Part I. From There to Here - Theoretical Background: 1. From visiousness to viciousness: theories of intergroup relations 2. Social dominance theory as a new synthesis Part II. Oppression and its Psycho-Ideological Elements: 3. The psychology of group dominance: social dominance orientation 4. Let's both agree that you're really stupid: the power of consensual ideology Part III. The Circle of Oppression - The Myriad Expressions of Institutional Discrimination: 5. You stay in your part of town and I'll stay in mine: discrimination in the housing and retail markets 6. They're just too lazy to work: discrimination in the labor market 7. They're just mentally and physically unfit: discrimination in education and health care 8. The more of 'them' in prison, the better: institutional terror, social control and the dynamics of the criminal justice system Part IV. Oppression as a Cooperative Game: 9. Social hierarchy and asymmetrical group behavior: social hierarchy and group difference in behavior 10. Sex and power: the intersecting political psychologies of patriarchy and empty-set hierarchy 11. Epilogue.

http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98044356.pdf

Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression

Men and Women of the Corporation

/pdf/preventing-crime-what-works-what-doesn-t-what-s-promising-1jp2dkc4ik.pdf

Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Research in Brief. National Institute of Justice.

This chapter presents a theory of antisocial behavior, the social development model, which organizes the results of research on risk and protec· tive factors for delinquency, crime, and substance abuse into hypQtheses regarding the development of antisocial and prosocial behavior. The social development model is grounded in tests of prior criminological theory. It hypothesizes similar general processes leading to prosocial and antisocial development, and specifies submodels for four specific periods during ch ildhood and adolescent development. Theoretical Considerations The social development model seeks to explain a broad range of distinct behaviors ranging from the use of illegal drugs to homicide. Crime, including violent and nonviolent offending and drug abuse, is viewed as a constellation of behaviors subject to the general principles incorporated in the model. .By considering evidence from research on the etiology .of both delinquency and drug abuse, it is possible to identify general constructs that predict both types of behavior and to use this knowledge in specifying predictive relationships in the development of antisocial behavior. ~ used here, the terms delinquency and drug use refer to behaviors. All behaviors are subject to influence from a variety of forces. The same principles, factors, or processes that influence one behavior should predict other behaviors. At the least, this suggests that a theory of antisocial behavior should be able to predict both drug use and criminal behavior, whether committed by children or adults. More ambitiously, it suggests a search for universal factors, mechanisms, or processes that predict all behavior. This implies a general theory. Gottfredson and Hirschi ( 1990), for example, have proposed "A General Theory of Crime," which attributes all criminal Preparation of this chapter was supported in part by grants from the National Insti· tute on Drug Abuse.

The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior.

Criminologists often allude to 'peer influence' in explanations of crime and delinquency, but the meaning of that concept rarely receives careful attention. Companions in Crime organizes the extensive literature on peer influence and group delinquency into a coherent form for the first time. Chapters focus on the role of peers over the life course, the group nature of delinquent behavior, and the applicability of peer influence for explaining the major features of delinquent behavior. The most extensive chapter of the book examines possible mechanisms of peer influence and the evidence in favor of each. The principal thesis of Companions in Crime is that deviant behavior is predominantly social behavior, and criminologists must eventually determine the significance of that fact.

Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct

The pattern of inmate involvement in violent misconduct is established in the early years of imprisonment, yet few studies have looked at the predictors of violent misconduct during the first months or years of imprisonment, and none have studied the effects of gang affiliation during this time period. This study of 2,158 male inmates who were confined for at least 3 years in a southwestern state prison system finds that gang affiliation has an effect on violent misconduct among inmates beyond the individual risk factors generally attributed to youth and prior criminal history. These findings suggest the need for additional research to clarify the linkage between gang affiliation and inmate violence, with implications for current efforts to supervise gang-affiliated inmates.

The Effect of Gang Affiliation on Violent Misconduct Among Inmates During the Early Years of Confinement

The divergent and often incompatible goals of treatment and custody within correctional organizations frequently result in ambiguous role expectations and role conflict among prison personnel. Hypotheses that role conflict is significantly greater among staff in treatment institutions than among staff in custodv institutions. Is significantly greater among treatment staff than among custody staff, and is significantly related to both job satisfaction and punitive attitudes toward inmates are tested with questionnaire data obtained from 336 treatment and custody personnel within 6 adult correctional facilities. Although the bivariate analyses provide support for each of the hypotheses, subsequent analyses indicate that role conflict is more likely to be the product of the organizational goals of the institution than of the treatment or custody staff positions within those institutions. These findings are related to previous analyses of the treatment-custody dilemma within institutions, and the implications for future research are discussed.

Role Conflict in Correctional Institutions

Recent findings that job satisfaction is associated with the intrinsic aspects of the job suggest that increased levels of job satisfaction among correctional officers may be obtained by redefining and expanding the officers' duties and responsibilities. Indeed, a “human services worker” model has been advocated as a means of job enrichment for correctional officers. The association of human services work with job satisfaction is discussed, and hypothesized relationships are tested with survey data obtained from state correctional officers in Arizona. The effects of job type on job satisfaction among correctional officers is explored; the results suggest that the type of job conditions the effects of other factors on job satisfaction.

Correctional officers as human services workers: The effect on job satisfaction

Prior empirical research on the police use of force has conceptualized force in tenrs of simple dichotomnies: lethal force vs. nonlethal force, physical force vs. nonphysical force, and excessive f...

Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police

The senior author is Associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Kentucky. He received his Ph.D. in 1961 from the University of Wisconsin. He authored two earlier articles in this journal, "Ethnic Differentials in Delinquency in Honolulu" (September, 1963), and "The Predictive Efficiency of the Glueck Social Prediction Table" (December, 1963). Mr. John R. Hepburn is currently an Instructor in the Department of Sociology, Augustana College, in Rock Island, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 from Bradley University and a Master of Science degree from the University of Kentucky in 1967. All cases in which a charge of criminal homicide was filed in Chicago in 1965 were examined in a replication of Wolfgang's Patterns in Criminal Homicide. Nonwhite males between 15 and 39 years of age were the victims or offenders more frequently than any other age-race-sex category. It was found that 37.9 per cent of the cases were victim-precipitated and nonwhite males were most likely to precipitate their own deaths.

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John R. Hepburn

Papers

The Effect of Gang Affiliation on Violent Misconduct Among Inmates During the Early Years of Confinement

Role Conflict in Correctional Institutions

Correctional officers as human services workers: The effect on job satisfaction

Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police

Patterns in Criminal Homicide in Chicago