Showing papers in "Journal of Research in Music Education in 1993"
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of black and white listeners' and performers' race on music preferences on a Likert-type rating scale, middle-school (n = 102) and university (n=11) students.
Abstract: This study's purpose was to examine the effects of black and white listeners' and performers' race on music preferences. On a Likert-type rating scale, middle-school (n = 102) and university (n =11...
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and examined an improvisation curriculum designed to improve the music achievement of elementary school instrumental music students and found that students who received instruction that included emphasis on improvisation were found to perform at significantly higher achievement levels than students who did not receive instruction without such emphasis.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop and to examine an improvisation curriculum designed to improve the music achievement of elementary school instrumental music students. The specific problems of this study were (a) to investigate the effect of improvisation study on the music achievement of fifth-grade wind and percussion students, and (b) to investigate the effects of various levels of music aptitude on the music achievement of fifth-grade wind and percussion students.Sixty-six fifth-grade students participated in this study. Students who received instruction that included emphasis on improvisation were found to perform at significantly higher achievement levels than students who received instruction without such emphasis. High-aptitude students performed at higher achievement levels than low-aptitude and moderate-aptitude students. The data obtained in this research provide preliminary evidence that improvisation contributes to the improvement of instrumental music performance achievement in el...
105 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the attitudes of elementary music students toward singing and choir participation in relation to grade level and gender, classroom singing activities, and found that participants were more likely to participate in singing activities when they were assigned to grade levels and genders.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of elementary music students toward singing and choir participation in relation to grade level and gender, classroom singing activities, previ...
105 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of gender-related references appearing in the Music Supervisors' Journal (MSJ) from 1914 through 1924 revealed that both coeducational and single-sex musical organizations abounded and that vocal and instrumental instruction for boys and girls was advocated as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An analysis of gender-related references appearing in the Music Supervisors' Journal (MSJ) from 1914 through 1924 revealed that both coeducational and single-sex musical organizations abounded and that vocal and instrumental instruction for boys and girls was advocated. When one sex or the other was singled out for consideration, however, the spotlight usually was focused on males. In addition to the “missing males” problem, writers in the MSJ discussed the role of music in the education of boys, career opportunities in music for males, the relationship of music to the nature and character development of boys, boys' musical likes and dislikes, the male singing voice, and music for the man at war. By contrast, little attention was devoted exclusively to females, their interests, or their problems. This analysis invites reflection on whether gender issues pertaining to females continue to be overlooked by the music education profession today.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate reported influences on middle school band students' instrument choices, and develop a questionnaire to gather information concerning students' instrumeto-musical choices.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate reported influences on middle school band students' instrument choices. A questionnaire was developed to gather information concerning students' instrum...
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 20-minute excerpt from Act I of Puccini's La Boheme and simultaneously manipulated the dial of a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived aesthetic level was investigated empirically.
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate empirically the “aesthetic experience” as individually defined by each subject. Subjects (N = 30) were faculty members and advanced graduate students at a large university school of music. Each subject listened to a 20-minute excerpt from Act I of Puccini's La Boheme and simultaneously manipulated the dial of a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived aesthetic level. The CRDI dial represented a negative/positive continuum along a 256-degree arc. Data collected were charted graphically to indicate levels of aesthetic response across time. Subjects completed a questionnaire designed to estimate frequency, duration, location, and magnitude of perceived aesthetic experiences and also indicated whether dial manipulation roughly corresponded to these experiences.Results indicated that there were different responses throughout the excerpt by all subjects. Heightened aesthetic responses were evident during certain parts of the excerpt. “Peak experi...
93 citations
TL;DR: In 1967, secretary-general of ISME Egon Kraus challenged music educators to become multicultural in their perspective, a challenge spurred on by the Tanglewood Symposium as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In 1967, secretary-general of ISME Egon Kraus challenged music educators to become multicultural in their perspective, a challenge spurred on by the Tanglewood Symposium. Music educators in the Uni...
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate peer evaluation and self-evaluation for applied music skills, and show that peer evaluation can help improve teaching performance, but evaluation of applied music skill remains heavily teacher-centered.
Abstract: Authorities agree that peer evaluation and self-evaluation can help improve teaching performance. Evaluation of applied music skills, however, remains heavily teacher-centered. In this investigatio...
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated a high school choral music director conducting a scripted rehearsal containing 10 sequential patterns of instruction identified in previous research and found that students rated presentations of script only and audio-video higher; presentations of audio or video only produced lower evaluations, as well as comments indicating frustration in deciding evaluation scores.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sequential patterns on evaluations by high school and elementary students of teaching in rehearsal. Subjects (N − 536) evaluated a high school choral music director conducting a scripted rehearsal containing 10 sequential patterns of instruction identified in previous research. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four presentations of the taped rehearsal: (1) audio and video; (2) audio only; (3) video only; or (4) script only. Results demonstrated that students rated presentations of script only and audio-video higher; presentations of audio or video only produced lower evaluations, as well as comments indicating frustration in deciding evaluation scores. In addition, patterns beginning with musical information were graded higher than those beginning with directions, those ending in approvals were graded higher than those ending in disapprovals, and those ending in specific reinforcement were graded higher than those ending in nonspecific rein...
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 80 pianists each listened to 21 trials of solo piano music and were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: preference only, preference plus use of the musical score, preference+ use of rating scales, preference + use of ratings scales, and preference+plus use of both the score and scales.
Abstract: Eighty pianists each listened to 21 trials of solo piano music. Trials consisted of two different performances of the same excerpt, and the same music was played on all trials for any given subject. Over the 21 trials, seven different interpretations were presented in all possible pair-wise combinations. Forty subjects listened to a slow excerpt from Liszt's Totentanz, and the other forty listened to a fast excerpt from the same piece.The subjects' task was to select which of the two performances on each trial, if either, they preferred. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: preference only, preference plus use of the musical score, preference plus use of rating scales, and preference plus use of both the musical score and rating scales (n = 10 per treatment per excerpt).Results indicated that the use of the musical score and of rating scales both separately and in combination with each other did not improve consistency as compared to their nonuse. Subjects who responded to rating sca...
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified those studies that were cited most often in research articles published in the Journal of Research in Music Education, the Bulletin of the Council for Research in music education, Psychology of Music, Journal of Music Therapy, Contributions to Music Education and the Missouri Journal of Education between 1975 and 1990.
Abstract: In this article, we identified those studies that were cited most often in research articles published in the Journal of Research in Music Education, the Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, Psychology of Music, the Journal of Music Therapy, Contributions to Music Education, and the Missouri Journal of Research in Music Education between 1975 and 1990. Sampling was limited to citations within descriptive or experimental studies (N = 922) that were data-based. A content analysis of the 26 most cited studies was conducted, and the articles were classified according to populations studied and central variables used. Results indicated that primary dependent variable categories included music preference, student on-task/off-task behavior, perception and/or performance of tempo, vocal performance, pitch accuracy/intonation, melodic or rhythmic perception, teacher approval-disapproval behavior, student attitudes, and evaluation of teaching/instruction. The most frequent independent variables ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of music in the deaf culture was examined and the findings were related to current practices in music education programs for hearing-impaired students. Butler et al. found that cultural identification is a strong influential factor in deaf individuals' involvement with music.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the role of music in the deaf culture and to relate the findings to current practices in music education programs for hearing-impaired students. Secondary purposes of the study were to accumulate data that would either substantiate or refute the writings of hearing authors regarding the value of music to the deaf and to examine factors that determine deaf individuals' involvement with music. Data were collected by (a) a questionnaire sent to a random sample of deaf Americans from across the country, and (b) videotaped personal interviews with a random sample of deaf community members in a large midwestern metropolitan area. Based on their primary language and socialization practices, respondents were identified as members of the deaf culture, members of the hearing culture, or those that interact within both cultures. A summary of the results indicates that (1) cultural identification is a strong influential factor in deaf individuals' involvement with musi...
TL;DR: This paper identified teaching styles in secondary choral music and developed a self-report scale to assess the teaching style of a teacher, based on teachers' perceptions of their own teaching, and found that teachers perceived themselves as good teachers.
Abstract: Basing this study on teachers' perceptions of their own teaching, I identified teaching styles in secondary choral music and developed a self-report scale to assess choral music teaching style. Ten...
TL;DR: In this article, the purpose of the study was to determine what proportion of African-American students in high school settings, if any, identified music teachers as their role models, and the results showed that 75% identified teachers as role models.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine what proportion of African-American students in high school settings, if any, identified music teachers as their role models. The study was also designed ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of piano harmonic accompaniment on singing ability of kindergarten students during a year of music instruction, using a pretest-possible test set.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of piano harmonic accompaniment on singing ability of kindergarten students during a year of music instruction. The study used a pretest-p...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the effect of textural and timbral factors on graduate and undergraduate music majors' ability to detect performance errors, and find that subjects' dis...
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of textural and timbral factors on graduate and undergraduate music majors' ability to detect performance errors. Specifically, subjects' dis...
TL;DR: In this paper, three groups of undergraduate elementary/early-childhood education majors participated in a study designed to help examine the effect of task analysis on use of complete sequential patterns and sequential pattern components in teaching music.
Abstract: Three groups of undergraduate elementary/early-childhood education majors participated in a study designed to help examine the effect of task analysis on use of complete sequential patterns and sequential pattern components in teaching music. A complete sequential pattern was defined as one continuing academic presentation or academic-related question, the resulting student response, and general or specific feedback. Three different teaching strategies were used for the three groups, and each group taught six times. One group wrote a task analysis before all teaching experiences; a second group was instructed to write two task analyses as an exercise, unrelated to actual teaching; a third group had no task-analysis instruction. Posttest videotapes of 60 subjects were analyzed for time spent in each component as well as in complete sequences. Results indicated the task-analysis group had a significantly greater number of complete sequences. The task-analysis group also had significantly more time in studen...
TL;DR: This article developed an instrument, using attribution theory models, to measure perceptions of elementary education majors related to success in teaching music, and determine those factors that elementary education major believe contribute to teaching music; determine the relative strength of each factor; and compare the factors with traditional and music-related attribution theories.
Abstract: The purposes of this study were to (a) develop an instrument, using attribution theory models, to measure perceptions of elementary education majors related to success in teaching music; (b) determine those factors that elementary education majors believe contribute to success in teaching music; (c) determine the relative strength of each factor; and (d) compare the factors with traditional and music-related attribution theory models. A researcher-developed instrument directed 306 elementary education majors to rate the degree to which they believed positive attributes contribute to success in teaching music. A principal-factor analysis produced four factors, accounting for 53.13% of the total variance. Factor 1 (understanding and organizing for individual differences in children) and Factor 3 (proactive personality characteristics) were consistent with literature on teacher effectiveness. Factor 2 (musical ability and positive feelings for music) and Factor 4 (external factors affecting music teaching), ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determine if different strategies used to practice sight singing would aid non-music students in accurately performing such a task; if improvement in sight singing performance could be achieved.
Abstract: The purposes of this study were to determine if different strategies used to practice sightsinging would aid nonmusic students in accurately performing such a task; if improvement in sightsinging w...
TL;DR: In this article, a three-phase investigation was conducted to develop and evaluate a computerized adaptive test of tonal memory, which was used to evaluate the performance of commercially available tonal memories.
Abstract: The purpose of this three-phase investigation was to develop and evaluate a computerized adaptive test of tonal memory. In the first phase, characteristics of commercially available tonal memory te...
TL;DR: Carl E Seashore's tests of musical aptitude, originally published in 1919, were a logical outgrowth of first, centuries of research and thinking on sensory discrimination and specification as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Carl E Seashore's tests of musical aptitude, originally published in 1919, were a logical outgrowth of first, centuries of research and thinking on sensory discrimination and specification, and se