Journal of contextual behavioral science 

About: Journal of contextual behavioral science is an academic journal published by Elsevier BV. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Acceptance and commitment therapy & Anxiety. It has an ISSN identifier of 2212-1447. Over the lifetime, 667 publications have been published receiving 11852 citations.

Assessment of body image flexibility: The Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire

Abstract: Acceptance and mindfulness components are increasingly incorporated into treatment for eating disorders with promising results. The development of measures of proposed change processes would facilitate ongoing scientific progress. The current series of studies evaluated one such instrument, the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ), which was designed to measure body image flexibility. Study one focused on the generation and reduction of items for the BI-AAQ and a demonstration of construct validity. Body image flexibility was associated with increased psychological flexibility, decreased body image dissatisfaction, and less disordered eating. Study two demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability of BI-AAQ. Study three extended findings related to structural and construct validity, and demonstrated an indirect effect of body image dissatisfaction on disordered eating via body image flexibility. Research and clinical utility of the BI-AAQ are discussed. The BI-AAQ is proposed as a measure of body image flexibility, a potential change process in acceptance-oriented treatments of eating disorders.

Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition.

Abstract: The present article describes the nature, scope, and purpose of Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS). Emerging from behavioral psychology but expanding from those roots, CBS is based on contextual assumptions regarding the centrality of situated action, the nature of epistemology versus ontology, and a pragmatic truth criterion linked to the specific goal of predicting-and-influencing psychological events with precision, scope, and depth. These assumptions and goals explain the characteristic features of CBS including its environmentalism, focus on theory and principles, and its reticulated or networked program of theory development, research and practice. Domains of development include increased linkage to multi-dimensional and multi-level evolution science; development of principles that describe the interaction of behavior and symbolic events with genetic, epigenetic, and cultural dimensions; expansion of theoretical and model development to a broader range of areas of human complexity; advances in measurement theory and practice; the development of techniques and components linked to contextual processes and principles; broad testing of these methods; additional research on mediation and moderation; more concern for effectiveness and training; and enhancement of a diverse development community.

COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered the daily lives of many people across the globe, both through the direct interpersonal cost of the disease, and the governmental restrictions imposed to mitigate its spread and impact. The UK has been particularly affected and has one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. In this paper, we examine the impact of COVID-19 on psychological health and well-being in the UK during a period of ‘lockdown’ (15th–21st May 2020) and the specific role of Psychological Flexibility as a potential mitigating process. We observed clinically high levels of distress in our sample (N = 555). However, psychological flexibility was significantly and positively associated with greater wellbeing, and inversely related to anxiety, depression, and COVID-19-related distress. Avoidant coping behaviour was positively associated with all indices of distress and negatively associated with wellbeing, while engagement in approach coping only demonstrated weaker associations with outcomes of interest. No relationship between adherence to government guidelines and psychological flexibility was found. In planned regression models, psychological flexibility demonstrated incremental predictive validity for all distress and wellbeing outcomes (over and above both demographic characteristics and COVID-19-specific coping responses). Furthermore, psychological flexibility and COVID-19 outcomes were only part-mediated by coping responses to COVID-19, supporting the position that psychological flexibility can be understood as an overarching response style that is distinct from established conceptualisations of coping. We conclude that psychological flexibility represents a promising candidate process for understanding and predicting how an individual may be affected by, and cope with, both the acute and longer-term challenges of the pandemic.

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adults with chronic pain: Outcome domains, design quality, and efficacy

Abstract: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that includes a specific therapeutic process, “psychological flexibility,” and focuses on behavior change rather than symptom reduction. One relatively well-developed research area includes ACT applied to chronic pain. The current systematic review examines outcome domains included as primary, secondary and process variables in controlled trials of ACT-based pain treatment studies, and also summarizes evidence for efficacy. The review of outcome domains is to establish whether these are in-line with recommendations, consistent with the theory underlying ACT, and optimal for further development. A systematic search identified 1034 articles and ten studies were selected as eligible for review. Overall, 15 outcome domains were assessed using 39 different measurement tools across the ten RCTs. The outcome domains assessed in the reviewed trials were, to an extent, in-line with recognized guidelines. Six of the ten studies identified primary and secondary outcomes; one included just one outcome and three did not categorize outcomes. All ten trials included a measure of some aspect of psychological flexibility; however these were not always formally identified as process variables. Pain and emotional functioning were the most frequently measured outcome domains. A review of outcome results suggests that ACT is efficacious particularly for enhancing general, mostly physical functioning, and for decreasing distress, in comparison to inactive treatment comparisons. It is recommended that future RCTs (a) formally define outcomes as primary, secondary and process variables, (b) consider including measures of physical or social functioning, rather than pain and emotional functioning, as primary outcomes, (c) address existing risks of bias, such as reporting bias, and (d) include more components of psychological flexibility, such as cognitive defusion and self-related variables.

Development of the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ)

Abstract: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) aims to facilitate valued living; however, there are few well-validated questionnaires to assess this. Valuing Questionnaire (VQ) items were generated from ACT texts and rated as representative and face-valid by ACT authors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a 2-factor solution (Factor 1=Progress (in valued living); Factor 2=Obstruction (to valued living)) in undergraduate university (N=630) and clinical adult (N=285) samples. Concurrent validity was measured with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Ryff׳s Psychological Scales of Wellbeing (PSWB), the Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). The pattern of relationships with validation measures was predominantly as expected. The VQ should provide ACT researchers and clinicians a convenient, reliable, and valid alternative to symptom measures consistent with ACT theory and useful for evaluating ACT interventions.