Showing papers in "Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology in 1968"

Patterns in Criminal Homicide in Chicago

Abstract: The senior author is Associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Kentucky. He received his Ph.D. in 1961 from the University of Wisconsin. He authored two earlier articles in this journal, "Ethnic Differentials in Delinquency in Honolulu" (September, 1963), and "The Predictive Efficiency of the Glueck Social Prediction Table" (December, 1963). Mr. John R. Hepburn is currently an Instructor in the Department of Sociology, Augustana College, in Rock Island, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 from Bradley University and a Master of Science degree from the University of Kentucky in 1967. All cases in which a charge of criminal homicide was filed in Chicago in 1965 were examined in a replication of Wolfgang's Patterns in Criminal Homicide. Nonwhite males between 15 and 39 years of age were the victims or offenders more frequently than any other age-race-sex category. It was found that 37.9 per cent of the cases were victim-precipitated and nonwhite males were most likely to precipitate their own deaths.

Age Composition and Patterns of Change in Criminal Statistics

Abstract: Philip C Sagi is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology and Co-Director of the Population Studies Center at the University of Pennsylvania His continuing research activities have resulted in books and articles in the areas of demography, methodology and statistics Charles F Wellford is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in Criminology and an Assistant at the Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law

Relationship of Tattoos to Personality Disorders

Abstract: The author is an Assistant Professor and Director of the Institute of Police Science and Administration, Wisconsin State University at Platteville. He was formerly an Instructor at the School of Police Administration and Public Safety, Michigan State University, serving as an Assistant Project Director on a Training Grant and management consultant on a Planning and Research Grant both from the U. S. Department of Justice, OLEA. He has served with the military policetand as a civilian investigator and research assistant for the Department of Army. The author has both a bachelor and master's degree in police administration from Michigan State University and is currently working towards a Ph.D. This article represents a graduate paper prepared for a seminar in deviant behavior in the School of Police Administration and Public Safety, Michigan State University (1965). It contains the hypothesis that the presence of ornamental body tattoos could serve to indicate the presence of personality disorders which could manifest themselves in criminal behavior. The need for more research in this area is stressed.

Authoritarianism in Police College Students and Non-Police College Students

Abstract: Alexander B. Smith, Ph.D., is Professor of Sociology and Chairman of the Division of Social Study and Correction, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Dr. Smith received his Ph.D. from New York University, is a member of the New York State Bar, and has served as supervisor of the Probation Department of the Supreme Court, Kings County, New York. This article represents a further study into the subject of authoritarianism, the first of which was previously published in this journal.(Volume 58). Bernard Locke, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychology and Dean of Students, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Prior to his present appointment Dr. Locke was Chief Psychologist for the Veterans Administration in New York and received his doctorate at New York University. William F. Walker, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Sociology, John Jay Colleg of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He received his doctorate from New York University. EDITOR.

Children's Perceptions of the Police: A Comparative Study of Attitudes and Attitude Change

Abstract: The author is Associate Professor of Sociology in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland. As Director of Undergraduate Psychiatric Education, he is responsible for teaching Freshman Psychiatry and coordinating Sophomore, Junior and Senior Psychiatry programs. Presently his teaching is in collaboration and cooperation with an internist, psychiatrists, social workers and psychologists. He has a joint appointment with the Department of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, and is a member of the graduate faculty. Dr. Derbyshire received his B.S. Degree in 1954, an M.A. in 1959, and a Ph.D. in 1964, all from the University of Maryland. Prior to the Watts incident in August 1965, the Los Angeles City Police Department was concerned with its public relations. Through the efforts of both the Police Department and the Los Angeles Public Schools, a public relations program was established in first, second and third grades of the public elementary schools. At the request of the Police Department, the effectiveness of its "Policeman Bill Program" was examined. Third grade public school pupils representing three divergent ethnic and social class categories were asked to draw pictures of the policeman at work. Two days after the presentation of the "Policeman Bill Program", one group of children (residing in Watts) was asked to draw another picture of the policeman performing his tasks. Based upon two independent measures, (i.e., independent raters and picture content), pupils from different ethnic and social class categories displayed significantly different attitudes toward the police. Children from Watts displayed significantly less antipathy toward the police after their contact with the program. Although no consideration is given to the length of time over which positive attitudes are maintained, this research concludes that the Los Angeles Police Department and public schools should continue a program of attitude change.

Suicide and Homicide: A Comparative Analysis by Race and Occupational Levels

Abstract: Michael Lalli received his Ph.D. (Sociology) from the University of Pennsylvania in 1958. Since then, he has taught at Temple University, Philadelphia, where he is an Associate Professor. His area of major interest has been the sociological and demographic aspects of minority groups. Stanley Turner received his M.A. (Sociology) from the University of Pennsylvania in 1958 and is now a candidate for the Ph.D. (Sociology) degree at Temple University, Philadelphia. He has worked in Operations Research for the University of Pennsylvania and the United States Government and is now a Lecturer in Sociology at Temple University. Data on suicide and homicide deaths of white and non-white males are analyzed for five socioeconomic levels. Several explanatory sociological theories of suicide, homicide and their relationships to each other are critically examined. Finally, a series of empirical generalizations are presented.

A Study of Probation Effectiveness

Abstract: prison will prevent his experiencing their debilitating eSects. However, the eSectiveness of probation as a rehabilitating program is not as well documented, and its crime or delinquency reducing impact upon oSenders continues to be subject to many sceptical questions. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of probation are generally based upon the number of probationers who complete their supervision without revocation or the amount of post-release recidivism occurring among those who complete supervision. It can be seen that these are actually two different measures of success. In the former instance, many unknown and uncontrollable variables may influence the outcome of the probation e2Fperience: the philosophy of the probation department in revocation, the intensity of the oflicer's contacts with the probationer, the unknown offenses committed by the probationer while on probation, and the philosophy of the court in continuing or extending probation for known offenses. Nevertheless, England's review of eleven probation studies indicates that from 60 to 90

Reflections on Some Theories of Punishment

Abstract: The fear of acts which disrupt social equilibrium has inspired the imposition of punishment by those who have the power to establish and enforce the desired standards of conduct. Punishment has developed from the infliction of pain in revenge to the use of science to rehabilitate, so that there is considerable disparity between what has historically been called punishmentl and the current methods of coercing conformity and dealing with oSenders. For the purpose of this Comment the term punishment, unless distinguished, will be defined as the method which society uses to enforce the desired standards of conduct and methods of dealing with the oSender after a crime has been committed. This definition includes the use of torture, imprisonment and treatment. Retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation have been called the aims or justifications for punishment. While they all involve to some extent suffering and deprivation of freedom these are primary in retribution and deterrence; the primary emphasis of rehabilitation being treatment. For retributive and deterrent purposes, the nature of the crime determines the type of punishment, while the personality of the offender determines the type of treatment meant to rehabilitate. The motives for the infliction of punishment are

Self-Concept, Alienation, and Anxiety in a Contraculture and Subculture: A Research Report

Abstract: The author is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Sacramento State College in California. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Iowa in 1965. His major area of interest and research is race relations and intracultural relations. A questionnaire designed to measure characteristics of self-concept, alienation, and anxiety-was administered to a sample of institutionalized delinquents, non-institutionalized delinquents, and non-delinquent adolescents for the purpose of testing some aspects of the Yinger-Cavan approach to delinquent behavior. The hypotheses were generally supported with the exception that the noninstitutionalized delinquents were the most alienated as well as the most socially anchored of the three groups. It was suggested that the "marginal" status of the non-institutionalized delinquents offered the best explanation for this unanticipated and contradictory finding.

Revolving Door: Reactions of Chronic Drunkenness Offenders to Court Sanctions

Abstract: indicates that punishment does not act as a deterrent to future encounters with the police and, subsequently, with the courts. Indeed, it would appear that there are few advocates of the view that legal punishment actually prevents acts of public intosication. Regarding the use of incarceration as a means of social control, the authors of a recent study of the revolving door phenomenon conclude "The results of our investigation negate completely the assumptions that incarceration acts as a deterrent to the chronic public inebriate." 2 Although we may hypothesize that in general punishment does not deter acts of drunkenness, individuals caught in the process of the revolving door may, in fact, react differentially to the type of sanction imposed by the court. It is generally thought that the lower courts tend to incarcerate recidivists; therefore, the possibility that a fine or even a suspended sentence may account for variability in the reactions of recidivists to court actions may be overlooked. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the reactions to various "degrees" of punishment meted out to the 1649 Minneapolis recidivists.

Brief Criminal Attitude Scale

Abstract: Dr. Taylor is Head of the Student Counselling Service at the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and a part-time psychotherapist to an institution for delinquent girls. He is a former university lecturer in psychology, prison psychologist, and probation officer who has authored many papers on various aspects of clinical and criminal psychology. In the research paper presented here, Dr. Taylor gives the results of a brief criminal attitude scale. It consists of a number of items that criminals were heard to express, and it was administered to various administratively classified groups of convicted offenders. The scale was also given to noncriminal groups in which reasonable precautions were taken to ensure that they were in fact noncriminal in behaviour as well as in law.

Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces

Abstract: David A. Crown, M. Crim., is a Questioned Document Analyst, U. S. Postal Inspection Service and is currently assigned to the Washington Identification Laboratory. During the time that this article was in preparation Mr. Crown was Assistant Director of the San Francisco Identification Laboratory. He received his Master's degree in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley where he has continued his graduate studies toward his D. Crim. Hehas published several papers in this and other technical journals and is a fellow in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and serves as the Secretary of the Questioned Document Section of that Academy.-EDITOR.

New Directions for Parole Prediction Research

Abstract: The author received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Illinois in 1966. He was on the faculty of the University of Kentucky, Sociology Department from 1964-1967 and from 1964 to 1966 served as Director of Research for the Kentucky Department of Corrections. Presently he is on the faculty of the Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina and serves as a research consultant to the South Carolina Department of Corrections. Attempts to relate parole prediction to theories of criminality have been rare. In this article, theoretically relevant variables are suggested and data are presented which support the contention that such variables can contribute significantly to parole prediction.