International Journal of Pharmacological Research 

About: International Journal of Pharmacological Research is an academic journal. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Medical prescription & Phytochemical. It has an ISSN identifier of 2277-3312. It is also open access. Over the lifetime, 236 publications have been published receiving 659 citations.

A Questionnaire based Survey on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practises about Antimicrobial Resistance and Usage among the Second year MBBS Students of a Teaching tertiary care Hospital in Central India

Abstract: Context: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is an important growing global health issue which needs urgent addressal. Judicious use of antibiotics is the only solution to curb this problem. Awareness of this fact among UG students, who are the future physicians is extremely vital. Aims: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to antibiotic resistance and usage in UG students. Settings and Design: cross sectional, questionnaire based survey. Methods and Material: The questionnaire was distributed to a batch of 86 medical students in their second year of MBBS, whereby their KAP regarding antibiotic use and resistance was assessed by a five point Likert scale, whose responses ranged from „strongly agree‟ to „strongly disagree,‟ and „always‟ to „never. Some questions were of true and false type. Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by using simple descriptive statistics to generate frequencies, percentages and proportions. Wherever it was relevant, the Chi-square test was used to determine any significant difference. Results: Indiscriminate antimicrobial use leads to the emergence of the growing problem of resistance was known to all n=86(100%) of the participants. The number of respondents who agreed that ABR was an important and a serious global public health issue was 83(96.51%).Ninety four per cent (n = 81) of the respondents were aware that bacteria were not responsible for causing colds and flu. Conclusions: Our study provides an important insight regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic resistance and usage among the future doctors, which can be considered, in order to plan for an effective undergraduate curriculum.

Adverse drug reactions: An Overview

Abstract: Adverse drug reactions (ADR’s) are defined the effects created by drugs producing unintended or noxious response. Also, an ADR is a response to a medicine which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease or for the modification of a physiological function. The evaluation of ADRs adapts various factors that can predispose patients to adverse reactions. The types of adverse reaction can be studies in two main headings, i.e., more common ADRs including type A and B reactions; and less common ADRs which include type C, D and E reactions. The present review article explains about the various types and mechanisms of adverse reactions.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Studies of Primula Denticulata An Important Medicinal Plant of Kashmir Himalaya

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and radical-scavenging activities of ethanolic extract of Primula denticulata- an important medicinal herb of Kashmir Himalaya. Phytochemical study was performed by using various standard phytochemical methods. Free radical scavenging activities of the extract was assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid per oxidation assay. Calf thymus DNA was also monitored by TBARS formation. The results were compared with standard antioxidant (?-tocopherol). Antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by agar well diffusion method. DPPH free radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity revealed plant extract to be an active radical scavenger. P.denticulata extract also dose dependently inhibited the MDA formation or lipid per oxidation and as such might intercept the free radical chain of oxidation. The leaf extract also prevents calf thymus DNA from oxidative damage induced by hydroxyl radical generated by FeSO4 and H2O2 in Fenton reaction. The hydroxyl radical quenching ability of polyphenolic compounds of Primula denticulata could be responsible for the protection against oxidative damage to DNA. The ethanolic extract showed anti-microbial activity which was visible as the zones of inhibition formed in the different cultures of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as in case of fungal cultures. Among all the maximum activity was seen for Escherichia coli with inhibition zone diameter of 23.53 3.71mm followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition zone diameter of 20.74 3.33mm. These findings provide evidence that the considered plant possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may act as possible antioxidant for biological systems susceptible to free radical-mediated reactions.

Curcumin inhibits the proliferation of a human colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2 partially by both apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the possible roles of the phytochemical compounds, curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol in the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cell line Caco-2. All three phytochemical compounds inhibited Caco-2 cell proliferation, with curcumin being more effective than quercetin and resveratrol. Investigations concerning DNA fragmentation in the nucleus, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels, and caspase-3/7 activity indicated that curcumin induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells through an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3/7. Furthermore, the analysis of flow-cytometry showed that curcumin caused an arrest of G2/M phase in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that curcumin suppresses Caco-2 proliferation partially via activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and cell cycle retardation.

Gc-ms analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil of pinus roxburghii from kashmir, india

Abstract: This work was carried out to evaluate chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Pinus roxburghii essential oil. The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation which was analysed through GC-MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH assay while as anticancer activity was evaluated through MTT method. Alpha-pinene and beta-pinene were the major constituents present in the oil. This oil showed significant antibacterial and anticancer activity.