different combinations of embedment ratio of anchors and friction angle of soil mass, the effect of clear spacing between the two anchors, was brought out. It was clearly noted that the ultimate pullout capacity of the anchors decreases continuously with a decrease in the spacing between the anchors. The experimental results obtained in this paper were found to compare reasonably well with the available theoretical data from literature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation on thermo-mechanical behavior of normally consolidated (NC) soft Bangkok clay specimen under drained and undrained heating condition were presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on thermo-mechanical behavior of normally consolidated (NC) soft Bangkok clay specimen under drained and undrained heating condition...
TL;DR: The Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore involved the filling of approximately 200 million cubic meters of sand for the reclamation of a total land area of about 2500 hectares as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Since the early 1990's till early 2000s, the Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore involved the filling of approximately 200 million cubic meters of sand for the reclamation of a total land area of about 2500 hectares. The land reclamation works were carried out in 5 phases. The edges of the newly reclaimed land in the project were either retained by vertical retaining structure or coastal shore protection rock bund with suitable slopes and stability berms. Land reclamation was carried out using fill materials derived from dredging granular material from the seabed at the borrow source. Prefabricated vertical drains with surcharge were used extensively in the project to accelerate the consolidation process. In addition, the hydraulically placed sandfill was densified by using various deep compaction methods. Geotechnical instruments were required to monitor the settlement and pore pressure during the consolidation of soft soil. During the implementation of the 5 phases of la...
TL;DR: In this article, a variably saturated numerical flow model is developed for seepage and stability analyses of an embankment dam with a central core, and the seismic effects on the stability of both upstream and downstream slopes are carried out using Pseudo Static approach.
Abstract: Seepage and slope stability analyses are prerequisites for the safe design of embankment dams. In the present study, a variably saturated numerical flow models is developed for seepage and stability analyses of an embankment dam with a central core. The numerical model solves the variably saturated unsteady state seepage through a vertical section of the dam by fully implicit finite difference scheme. The pore water pressure obtained from the seepage analysis is employed to compute the downstream slope factor of safety under full reservoir condition and upstream slope factor of safety under sudden drawdown using modified Bishop's method. The seismic effects on the stability of both upstream and downstream slopes is carried out using Pseudo Static approach. It is observed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity has significant effect on the factors of safety of both upstream and downstream slopes. Further, it is found that the seismic effects reduce the factors of safety of both upstream and down...
TL;DR: The bentonite-based material is well established in several countries as potential barriers and a seal for waste disposal system as discussed by the authors. But the properties of bentonite vary widely depending on its origin.
Abstract: The bentonite-based material is well established in several countries as potential barriers and a seal for waste disposal system. The properties of bentonite vary widely depending on its origin. Be...