Showing papers in "International Journal of Green Pharmacy in 2017"
TL;DR: This review focuses on the compilation of medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-aging and anti-wrinkling agents along with their chemical constituents based on their possible molecular mechanism of action.
Abstract: Skin ageing is a complex multifactorial process occurring in all living beings. It generally comprises two independent and distinct processes, i.e., intrinsic, age-dependent or chronological aging and premature aging, or photoaging which is the result of undue exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Photoaging can be prevented or the effects of photoaging can be reduced by the use of certain anti-aging and anti-wrinkle agents. The extracellular matrix (ECM) which forms the outermost part of skin comprises fibroblasts and proteins such as collagen and elastin. Degradation of ECM is directly linked to skin aging and is responsible for the increase in activity of certain enzymes such as collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase (HYAL) that are involved in skin aging. With aging there is decrease in the levels of elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid which leads to loss of strength and flexibility of skin and appear as wrinkles on the skin. Further, the increase in the activity of collagenase, elastase, and HYAL is triggered by the high levels of reactive oxygen species produced when the skin is exposed to excessive UV radiations leading to skin aging. Today, in the age of modern science and advanced technology, although many techniques such as laser rejuvenation, plastic surgery, and lots of synthetic products such as sunscreen lotions, creams are available yet, there is a place for natural, herbal anti-aging cosmetics. Various botanical extracts have the power to reduce the appearance of skin aging and enhance the beauty of the skin. Medicinal plants have several phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, carotenoids, and terpenoids which possess antioxidant properties and can be used in treating the signs of aging. Some plants contain phenolic compounds which have free-radical scavenging property and can suppress aging. Some plants or their extracts possess several other constituents that may have the capability of inhibiting various enzyme such as HYAL, elastase, and matrix metalloproteinases enzyme that play a major role in skin aging. Some of them may possess the free radical scavenging or antioxidant property to fight against the signs of aging. This review focuses on the compilation of medicinal plants and natural compounds as anti-aging and anti-wrinkling agents along with their chemical constituents based on their possible molecular mechanism of action. The present review will facilitate the scientists working in this area for the development of new anti-aging and anti-wrinkle formulations with better efficiency and safety.
33 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study conclude that acetone extract of date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L) contains significant potential for pharmaceutical applications, in the field of antibacterial and anticancer drug discovery.
Abstract: Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the anticancer and antibacterial activity of date seeds and its phytochemical composition. Materials and Methods: Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed using date seed powder using biochemical assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the phytochemical contents in the extract. MTT assay was carried out to study the cytotoxicity of the seed extracts against HCT-15 (human coloretal cancer) cells. Antibacterial activity was studied using agar well diffusion method, against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Results: GC-MS analysis of acetone and chloroform extract of date seeds suggests that acetone extract contains majorly of aliphatic molecules and chloroform extract contains aromatic molecules. Cytotoxicity study showed that acetone extract is highly cytotoxic with inhibitor concentration 50 (IC50) value at 20 μg/ml and chloroform extract is moderately cytotoxic with IC50 value at 100 μg/ml concentration against HCT-15 cells. Antibacterial study showed that chloroform extract had no antagonistic activity against bacteria, whereas acetone extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity with a zone of inhibition of 17 mm and 20 mm against B. cereus and E. coli, respectively at 1 mg/ml concentration. Conclusion: Results of this study conclude that acetone extract of date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L) contains significant potential for pharmaceutical applications, in the field of antibacterial and anticancer drug discovery.
22 citations
TL;DR: Tulsi plant is a good source of natural products mainly phyto-constituents and EO which can be used as alternative medicine for the treatment of various ailments and human health problems but proper composition and appropriate formulation is required before being used.
Abstract: The present review article explains medicinal and therapeutic uses of Tulsi plant in traditional medicine. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum [OS] Linn.) is an aromatic plant belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is traditionally used for preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations for treatment of bronchitis, influenza, and asthma. Hot concoction of Tulsi leaves is usually provided for immediate relief in cold, sneezing nose, cough, malaria, and dengue. This article explains the biological effectiveness of OS against diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancers, respiratory diseases, arthritis, various microbes, and parasites. Tulsi extracts and its various bio-organic constituents showed antioxidant activity, anti-atherogenic effect, anti-aging, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antistress, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, antihelmintic, repellent and larvicidal activity. Tulsi active ingredients showed anti-inflammatory properties and also play a role in modulation of both cellular and humeral immunity. Plant shows healing properties in hepatic injury and gastric ulcer. It relieves from stress, restore and improve body immunity and digestion. Ocimum basilicum L. contains (-)-linalool, eugenol and methyl chavicol, methyl chavicol (93.0%), gamma-caryophyllene as major constituents. Minor oil constituents are (+)-delta-cadinene, 3-carene, alpha-humulene, citral, and (-)-trans-caryophyllene. Tulsi oil contains high alpha-linolenic acid contents mainly eicosanoid precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids which are anti-inflammatory in nature. Tulsi also contains camphor, caryophyllene oxide, cineole, methyleugenol, limonene, myrcene, and thymol, which are known insect repellents. Its essential oil (EO) can be used to abate the growth of mosquitoes and control malaria. It is a good repellant and can be used for deterring flies, mosquitoes and insects. No doubt Tulsi plant is a good source of natural products mainly phyto-constituents and EO which can be used as alternative medicine for the treatment of various ailments and human health problems but proper composition and appropriate formulation is required before being used.
21 citations
TL;DR: This review compiles information available in the scientific literature from databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, India bioscience.org, Herbs - Medicinal plant usage and Identification Database, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha, Missouri Botanical Garden, National Medicinal Plants Board, and the International Plant Names Index.
Abstract: Rauwolfia serpentina is reported in an Ayurvedic medicinal system for centuries, for the treatment of various ailments such as snakebites, insomnia, hypertension, and insanity. Scientific evaluation of these documents can be valuable for finding new potential use in neurological disorders. The work presents the brief overview of R. serpentina including a description of the plant, its active chemical constituents and pharmacological properties with the major emphasis on cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. This review compiles information available in the scientific literature from databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, India bioscience.org, Herbs - Medicinal plant usage and Identification Database, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha, Missouri Botanical Garden, National Medicinal Plants Board, and the International Plant Names Index. Information gathered from the literature has shown that the alkaloids are the major constituents of the plant imparting various pharmacological properties. Reserpine, the Indole alkaloid, is the most active compound of R. serpentine. The plant is known to possess antidiarrheal, antimicrobial activity apart from using it for the treatment of circulatory disorders, rheumatism, hypertension, insanity, epilepsy, and leaves are used in the removal of opacities of the cornea. Research shows that R. serpentine is a potential source of compounds pertaining medicinal applications. It provides an interesting subject in the search for new drugs of natural origin.
19 citations
TL;DR: The presented review is an attempt to classify all types of nutraceuticals with examples followed by their applications in the treatment of various disorders.
Abstract: The term “nutraceuticals” can be explained as the food items as a whole or a part which possesses some nutritional value along with the medicinal properties. This special feature, besides providing good health, leads to treatment and prevention of certain diseases. With the advancements in the qualitative and quantitative determining parameters, the requisition of these products has been found to be amplified. Due to this, the nutraceutical market has become a million dollar industry at a global level. The era of emergence of nutrients as medicines in the pharmaceutical world is of great importance and draws attention of scientists and researchers toward the appreciable benefits. The history and discovery has explored many facts about the remarkably profound therapeutic activities of such agents. As a result, interdisciplinary approaches are now been applied to design and develop various dosage forms to deliver these herbal products relative to their applications. The extensive researches have revealed the involvement of these agents in the treatment of many disorders such as cancer, arthritis, metabolic abnormalities, diabetes, asthma, and many others. The presented review is an attempt to classify all types of nutraceuticals with examples followed by their applications in the treatment of various disorders. Furthermore, the implementation of the designing and development of dosage forms for offering better delivery carrier of the nutraceuticals, the importance and challenges have also been enumerated.
19 citations
TL;DR: Asafoetida is used in the prevention and treatment of several problems such as unwanted abortion, unusual pain, sterility, and mainly ailment for women such as difficult and excessive menstruation and leukorrhea.
Abstract: Ferula asafoetida Linn. is a chief source of Asafoetida, a sturdy, obstinate and sulfurous odor, and oleo-gum-resin of medicinal and nutritional significance. Asafoetida is used in food as a flavoring agent and also has been used as traditional medicine for many diseases in the world. Recent studies have shown numerous promising activities mostly muscle relaxant, memory enhancing, digestive enzyme, antioxidant, antispasmodic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, anxiolytics, and anthelmintic activities. It is used in the prevention and treatment of several problems such as unwanted abortion, unusual pain, sterility, and mainly ailment for women such as difficult and excessive menstruation and leukorrhea. Moreover, it is used for stomach pressure, flatulence, low acid levels in the stomach, and loose stools. This review deals with study of various phytoconstituents, pharmacological, and therapeutic effects of Asafoetida.
16 citations
TL;DR: M. pruriens has been shown to have antiparkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its antioxidant activity and used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac.
Abstract: The plant Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is an established herbal drug, widely known as “velvet bean,” a vigorous annual climbing legume originally from Southern China and Eastern India, where it was at one time widely cultivated as a green vegetable crop. It has been shown that its seeds are potentially of substantial medicinal importance. The ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, traditionally used M. pruriens, even to treat such things as Parkinson’s disease. M. pruriens has been shown to have antiparkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its antioxidant activity and used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac.
16 citations
TL;DR: The presence of various bioactive compounds in T. coriacea proved the pharmaceutical importance, and plants can be used for the development of potential, novel antioxidant agents for the treatment of many diseases.
Abstract: Aim: This study aimed to investigate the bioactive constituents from methanolic extract of Terminalia coriacea leaves using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract obtained was subjected to GC-MS for the determination of bioactive volatile compounds. GC-MS analysis was carried out using 6890 GC with 5973 I MSD column. Results and Discussion: The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of 14 bioactive compounds with valuable biological activities. The major chemical constituents are 1H-inden-1-one,2,3-dihydro-3,3,5,6,- tetramethyl; levoglucosan; neophytadiene; phytol; hexadecanoic acid; n-hexadecanoic acid; stigmasterol; β-sitosterol; raffinose; 1,2-benzenedi carboxylic acid; undecanoic acid; (2 propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl) acetic acid; 2,2 dimethyl propane, and octadecatrienoic acid. Conclusion: The presence of various bioactive compounds in T. coriacea proved the pharmaceutical importance. It can be concluded that the plant investigation has opened up a new perspective in pharmaceutical research, and plants can be used for the development of potential, novel antioxidant agents for the treatment of many diseases.
15 citations
TL;DR: Yden’s test proved to be an efficient and helpful tool for the robustness evaluation for assay of captopril by UHPLC and showed to be greatly robust concerningCaptopril content, at the introduction of variation in seven analytic parameters.
Abstract: Introduction: Robustness tests were originally introduced to avoid problems in interlaboratory studies and to identify the potentially responsible factors. This means that a robustness test was performed at a late stage in the method validation since interlaboratory studies are performed in the final stage. Thus, the robustness test was considered a part of method validation related to the precision (reproducibility) determination of the method. However, performing a robustness test late in the validation procedure involves the risk that when a method is found not to be robust, it should be redeveloped and optimized. At this stage, much effort and money have already been spent in the optimization and validation, and therefore one wants to avoid this. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rubustness of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) determination of captopril in tablets using Youden’s test. Materials and Methods: An efficient method to assess the robustness of analytical methods is by Youden’s test, by means of an experiment design which involves seven analytical parameters combined in eight tests. In the recent studies, we assessed the robustness of a chromatographic method to quantify captopril in tablets using Youden’s test. Results: Using the Youden’s test criteria, UHPLC method showed to be greatly robust concerning captopril content, at the introduction of variation in seven analytic parameters. The highest variation in captopril content was 0.96%, when was used column Nucleosil C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm with a particle size of 5 μ). Using column Ascentis Express C18 Fused-Core® technology (column size 4.6 mm × 150 mm with a particle size of 5 μ) reduces the retention time of captopril more than 2 times. Conclusion: Youden’s test proved to be an efficient and helpful tool for the robustness evaluation for assay of captopril by UHPLC.
13 citations
TL;DR: Wider use of plant gums in generation of drug delivery system for cancer and brain tumor therapy is suggested, because of their broad-spectrum biological effectiveness.
Abstract: The present review explains nutritional, therapeutic, and pharmaceutical potential of plant gum that is commonly applied to water-soluble, non-starch polysaccharides of commerce This article also emphasizes commercial and domestic uses of important products of gum such as chicle and jelutong mainly non-elastic gums or chewing gums These are also used in food, pharmaceutical, paper textile, and other industries The present review also explains various biological activities such as antidiarrheic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antiparasitic, gastrourinary, antitumor, antiparasitic, antioxidant, chemopreventive, and gastroprotective activity of plant gums These reduce stomach inflammation, system cleansing or to settle the intestines Other uses for mesquite gum include treatment for lice, sore throat, cough, laryngitis, fever reduction, painful gums, and hemorrhoids and it can be used as a purgative Gum arabic is a water-soluble dietary fiber rich in Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ that is used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease It increases creatinine clearance, enhances renal excretion of antidiuretic hormone, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and decreases plasma phosphate concentration as well as urinary excretion of phosphate and Na+ Gums are used as adhesives, crystallization inhibitors, emulsifying agents, emulsion stabilizers, encapsulating agents, film formers, foam stabilizers, suspending agents, suspension stabilizers, or syneresis inhibitors and impart other specific properties The gum is also used to a limited extent in polishes, contact insecticides and pesticides, photographic emulsions, and pharmaceuticals This article suggests wider use of plant gums in generation of drug delivery system for cancer and brain tumor therapy There is no doubt that chemical constituents of plant gums can be largely used for making therapeutic drugs because of their broad-spectrum biological effectiveness
12 citations
TL;DR: Evaluating the drug utilization pattern of Ayurveda, Unani medicines and folk medicine in comparison to the drug from the modern system (allopathy system) in rural areas of Mewat, Haryana found the CAM therapies have more acceptability in the general public because of their perceived high safety, lesser cost and accessible to thegeneral public.
Abstract: Introduction: The study was conducted to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of Ayurveda, Unani medicines and folk medicine in comparison to the drug from the modern system (allopathy system) in rural areas of Mewat, Haryana. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional questionnaire-based community survey. The 300 healthy adult male volunteers more than 18 years of age participated in the survey in city Nuh of the district Mewat after obtaining the oral consent. All the participants were literate. Main Outcome Measures: The participants were asked about the experiences with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) medications in four different categories. Firstly; their preferences for using Ayurvedic, Unani, herbal, dietary supplements, home remedies or any other external preparation for disease. Second, whether they took the medicine by their own initiative, AYUSH doctor, Pharmacist and on recommendation of any other friend and family members. Third, perceived experiences of the medication taken as effects, side effects and do not know. Fourth, the conditions for which the medication was taken. Results: There was widespread utilization of Ayurveda (62%), Unani (74%) and other traditional therapies (76%) alternatively or complementarily for the different afflictions. The CAM was preferred by 60% of the respondents and 71% consider it to be more effective over allopathy. The majority (83%) sought the CAM treatment on family and friend’s recommndations. Conclusions: The CAM therapies have more acceptability in the general public because of their perceived high safety, lesser cost and accessible to the general public. However, the health-care infrastructure for providing acceptable CAM therapy is still lacking.
TL;DR: Folk medicinal uses of the taxonomically identified Apocynaceae plants can be potential source of lead compounds or novel drugs for the treatment of wide range of diseases/problems such as antidote to poisonous bite, malaria, cancer, diabetes, liver diseases, skin problems, gynaecological problems, and reproductive tract infections.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to highlight the folkloric uses of Apocynaceae plants among the ethnic and tribal communities of India. India is rich in its cultural heritage. All climatic zones in Indian subcontinent make it a hub of varied Flora. Around 54 plant species of the Apocynaceae family works as medicine among the tribes (scheduled caste - 16.6%, scheduled castes - 8.6%) and villagers as home remedy or as a therapy provided by the local vaids. The presence of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids, iridoids, and terpenoids make Apocynaceae family as the fifth valuable medicinal plant family in Angiosperms. Folk medicinal uses of the taxonomically identified Apocynaceae plants can be potential source of lead compounds or novel drugs for the treatment of wide range of diseases/problems such as antidote to poisonous bite, malaria, cancer, diabetes, liver diseases, skin problems, gynaecological problems, and reproductive tract infections. This trend is an emerging discipline called reverse pharmacology approach, i.e., from “laboratory to clinic” to “clinics to laboratories”.
TL;DR: The plant can be used to treat diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, prevention, and control of phytopathogens and oxidative damage caused by free radicals, and to characterize active principles from the plant and to determine their biological activities.
Abstract: Aim: This study aims to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of leaf, stem, and inflorescence of Pleocaulus sessilis (Nees) Bremek belonging to Acanthaceae Materials and Methods: The leaves, inflorescences, and stems were separated, dried under shade, powdered, and extracted using methanol by maceration process Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out by standard phytochemical tests Antibacterial and antifungal activity was carried out by agar well diffusion and poisoned food technique, respectively Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing assays Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method was employed to estimate the total phenolic content of extracts Results and Discussion: Flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and phenols were present in all three extracts Extracts were inhibitory to all test bacteria with maximum activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae Overall, inflorescence extract exhibited high inhibition of test bacteria when compared to other extracts Extracts were effective in reducing mycelial growth of test fungi Leaf extract was more effective against test fungi followed by inflorescence and stem extracts All extracts exhibited dose-dependent radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity Leaf extract exhibited marked antioxidant activity when compared to other two extracts The leaf extract scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals with an inhibitory concentration value of 2716 μg/ml and 916 μg/ml, respectively Total phenolic content was high in leaf extract (11213 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) followed by inflorescence (8565 mg GAE/g) and stem (4242 mg GAE/g) extracts Conclusion: The plant can be used to treat diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, prevention, and control of phytopathogens and oxidative damage caused by free radicals Further studies are to be carried out to isolate and characterize active principles from the plant and to determine their biological activities
TL;DR: This review summarizes the existing information for comparison between the different species of Hippophae in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities reported for sea buckthorn plant published in scientific journals, books, and scientific reports.
Abstract: Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) widely known as “Sea buckthorn” is a wonderful plant found in the Himalayan region with multiple pharmacological and commercial benefits. Sea buckthorn plant exhibits a broad range of therapeutic uses as an effective natural remedy for cancer, inflammation, central nervous system diseases, wound healing, microbial infections, and many more medical conditions. Common constituents of Hippophae species are flavonoids, unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Presently, research work is going on various sea buckthorn based products which are available in the market for medicinal, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. This review summarizes the existing information for comparison between the different species of Hippophae in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities reported for sea buckthorn plant published in scientific journals, books, and scientific reports.
TL;DR: Although a number of herbal medicines are recommended for RA, further research is required to investigate their safety, efficacy, and potential drug interactions.
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, sustained inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with articular, extraarticular, and systemic effects. It is characterized by synovial inflammation, hyperplasia, leading to destruction of articular cartilage, bone erosion, and ultimately permanent deformities. Conventional treatments for RA include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs, corticosteroids, and biological agents. All these therapeutic agents are associated with one or more side-effects, and none of the available treatments are able to achieve the ultimate therapeutic goal, i.e., drug-free remission. Herbal remedies are alternative source to relieve symptoms in patients having RA as well as to overcome the drawbacks associated with present treatment methods. A study conducted by the World Health Organization had reported that about 80% of world’s population relies on traditional medicine. More than 450 plants belonging to 100 families are used traditionally in management of arthritis. Some of the important natural compounds reported toexhibit anti-arthritic potential includes anthroquinone (Aloe barbadensis), with anolides (Withania somnifera), terpenes (Zingiber officinale, Boswellia serrata), polyphenols (Camellia sinensis), stilbene (Vitis vinifera, Tripterygium wilfordi). Although a number of herbal medicines are recommended for RA, further research is required to investigate their safety, efficacy, and potential drug interactions.
TL;DR: Results revealed the potential nutraceutical values of spinach which can further explored to effectively use it by preparing suitable formulation.
Abstract: Background: A proper diet is the best source of complete nutrition which provides strength, complexion, and vitality. Nutraceuticals and dietary supplement are the functional food that promotes the health and manage the disease. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy vegetable and considered a good source of nutrients. Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the nutritional value and evaluate in vitro antioxidant as well as antidiabetic potential of spinach. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of spinach was prepared using Soxhlet extraction technique which was subjected for physicochemical, nutritional value determination along with the OH - scavenging, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and α-amylase inhibition activity. Result and Discussion: The results suggested the good nutritional values such as total crude fiber 4.55 ± 0.244% w/w, proteins 0.052 ± 0.0068% w/w, oils and fats 0.72 ± 0.036% w/w, carbohydrate 61.95 ± 0.382% w/w, Vitamins A 26.85 ± 0.154 μg, and Vitamins C 19.66 ± 0.21 μg. Further, methanolic extract of spinach showed the antioxidant activity and antidiabetic effect with an inhibitory concentration of 3.03 μg/mL, 6.03 μg/mL and 3.046 μg/mL for OH- scavenging, DPPH inhibition and α-amylase inhibition, respectively. Conclusion: Results revealed the potential nutraceutical values of spinach which can further explored to effectively use it by preparing suitable formulation.
TL;DR: Low US frequencies show more therapeutic efficiency in wound healing compared with high frequencies, and the therapeutic effects of US depend on dose (W/cm2) and dosage (frequency of application).
Abstract: Objective: Ultrasound (US) waves have unique characteristics that making them promising option for treatment of different soft tissue injuries particularly wounds. The mechanisms of actions of this technique in the treatment of soft tissue are not fully understood. This paper aimed to comprehensively review the biological interactions and mechanism of action of US waves in the treatment of chronic wounds. Methods: The databases of PubMed (1990-2016), EMBASE (1990-2016), Web of Sciences (1990-2016), and Google Scholar (1980-2016) were searched using the set terms “US waves” and “wound treatment,” “mechanism of action” and “soft tissue injuries,” and “biologi8cal interaction.” The title and abstract of the collected results were reviewed by two authors, and the relevant papers were selected for further evaluations. Results: The mechanisms of action depend on the US physical parameters as well as exposure factors including duration and injury type. The main mechanisms of US waves for wound healing are enhancing the rate of inflammatory phase, stimulating fibroblasts to secrete collagen, enhancing extensibility of collagen, circulation, pain threshold, enzymatic activity, permeability of cell membrane, and accelerating nerve conduction. Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of US depend on dose (W/cm2) and dosage (frequency of application). Low US frequencies show more therapeutic efficiency in wound healing compared with high frequencies
TL;DR: In vitro, anticoagulant activity studies results demonstrated that leaf extract N. nucifera possesses pharmacologically active anticoAGulant components which could be helpful in preventing blood clotting disorders.
Abstract: Aim: Hemostasis is the process of formation of clots within the walls of damaged blood vessels. To prevent abnormal bleeding and to maintain intravascular blood in a fluid state, in this study we aimed to evaluate the possible anticoagulant effect of leaf extracts of Nelumbo nucifera. Materials and Methods: The aqueous, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts of N. nucifera at different concentrations were tested for in vitro prothrombin time (PT) test. The in vitro anticoagulant effects of different extracts of N. nucifera in different concentrations 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.062 g/ml were examined using plasma, collected from blood samples of normal individuals by measuring PT. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and saline in distilled water were used as a negative and positive control, respectively. The extract plasma was subjected to anticoagulation activity and was compared with EDTA-plasma and saline plasma. Results: The methanol leaf extract of N. nucifera was found to inhibit coagulation process in 60 min: 3 s in 0.5 g/ml. The time taken for clotting at the concentration of 0.5 g/methanol leaf extract showed the moderate effect of 10 min:20 s with respect to control while ethyl acetate extract showed the least effect of 8 min: 23 s compared to control. Overall, the concentration of 0.5 g/ml of leaf extract showed a maximum effect in all the tested extracts with respect to other concentrations 0.25, 0.125, and 0.062 g/ml. Thus, N. nucifera methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate leaf extract in different concentrations inhibits clot formation and increases the PT in a dose-dependent manner. The observed prolonged prothrombin activity could be due to the presence of certain phytochemical constituents in the crude extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids and steroid compounds in the crude extract and further, the active principles could be isolated and evaluated for clinical or physiological purposes. Conclusion: In vitro, anticoagulant activity studies results demonstrated that leaf extract N. nucifera possesses pharmacologically active anticoagulant components which could be helpful in preventing blood clotting disorders. Thus, in future N. nucifera leaf could be used as a supplementary source of natural anticoagulant.
TL;DR: The misuse of topical corticosteroids has a huge impact on dermatological practices which needs multi-dimensional interventions, involving educational, lawful and managerial approaches to overcome it.
Abstract: Background: Owing to the rampant availability in the market, corticosteroids, the mainstay in the treatment of diverse dermatological conditions, is frequently used for their palliative effect leading to its misuse in medicine practice. This study aimed to monitor the utilization pattern of corticosteroids and to analyze the rationality of drug usage in a dermatology outpatient department setup. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in which patients attending dermatology department, receiving corticosteroids in any form were included in the study. Demographic profile, clinical presentation, and undergoing treatment plan were recorded on a prestructured, customized data collection sheet. Trends in steroidal prescribing were duly analyzed. Results: A total of 328 prescriptions were analyzed during the entire study period. A number of drugs per prescription varied from 1 to 3 with an average of 2.01. Of 328 prescriptions analyzed, the most common indications requiring corticosteroid prescribing was eczema, followed by psoriasis, dermatitis, vitiligo, etc. Most of the corticosteroids prescribed were given topically (86.21%). Of the total topical corticosteroids prescribed, trend revealed that high potency corticosteroids were majorly prescribed (38%), followed by those of ultra-high potency (35%) and medium potency (19%). Most commonly prescribed steroids were clobetasol, followed by betamethasone dipropionate, mometasone, prednisolone, respectively. Conclusion: The misuse of topical corticosteroids has a huge impact on dermatological practices which needs multi-dimensional interventions, involving educational, lawful and managerial approaches to overcome it. Irrational prescribing of corticosteroids must thus be minimized which subsequently will avoid polypharmacy and related drug interactions.
TL;DR: The ability of U. picta to exert anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects was demonstrated in experimental models of rats.
Abstract: Introduction: Uraria picta (Jacq.) commonly known as Prishnaparni, is one of the important ingredients of the 10 herb formulation called “Dashmula,” used for the treatment of fever and inflammation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanol extract of the roots of U. picta (UPME) at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. in experimental models of rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract was performed by egg albumin-induced and formalin induced rats paw edema. Paracetamol (PCM)-induced liver injury model was used to explore the hepatoprotective activity of UPME. Results: Methanolic roots extract showed significant activity against both models of inflammation. UPME (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced inflammation in egg albumin and formalin treated in dose-dependent manner. Administration of PCM 2000 mg/kg induced liver injury in rats, and therefore, increased the level of enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood. Administration of UPME 400, 200 and 100 decreased the level of enzymes ALT, ALP and AST significantly which were found comparable with the standard drug silymarin 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the ability of U. picta to exert anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects.
TL;DR: Overall, leaf extract exhibited marked bioactivities than flower extract, which can be used to treat microbial infections and oxidative damage and to manage fungal diseases.
Abstract: Objectives: The objective of the present study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial, radical scavenging, and insecticidal activity of leaf and flower of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. (Lecythidaceae). Methods: Extraction of leaf and flower was carried out by maceration process using methanol. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts was carried out by agar well-diffusion method and poisoned food technique, respectively. Radical scavenging activity of extracts was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Insecticidal activity of extracts was evaluated in terms of larvicidal and pupicidal effects against Aedes aegypti. Results: Leaf extract displayed marked antibacterial activity when compared to flower extract. Highest and least inhibitory activity of extracts was observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, respectively. Both extracts displayed antifungal activity with highest activity exhibited by leaf extract. Highest and least susceptibility were shown by Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp., respectively. Both extracts scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals dose dependently. Leaf extract (IC50 = 19.61 μg/ml) caused marked DPPH radical scavenging potential than flower extract ((IC50= 257.13 μg/ml). IC50 value of ABTS radical inhibition of leaf and flower extract was found to be 7.63 and 53.34 μg/ml, respectively. Larvicidal and pupicidal activity by extracts was concentration dependent. The susceptibility of larvae and pupae to extract was in the order: 2nd instar larvae > 4th instar larvae > pupae. Leaf extract displayed marked insecticidal activity when compared to flower extract as revealed by lower LC50 values. Conclusion: Overall, leaf extract exhibited marked bioactivities than flower extract. The plant can be used to treat microbial infections and oxidative damage and to manage fungal diseases. The plant can be used against mosquito vectors which transmit arboviral diseases.
TL;DR: There was created a new hybrid of H. officinalis L. – Volokonovsky, suitable for using as a plant for the green building, as well as for commercial seed growing, which has high-seed productivity, potential melliferous capacity, and good decorative properties.
Abstract: Background and Objective: The south of European Russia (geographically - the southern part of the Central Russian Upland) has large biological and plant genetic resources. There is a concept considering the region as the second anthropogenic microgen center of formation of economically valuable plants. In the south of the Central Russian Upland, the genus Hyssopus L. is represented by two species: Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan. and Hyssopus officinalis L. We accomplished the study of biological resources of species of the genus Hyssopus L. in vivo and in vitro. Several geobotanical expeditions were carried out to identify local, stable in space and time, self-renewal cenopopulations of the species Hyssopus L. which have a number of economically useful traits. Methods: There were revealed vast populations of the species H. Cretaceous Dubjan in Belgorod region, particularly in Alexeyevsky disrtict. The frequency of occurrence of the species amounts 26.7%, and on the, especially, protected natural territory of the tract Varvarovka it can reach 75.0%. The species H. cretaceous Dubjan. is also distributed on chalky slopes of the river basins Quiet Pine (Tichaya Sosna), Black Kalitva (Chernaya Kalitva), Aidar, and Demina. With the aim of introducing, and reintroducing, as well as the industrial production of raw materials there was created a collection of valuable ecotypes of H. cretaceous Dubjan. in vitro. Results: The vast population of H. officinalis L. was found on the slopes of the Oskol River near the villages Lower and Upper Lubyanka of Volokonovsky district of Belgorod region. The starting material of the wild population formed the basis for the creation of a new hybrid of H. officinalis L. – Volokonovsky. The hybrid is suitable for commercial seed growing. Seed productivity of the hybrid Volokonovsky is more than 350 kg/ha. Conclusion: As a result of the completed research, there was created a new hybrid of H. officinalis L. - Volokonovsky. The hybrid has high-seed productivity, potential melliferous capacity, and good decorative properties. It is suitable for using as a plant for the green building, as well as for commercial seed growing.
TL;DR: The role of nanotechnology which increases the potential as well as sale of herbal drugs in global world is elaborating.
Abstract: Natural herbs are moving from fringe to mainstream use with a increase number of population-seeking remedies and health approaches free from hazardous side effects caused by laboratory synthesize chemicals. Recently, focus has been given to utilize eco-friendly and bio-friendly natural-based products for the prevention and cure of diseases. It is documented that 80% of the world’s population has belief in natural medicine, particularly plant-based drugs for their primary healthcare. Herbal drug generally introduce in the market in traditional dosage form but now different scientific approaches are being developed these days to deliver herbal medicines due to their poor rate of absorption and target specific approach. Novel drug delivery systems including nanoparticles have been developed for the effective delivery of herbal drugs. Nanoparticulate formulations such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micro-emulsions, proliposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles present potential to deliver herbal medicines effectively. Because of nanotechnology, the use of herbal drug is greatly increased in recent years. In this article, we are try to elaborating the role of nanotechnology which increases the potential as well as sale of herbal drugs in global world.
TL;DR: The developed early diagnosis of leukemia will improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprise recovery from the infection as the isolation of infected animals during the earliest period is one of the priority tasks during the implementation of health programs.
Abstract: Aim: For the first time, the Ural region reported positive results on the study of syncytial test diagnostic value at an early detection of the cattle leukemia virus carriers. Method: Study includes an intraperitoneal infection of laboratory animals (small ruminants) by the leukocyte suspension containing viral material. To perform the comparative diagnostic studies, they developed a group of animals kept in isolation, weekly studied by serological (infectious disease requisition [IDR] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), molecular genetic (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]), cultural (ST) diagnostic research starting from the 6th day after infection. Results: Performed laboratory studies confirmed the diagnostic value of direct method identification concerning the causative agent of cattle leukemia. Thus in the earliest period (13 days) after the artificial infection of laboratory animals, they revealed a positive reaction in the syncytial method of research, which is confirmed by the controls. Positive PCR was revealed in 21 days, during the third study, and IDR and ELISA were revealed only on the 37th day (week 5). Conclusion: The developed early diagnosis of leukemia will improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprise recovery from the infection as the isolation of infected animals during the earliest period is one of the priority tasks during the implementation of health programs.
TL;DR: Details exploration of morphology, taxonomy, folk medicinal use and pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of M. spinosa are included in an attempt to provide a direction for future research.
Abstract: Traditional and folk remedies are known to mankind for thousands of years and continue to be the source of new medicines in future. Meyna spinosa Roxb., belonging to the family Rubiaceae, is a promising folk medicinal plant of India. The plant is distributed in the North Eastern and Southern part of India, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, and Malaya. This plant has a long history of use in folk medicine, especially among the different tribes and ethnic people of India. M. spinosa traditionally been used for the treatment of skin infection, headache, diabetes, hepatic disorder, dysentery, indigestion, intestinal worm, and painful urination. It is also important for its abortifacient activity. In spite of its huge ethnomedicinal use very few phytochemical and pharmacological investigations have been carried out on M. spinosa. The plant parts have been investigated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activity. Few flavonoids, triterpenes, phytosterols, hydroxy acid, and fatty alcohol are isolated from the plant. The present article includes details exploration of morphology, taxonomy, folk medicinal use and pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of M. spinosa in an attempt to provide a direction for future research.
TL;DR: This study demonstrated the antiurolithiatic activity of the ethanolic extract of P. vulgaris seeds against EG-induced renal calculi in Wistar rats and significantly restored the in vivo antioxidant enzymes by decreasing the lipid peroxidation in the kidney.
Abstract: Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic potential of the ethanolic extract of the seed of Phaseolus vulgaris (EPV). Materials and Methods: Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male Wistar rats was induced by ethylene glycol (EG) (0.75% v/v) and ammonium chloride (1% w/v) administration in drinking water. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug, and EPV was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. Both preventive and curative effects of EPV were evaluated. Urinary biochemical parameters such as calcium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid and creatinine; deposition of calcium and oxalate in the kidney; and serum uric acid, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were assessed. Creatinine clearance was calculated. Oxalate associated oxidative stress in the kidney was assessed by estimating in vivo antioxidant parameters such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione. Histopathological studies of the kidney were carried out. Results: In the preventive and curative disease-control groups, urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and their deposition in the kidney were significantly increased. Elevated levels of phosphate and uric acid in urine and uric acid, creatinine, and BUN in serum were observed in both the control groups. Creatinine clearance was reduced in the control groups. On treatment with cystone and EPV, all the urinary, serum biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters were reversed to almost normal values. Cystone and EPV significantly restored the in vivo antioxidant enzymes by decreasing the lipid peroxidation in the kidney. This study demonstrated the antiurolithiatic activity of the ethanolic extract of P. vulgaris seeds against EG-induced renal calculi in Wistar rats.
TL;DR: The lower concentrations of leaf extract showed good anti-inflammatory activity and anti-helminthic activity, but higher concentrations gave relatively more projecting activity as compared with standard drugs.
Abstract: Aim: To evaluate membrane stability and anti-helminthic activity of bioactive compounds isolated from the leaves of A. indica through soxhlet extraction. Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were collected, cleaned, dried at 37°C and boiled with ethanol for extracting secondary metabolites. The crude extracts were examined for membrane stability by HRBC membrane stabilization and heat induced haemolysis methods using Spectrophotometer. Similarly anti-helminthic activity was evaluated using earthworms of 8-10 cm in length and 0.3-0.4 cm in width and compared the results with standard drug Albendazole. Results and Discussion: Ethanolic extract of A. indica showed 98.63% for 1:1 dilution and 18.33 % for 1:2 dilution of preservation in hypotonic solution of HRBC and 16.06% protection against heat induced haemolysis. Similarly extract showed anthelmintic activity at lower concentration of 25 mg/ml against P. posthuma. The lower concentrations of leaf extract showed good anti-inflammatory activity and anti-helminthic activity, but higher concentrations gave relatively more projecting activity as compared with standard drugs. Conclusion: Study indicates that, these extracts could be an alternative for the synthetic drugs available in the market and further studies are needed before the pharmacological properties of A. indica can be utilized in therapy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of polyherbal hair oil for the treatment of common hair problems such as baldness, alopecia, hair fall, gray hair, dryness, and most common dandruff was reviewed.
Abstract: Aim: This study aimed at reviewing the importance of polyherbal hair oil for the treatment of common hair problems such as baldness, alopecia, hair fall, gray hair, dryness, and most common dandruff Materials and Methods: The various herbal ingredients are used in the formulation are: Amla, Bhringraj, Yashtimadhu, Triphala, Henna, Neem, Aloe vera, hibiscus flowers, coconut oil, cow milk, grated coconut, and water All ingredients provide essential nutrients such as vitamin, antioxidant, protein, terpenoids, and many essential oils to maintain normal function of sebaceous glands Procedure for oil preparation is divided into two parts: (1) preparation of decoction of all the herbs and (2) oil preparation Results and Discussion: Excellent results of hair growth were seen in formulation prepared by the abovementioned procedure Formulated herbal oil was evaluated for various parameters such as specific gravity, viscosity, acid value, saponification value, pH, and irritation tests Conclusion: In general, herbal formulation provides good blend of vitamins, antioxidants, terpenoids, and essential oils All the values in the evaluation of finished product showed that they are within the acceptable limits Hence, it is concluded that the oil is beneficial in maintaining good growth of hairs, turning gray hairs to black, providing protection from dandruff, and results in lustrous hairs
TL;DR: The plant can be further studied to isolate the compound(s) responsible for the antidiabetic properties of Phoenix roebelenii and show significant amount of inhibition of glucose across a dialysis membrane.
Abstract: Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate in-vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and glucose diffusion inhibition activity of various leaf extracts of Phoenix roebelenii. Materials and Methods: P. roebelenii leaf extracts were prepared by maceration in ethanol, methanol, water, acetone, and petroleum ether. The extracts were used for evaluating their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using dinitrosalicylic acid method. The results were compared with standard drug acarbose. Glucose diffusion was studied using dialysis membrane method. Results: The ethanolic extract showed maximum inhibitory activity for both α-amylase (75.5 ± 0.66%) and α-glucosidase (77.5 ± 1.07%) at 400 μg/ml in a concentration dependent manner. Methanolic extract showed nearly similar activity. Acarbose showed 80.7 ± 0.74% inhibition for α-amylase and 80.2 ± 0.23% for α-glucosidase at 400 μg/ml. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts also showed a significant amount of inhibition of glucose across a dialysis membrane. Conclusion: The plant can be further studied to isolate the compound(s) responsible for the antidiabetic properties.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the spray of carbosulfan 25 EC, being the most effective and economically viable insecticides, can be utilized as a valuable chemical component in integrated pest management to manage the L. orbonalis in brinjal crop.
Abstract: Background: Brinjal (Solanum melongena Linn.) is the fourth most important vegetable grown after potato, onion, and tomato in India. This vegetable crop is primarily grown by small and marginal farmers and it is an important source of income for them. Brinjal production faces a number of problems which cause enormous yield losses. Fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is the most devastating insect pest of brinjal, which causes 60-70% yield loss, besides deteriorating product quality. Due to increasing levels of resistance of L. orbonalis to different insecticides, there is an urgent need to test new chemicals. Objective: An experiment was carried out at Instructional Farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya to evaluate the efficacy of four insecticides, viz., carbosulfan 25 EC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, lamda-cyhalothrin 5% EC, and fenpropathrin 30% EC at different doses during rabi season 2013 and 2014. Materials and Methods: The research design was followed in the present investigation is randomized block design with four treatments at different doses including an untreated check. There were three replication were taken for each treatment. Result: On the basis of pooled means, the result revealed that the application of carbosulfan 25 EC at 375 g a.i./ha was found most economical, resulting in minimum shoot and fruit infestation 7 days after application (2.00% and 5.93%) and 15 days after application (3.33% and 11.67%), respectively, with a highest marketable yield (9.23 q/ha) followed by fenpropathrin 30% EC at 100 g a.i./ha with the shoot and fruit infestation 7 days after application (3.33% and 8.15%) and 15 days after application (5.33% and 12.89%), respectively. The insecticides also offered good protection against the borer but both were found highly toxic and unsafe for natural enemies. An account of natural enemies was also taken from the plots and highest population was recorded from the control plot (Coccinellid - 8.07, Syrphid fly - 2.21, Dragonfly - 0.74, Damsel fly - 0.57, Spider - 0.62/plant, respectively). However, shoot and fruit infestation was brought down and marketable yield increased to some extent. Conclusion: It is, therefore, suggested that the spray of carbosulfan 25 EC, being the most effective and economically viable insecticides, can be utilized as a valuable chemical component in integrated pest management to manage the L. orbonalis in brinjal crop.