Showing papers in "International Journal of Technology in 2012"

Rectal drug delivery: A promising route for enhancing drug absorption

Abstract: Rectal drug delivery is an efficient alternate to oral and parenteral route of administration in partial avoidance of first pass metabolism and protein peptide drug delivery. This route allows both local and systemic therapy of drugs. Controlled absorption enhancement of drugs can be achieved by the rectal route because of the constant conditions in the rectal environment. In the present review various absorption enhancers with their mechanism of action in improving drug absorption through rectal epithelium and the potential of rectal route in delivering protein and peptides, analgesics and antiepileptics are discussed. This review also presents affects of various absorption promoting adjuvant on the rectal absorption of drugs.

Protease Enzyme-Potential Industrial Scope

Abstract: Enzymes are vitally important for the existence of life. Civilizations have used enzymes for thousands of years without understanding what they were or how they work. Over the past several generations, science has unlocked the mystery of enzymes and has applied knowledge to make better use of it in an ever growing number of applications. Enzymes play crucial role in producing the food we eat, the clothes we wear and even in producing fuel for our automobiles. They are important in combating environmental pollution. Leather processing is one of the important industries closely related to everyday life. Proteases execute a large variety of functions and have important biotechnological applications. They represent one of the largest groups of industrial enzymes and find application in detergents industry, leather industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry and bioremediation processes (Anwar and Saleemuddin, 1998; Gupta et al. 2002). Probably the largest application of proteases is in laundry detergents, where they help removing protein based stains from clothes (Banerjee et al. 1999). In textile industry, proteases may also be used to remove the stiff and dull gum layer from the raw silk fibre to achieve improved luster and softness. They can modify the surface of wool and silk fibres to provide new and unique finish. Proteases have been used in the hide-dehairing process, where dehairing is carried out at pH values between 8 and 10.

Improving project performance and waste reduction in construction projects: A case study of a government institutional building project

Abstract: The construction industry plays an important role in establishing the infrastructure required for socio-economic development and directly contributes to economic growth. On the other side, it also generates severe impacts on the environment. The construction industry is one of the biggest environmental polluters and it also consumes large quantities of raw materials. Value Engineering originates from the manufacturing industry in order to deliver higher value and quality to a product by means of an increase in efficiency. ‘Lean Construction’ (LC) concepts emerged as a consequence of the application of VE philosophy, specifically for construction industry. LC extends from the objectives of a lean production system – to maximize value and to minimize waste – in relation to specific techniques and then applies them conceptually in a new project delivery process. The aims of this paper are to present practical examples of the application of Value Engineering and Lean Construction concepts within a green building construction project and to qualitatively assess its benefits in terms of environmental impact and waste minimization. A detailed case study was conducted for project execution of a new multi-storey government institutional building in the Jakarta central business district. This project adopts a Green Building and a Green Site concept in order to reduce potential environmental impact during the construction phase itself and during the occupancy phase of the building. The case study primarily concerns issues such as water consumption, power usage, etc. This project is a perfect example for the application of Value Engineering and Lean Construction philosophies in order to deliver better quality, faster completion, environmentally friendly practice, and less waste generation. The adoption of environmental awareness in the context of building design, the application of alternative and/or recycled/environmentally friendly materials, along with a number of “green” technologies and building systems featured in this building concept will deliver greater value without jeopardizing the ecology. Meanwhile, the adoption of prefabrication construction methods, intelligent excavation works, ‘Reduce- Reuse-Recycle’ principles, and simple ‘environmentally-aware’ on-site practices can minimize the waste produced and the local environmental impact emitted during project execution.

Investigating Commute Mode and Route Choice Variability in Jakarta using multi-day GPS Data

Abstract: Traffic congestion has become a part of commuters’ life in Jakarta for several years. Even though 3-in-1 traffic regulation has been implemented since 1992 in order to reduce the number of car driver travelling in busy corridors during morning and evening peak hours, and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has been operated since 2004, which is aimed to attract car drivers to use public transport, the traffic congestion problem in Jakarta has not been solved. The condition is even predicted to worse if the transport facilities in Jakarta are not improved. In order to find effective measures for reducing car use and improving public transport attractiveness in Jakarta, better understanding of commute mode and route choice behavior would be advantageous. This paper reports the first results of data analysis regarding dynamic behavior of commuters’ mode and route choice in Jakarta. The data were collected using GPS devices including questionnaire sheets during a one-week period. 93 commuters participated in the survey. Even though commute trips are routine trips and therefore often assumed to be static, the results show the presence of dynamic behavior in choosing both modes and routes for commuting. The dynamic behavior is as a way to avoid traffic congested roads and 3-in-1 corridors, and to maintain trip-chaining activities/stops. Car drivers and motorcyclists change frequently their routes, especially during work-to-home trips. Motorcyclists were more dynamic in choosing their routes than car drivers. A unique pattern of mode and route choice behavior was found which can be used for developing mode and route choice model in Jakarta.

A Bio-Cryptography Approach for Improving the Security of Image Encryption and Decryption

Abstract: Biometric based authentication, the science of using physical or behavioral characteristics for identity verification is becoming a security mainstay in many areas. Their utilization as an authentication technology has become widespread from door Key. In this paper we are providing the brief information about image encryption and decryption.

SYNTHESIS OF POLY- TETRA-p-ALLYLCALIX[4]ARENE TETRA ACETIC ACID ADSORBENT FOR Cr(III) AND Pb(II) METAL IONS

Abstract: This paper discusses the preparation, characterization, and the evaluation of adsorption properties of resin poly-tetra-p-allylcalix[4]arene tetra acetic acid from the p-t-butylphenol. The synthesized resins were applied as an adsorbent for Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions. The adsorption was conducted in a batch system by investigating the effects of acidity (pH), contact time and initial concentration of a heavy metal solution. The adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions on the resin had the optimum pH rating in region of 4–6 and reached the equilibrium condition in 40 minutes. The adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions on the resin follows the Langmuir isothermal pattern with the linearity constant (R2 ) of Cr(III) and Pb(II) adsorption, whose results were 0.9640 and 0.9716, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions is 323.0 µmole/g and 33.4 µmole/g , while the adsorption energy is 30.4 kJ/mole and 39.7 kJ/mole, respectively. Most parameters in batch systems confirm that resin is a good adsorbent for Cr(III) and Pb(II), though Cr(III) adsorption was more favorable than that of Pb(II). The outstanding adsorption abilities for Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions have exhibited good prospects for disposal application of polluted water and environmental protection. Keywords: Adsorption; Metal ions; Poly-tetra-p-allylcalix[4]arene tetra acetic acid; p-t- butylphenol

An Ayurvedic Arena for Hypertension Treatment

Abstract: Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. This requires the heart to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole). A number of plants have been described in Ayurveda and other traditional system of medicine for the treatment of hypertension. Conventional antihypertensive drugs are usually associated with many side effects. Research has found a variety of alternative therapies to be successful in reducing high blood pressure including diet, exercise, stress, management, supplements and herbs. About 75 to 80% of the world population use herbal medicines, mainly in developing countries, for primary health care because of their better acceptability with human body and lesser side effects. However, Ayurvedic knowledge needs to be coupled with modern medicine and more scientific research needs to be done to verify the effectiveness, and elucidate the safety profile of such herbal remedies for their antihypertensive potential, now a day’s herbal remedies are more in use due to fewer side effects. The present review article give idea about treatment of hypertension with the use of herbal plants.

Application of Lipase in Industry

Abstract: Lipase enzyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in the stomach and pancreatic juice. They function is to digests fats and lipids, helping to maintain correct gall bladder function. As such, these constitute any of the fat-splitting or lipolytic enzymes, all of which cleave a fatty acid residue from the glycerol residue in a neutral fat or a phospholipid. The lipase enzyme controls the amount of fat being synthesized and that which is burned in the body, reducing adipose tissue. Lipases are one of the important groups of biocatalysts used in biotechnological applications. Lipases have been isolated from many species of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and yeast. Lipases extracted from microorganisms are used in various industries such as dairy, food, detergents, textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biodiesel industries. It is also used for synthesis of fine chemicals, agrochemicals and new polymeric materials. Research on microbial lipases, has increased due to their great commercial potential. Lipases are added to detergents such as household and industrial laundry and also in household dishwashers, where their function is removal of fatty residues and cleaning clogged drains. Their applications in our daily life are increasing day by day.

Role of Open Source Software in e-Governance

Abstract: e-Governance has become significant tool now-a-days. Open source software are easily available and do not require license. The use of FOSS (Free Open Source Software) is pervasive and inevitable in most government organizations. A proactive approach to FOSS management is critical for maximizing the benefits. Using FOSS with an understanding of governance fundamentals to move forward action plan can be created. Looking at the success story and considering how well FOSS has worked for the CHOiCE (CHhattisgarh Online Information for Citizen Empowerment) project so far, we are sure many other projects and initiatives will be inspired to leverage FOSS and enjoy many of its benefits. This paper deals with the use of Bharat Operating System Solutions (BOSS) as free open source software in e-Governance project in Chhattisgarh.

Towards 4g mobile technology: Identifying windows of opportunity for a developing country

Abstract: Mobile technology is continuously evolving towards the development of fourth generation (4G) cellular telephony. Many countries are anticipating such a new technological deployment while developing countries may also see it as the opportunity for catching up. Within the orientation of innovation building, 4G may act as the medium for triggering country’s innovation policies. This paper aims to identify the windows of opportunity from the upcoming implementation of 4G mobile technology. The methodology is constructed based on the perspective of an innovation system in which mobile cellular is regarded as a series of technological innovations. By utilizing the relevant data of 3G and 4G standard development, we predicted the 4G implementation profile. They consist of a set of technologies which can be the main area of science and technology (S&T) as well as research and development (R&D) activities in a developing country. Policymakers may utilize such opportunities to foster the acquisition and generation of the relevant knowledge in both manufacturing and service industries.

Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of the Aerial Part of Leucas zeylanica (L.)

Abstract: The aerial part of Leucas zeylanica (L.) Benn (Fam. Lamiaceae) was studied to fix the parameters for pharmacognostical standards. The results of organoleptic study offer a scientific basis for the use of Leucas zeylanica which possess characters like deep green colour, characteristic odor and mucilaginous and slightly bitter taste. The fluorescence analysis under visible light and under UV light by treatment with different chemical reagents showed different colour changes. The presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids and glycosides were confirmed during preliminary phytochemical screening.

Factors affecting performance of target acquisition tasks for touchpads

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of touchpad size , position filter, and control display gain on user performance. Observations include the behavior of user while using the touchpad to acquire color-changing targets. This study examines the effect of two touchpad sizes, which consist of large (100◊60 mm) and small (65◊36 mm) sizes, position filters (30, 50), and control-display gains (0.5, 1, 2) on acquiring targ ets that appeared in eight positions (0 °, 45 °, 90 °, 135 °, 180 °, 225 °, 270 °, 315 °), at three distances (100, 300, 500 pixel) and 3 d ifferent levels of target size (10, 40, 70 pixel). As for th e results, touchpad size significantly affects movement time, error count, movement count, and re-entry count. Position filter also significantly affects the re-entry count. The diffe rent behavior of touchpad user differs significantly regarding to performance measurements. Filter 50 and Gain 2 for primary movement and Filter 30 and Gain 0.5 for secondary movement are the best combinations for participants to achieve optimum performance. Based on Fitts’ Law, the proposed model successfully predicts movement time by adding the effect of CD gain in formulating the task’s difficulty index (R≤ = 0.8147). The results in this study will be useful for microe lectronic companies to increase touchpad performance and to offer suggestions for designing touchpads based on optimal settings. Furthermore, this study also reveals that each type of touchpad features different settings to achieve optimum performance.

Six Sigma in Industries

Abstract: Implementation failure in six sigma concept in supply chain management has been increasing as a concern. The reason for many Six Sigma programmes to fail is due to an implementation model which is not at all user friendly. Using a successful Six Sigma, we have to perform strategic analysis driven by the market and the customer. It is necessary to establish a high-level, cross-functional team to drive the improvement initiative and to identify overall improvement tools. We can perform high-level process mapping and prioritize improvement opportunities and develop a detailed plan for low-level improvement teams, and then to implement, document, and revise as necessary. This is important for both practitioners and academicians for achieving success at the industry level.

Effects of Supplementary Cementing Materials on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Abstract: In today's competitive environment it is becoming important to reduce the construction cost in one or other way. Now a day's OPC is widely used and it is the costly ingredients in the production of concrete. However many countries have severe shortage of cement although there requirements are vast. The manufacture of OPC is expensive and skill intensive process, besides polluting the environment heavily production is associated with the emission of carbon dioxide which is a significant source of global warming. Pozzolanic materials are widely used in concrete and mortars for various reasons particularly for reducing the amount of cement required for making concrete and mortar which lead to a reduction in construction cost. This paper presents the results of study under taken to investigate the feasibility of using Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) as partial replacements of cement. The effects of replacing cement by these SCMs on compressive strength, split tensile strength are evaluated in this work. Both compressive and spilt tensile strength is evaluated at 7days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days.

The 0.35 Micron Opamp Compensation Capacitor Research and Analysis

Abstract: In this thesis, the basic operational amplifier, for part of the compensation circuit to conduct in-depth research and analysis. In addition to that the stability improvements, the focus of the study also contains the type of capacitor, the voltage, temperature, and the layout area, the operational amplifier to reach the optimal steady state. Circuit research includes a MOSFET and PIP (Poly to Poly) and MIM (Metal to Metal) capacitor, and its characteristics, stability, size and suitability for comparative analysis. The software used in the study produced by the company Synopsys Hspice software. In addition, to comparative analysis and design of the operational amplifier, the main components are the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor field-effects crystal of 0.35μm standard process from National Chip Implementation Center and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. KEY WORD: OPERATION AMPLIFIER, CMOS, TSMC 0.35ΜM, PIP, MIM