Showing papers in "Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science in 1969"
TL;DR: An appreciable intimate relationship between flower size and chromosome number could be recognized only in a certain limited forms of the large-flowered chrysanthemum, such as the incurve-petaled Atsumono varieties.
Abstract: 1. The present report is the second one in a series of articles dealing with an extensive chromosome survey of the present-day chrysanthemums cultivated exclusively in Japan.2. The cultivars of chrysanthemum used for the present study were as follows: Number of the large, medium and small flowered forms for cut flower use, including those of foreign origin, attained to 127, that of the pot-mum to 11, that of the cushionmum to 7, and that of the cooking form to 13.3. Results of the present chromosome survey were compiled in Table 1, revealing the following facts. 1) Throughout the whole cultivars in chrysanthemums, excluding those of the exhibition use, there occurred various somatic chromosome numbers ranging 36 through 66. 2) The variation range in chromosome numbers showed definite difference from type to type of cultivars. 3) In general, the variation range in chromosome numbers was relatively slight with the large- and medium-flowered forms for cut-flower use (Japanese and foreign varieties) and also with the pot-mums (2n=53-56), forming a striking contrast to the conspicuous and remarkable complexities prevailing in their speciation procedures morphologically and ecologically. 4) In the present study, the lowest number of chromosomes, i.e., 2n=36, could be encountered for the first time with a certain small-flowered cultivar for cut-flower use. 5) The variation range in somatic chromosome numbers, i.e., 53-56, 63, 64, 66, which was obtained with the cooking varieties, was nearly the same as that in the large-flowered exhibition forms. 6) Intimate relationships of chromosome numbers to the crop season and as well to the flower colouring could not be ascertained with the large- and mediumflowered forms for cut-flower use. 7) An appreciable intimate relationship between flower size and chromosome number could be recognized only in a certain limited forms of the large-flowered chrysanthemum, such as the incurve-petaled Atsumono varieties. Most of the giant-flowered varieties were almost exclusively confined to those forms having nearly 60 chromosomes.
18 citations
TL;DR: It was proposed from the results obtained in the present and preceding experiments that the respiratory pattern of the harvested fruits should be classified in three types, not in two types of usual classification as climacteric and non-climacteric.
Abstract: Relation between the ripening and the drift of carbon dioxide production of harvested fruits was investigated to reconsider the meaning of respiratory pattern. The materials used were as follows: strawberries(Donner)and peaches(Hakuto, white flesh variety) as the species of which respiratory pattern has not been necessarily clear, tomatoes (Fukuju No. 2) as a typical climacteric class, and Satsuma oranges (Sugiyama, Citrus unshiu) as a non-climacteric class. The respiratory activities of pulp (or peel) homogenates of these fruits were measured to investigate the changes of respiratory mechanisms during ripening.1. It was proposed from the results obtained in the present and preceding experiments that the respiratory pattern of the harvested fruits should be classified in three types, not in two types of usual classification as climacteric and non-climacteric. It is as follows: (1) Respiratory rates gradually decrease through ripening process…… the gradual decrease type. (2) Respiratory rates increase temporarily, and full-ripe occurs after the peak of respiration…… the temporary rise type. (3) Maximum rate of respiration is shown from full-ripe to over-ripe stages…… the late peak type.According to the classification mentioned above, citrus fruits belong to the gradual decrease type, and the temporary rise type corresponds to the typical climacteric class including fruits such as tomatoes, bananas, pears, avocados, etc. Japanese persimmons, strawberries, and peaches belong to the late peak type. In the fruits of the late peak type, as a characterististics of the type, the relation between the time of respiratory maximum and the degree of ripeness is not clear as compared with temporary rise type, and the peak height of respiration varies remarkably among individual fruits.2. Regardless of respiratory pattern, it was seemed that qualitative change of respiration took place in the course of ripening. The increasing effect of cofactors(NAD, AMP, ATP, cytochrome c) on the oxygen uptake in strawberry homogenates changed remarkably during ripening. In the tissue slices and the cell-free extract of Satsuma orange peel, the effect of organic acids application on oxygen uptake changed during yellowing of the fruits which had been harvested at almost-green stage. At immature stage, the addition of malic and succinic acids increased respiration greatly, but citric acid had no effect. At yellow-colored stage, the effect of the former two acids diminished, but citric acid showed the effect in a high degree.
12 citations
TL;DR: Concentration of NAA tends to promote the growth of shoot in combination with 10mg/l kintin, high concentration of N AA tends to counteract the stimulating effect of kinetin on the shoot formation.
Abstract: Protocorm-Pieces of Cymbidium pumilum ROLFE and rhizome-tips of Cymbidium goeringii REICHB. F. were cultured aseptically in the dark. Chemical control of the organ formation in these cultures was studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows:1) Cymbidium pumilum; On the basal medium (KNUDSON C+NITSCH microelement) shoots were formed in a half of samples after 8 weeks, while no root was formed. Addition of NAA markedly affected their organ formation. Low concentrations of NAA (below 0.1mg/l) promoted shoot formation. With increasing concentration from 0.1 to 0.6mg/l, root arose and the number of shoot decreased. Root formation was most abundant at 0.6mg/l, where root formation scarcely occurred. Still higher concentration suppressed completely both shoot and root formation. Shoot formation was also improved respectively by addition of 0.01mg/l 2, 4-D, 0.01 mg/l gibberellin, 10-3M L-arginine, 10-3M L-aspartic acid and 1mg/l ascorbic acid. Addition of kinetin showed no remarkable effect.2) Cymbidium goeringii; Rhizome-tips of C. goeringii cultured on the basal medium always developed into rhizomes without shoot formation. Addition of 10mg/l kinetin led most of samples to shoot formation. Whereas low concentration of NAA tends to promote the growth of shoot in combination with 10mg/l kintin, high concentration of NAA tends to counteract the stimulating effect of kinetin on the shoot formation. Incorporation of 10-3M L-arginine and L-aspartic acid stimulated shoot formation slightly. Growth of rhizome was improved by addition of 10-3M L-tryptophan and 0.1mg/l biotin to some extent.
11 citations
TL;DR: To elucidate the mechanisms of cross-incompatibility in interspecific hybridization in the genus Cucumis, pollen tube growth, fertilization and embryogenesis in the earlier stage of post-fertilization, were studied in the incompatible crossings.
Abstract: To elucidate the mechanisms of cross-incompatibility in interspecific hybridization in the genus Cucumis, pollen tube growth, fertilization and embryogenesis in the earlier stage of post-fertilization, were studied in the incompatible crossings, C. dipsaceus (_??_)×C. figarei (_??_) and C. dipsaceus (_??_) ×C. melo (_??_). 1. In both the incompatible crossings, the rate of pollen tube growth in the style was slower and the occurence of the entrance of pollen tube into ovules was less frequent than in selfing of maternal plant.2. When the parental species were selfed, fertilization took place during 24-48 hours after pollination and the primary nuclear division of endosperm occurred immediately after fertilization. The cell division of the zygotes began after 84 hours or later of pollination when endosperms had already grown including 8-16 nuclei. In the most advanced ovule sampled six days after pollination, the embryo which was surrounded with the well developed endosperm became already globular. No specific differnce was found in the process of embryogenesis as mentioned above.3. In both incompatible crossings fertilization took place in a part of ovules and the endosperms slightly developed in such fertilized ovules. However, the cell division of the zygotes never occurred even after few days following pollination and the endo sperms could not continue their growth and aborted later. Fertilization and division of the endosperm nucleus did not occur in some of the ovules into which pollen tubes entered.It is assumed that fertilization rarely occurred owing to the abnormal behaviors of pollen tubes.
10 citations
TL;DR: Curing of theexplants not only reduced infection by microorganisms and necrosis of the explants, but also increased the rates of organ formation and the number of organs appreciatively, and the possibility of applying this technique to vegetative propagation was discussed from a horticultural view point.
Abstract: Explants of cyclamen tubers were cultured aseptically on solidified medium, and the possibility of reducing microorganism activity present in the tissue by means of a curing treatment and minimum contact innoculation was examined. At the same time, the effects of NAA and adenine sulfate given in aqueous solution prior to innoculation and the effects of temperature on the organ forming activity of explants were investigated.1. Curing of the explants not only reduced infection by microorganisms and necrosis of the explants, but also increased the rates of organ formation and the number of organs appreciatively.2. Minimum contact innoculation of explants reduced infection considerably when explants had been cured for 24 hours.3. NAA, when used alone, stimulated bud formation at 0.1mg/l, and root formation at 1mg/l. This root inducing effect of 1mg/l NAA was shifted to a bud inducing effect when adenine sulfate was supplied, in combination, at 20 and 100mg/l. When used alone, 100mg/l adenine sulfate inhibited organ formation completely. However, most of the organs formed under the influence of 0.01mg/l NAA were roots when the latter was given in the medium even with adenine sulfate at 20mg/l.4. Among the temperatures used, diurnal alternation of 20°C day and 10°C night temperature proved best for organ formation.5. The possibility of applying this technique to vegetative propagation was discussed from a horticultural view point.
9 citations
TL;DR: Yield and viability of seeds taken from Dalapontreated pepper plants were investigated and the germination rate of harvested seeds decreased with the use of high concentrations, and the decrease of seed number seems to result from both the decreased number of ovules and other physiological disorders.
Abstract: Yield and viability of seeds taken from Dalapontreated pepper plants were investigated in this report. Miemidori, a cultivar of sweet pepper was used. The plants were sprayed with 30 milliliters of aqueous solution per plant containing 200, 400, 600, 800, 1, 000, 1, 200 and 1, 400 milligrams of Dalapon per liter. Very little influence on fruit setting was observed while seed setting was strongly affected by the treatment, and the number of seeds per cross decreased with the use of high concentrations. After 1, 000 or 1, 200ppm applications the number of seeds per cross was approximately one third in comparison with non-treated. The decrease of seed number seems to result from both the decreased number of ovules and other physiological disorders. Seeds produced after the use of higher concentrations were larger than those of control or lower concentrations. On the other hand, the germination rate of harvested seeds decreased with the use of high concentrations.
8 citations
7 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the tapetum in sterile Satsuma orange can not play normal nutritive role and supplies less nutrients to the developing pollens and the pollen fertility could be increased by temperature and IAA treatments to those plants growing under unfavorable temperature condition.
Abstract: In order to determine the cause of pollen abortion in male-sterile Satsuma orange, certain morphological and cyto-histological studies with anthers were undertaken as compared with the male-fertile Buntan and Natsudaidai. Cyto-histological observations on Satsuma orange treated with temperature and IAA were also carried out.1. In the early stage of anther development, meiosis and microspore formation were quite similar in fertile and sterile species of Citrus.2. Tapetum in fertile species started to degenerate soon after the liberation of microspores from the wall of tetrads and almost completely degenerated during the disappearance of vacuoles from the cytoplasm of microspore.3. Tapetum in sterile Satsuma orange occassionally showed an extraordinary development of large vacuole at the vacuole appearing stage and completely disintegrated at the vacuole enlarging stage of microspore. However, tapetum which remained cellular without large vacuoles persisted unusually long and degenerated at the vacuole enlarging stage of microspore. So it may be suggested that the tapetum in sterile Satsuma orange can not play normal nutritive role and supplies less nutrients to the developing pollens.4. Abnormal behavior of tapetum in Satsuma orange could be recovered partially and the pollen fertility could be increased by temperature (at 20°C minimum temperature) and IAA treatments (500 ppm) to those plants growing under unfavorable temperature condition.
7 citations
TL;DR: The critical period of the degeneration of tapetal cells and pollen grains of Satsuma orange is the vacuole enlarging stage of microspores, which concludes that the latter became sterile throughout thecourse of pollen grain development.
Abstract: In order to study the mechanism of male-sterility in Satsuma orange, the critical period of the degeneration of pollen grains and anther tapetum was determined. The results obtained were summarized as follows:1. The microspores at the vacuole stage were variable in size, and their sizes at the stages of vacuole appearance and vacuole disappearance were about 20.88 and 27.08μ, respectively.2. The great majority of sterile pollen grains investigated at the stage of pollen maturity could be included in the medium-sized group (from 22.5 to 27.5μ in diameter).3. The degeneration of pollen grains might take place at the vacuole enlarging stage, thereafter, they showed little or no increase in their own size and became empty medium-sized pollen grains.4. During the stage of vacuole disappearance, a few microspores with starch granules and a large number of microspores without starch granules were observed. The latter became sterile throughout thecourse of pollen grain development.5. The tapetum remained cellular and the tapetal cells became to be polynucleated at the pollen-tetrads stage. Breakdown and disappearance of the tapetum occurred at the vacuole enlarging stage and after the pollen mitosis stage, respectively.6. It may be concluded that the critical period of the degeneration of tapetal cells and pollen grains of Satsuma orange is the vacuole enlarging stage of microspores.
7 citations
5 citations
TL;DR: Experiments were carried out to clarify the influ-ences of the forms of nitrogen supplied with vary-ing concentrations on the growth, yields and chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass, finding the decreasing of growth was most remarkable in the NH4NO3, and least in the mixed nitrates.
Abstract: Experiments were carried out to clarify the influ-ences of the forms of nitrogen supplied with vary-ing concentrations on the growth, yields and chemical compositions of turnip in sand culture under glass. In the first experiment, mixed nitrates (KNO3: Ca (NO3)2, ; Mg(NO3)2=5:5:4), NaNO3, NH2NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and (NH2)2 CO were used as nitrogen sources and nitrogen concentrations supplied were 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 m. e. for each nitrogen source, respectively. In the second experiment, nitrogen sources were NaNO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, and nitrogen concentrations supplied were 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 120m. e. All known nutrients were provided for each treatment. Results of both experiments were summarized as follows. (1) In the mixed nitrates and NaNO3 treatments, leaves were light green and even-surfaced. On the contrary NH4NO3 plants produced deep green foliage, and with increased nitrogen concentration their leaves became darker green and uneven-surfaced. Further, in the later stage of growth, they developed symptoms similar to that of potassium deficiency. In the (NH4)2SO4 series, leaves were darker green at the lower concentrations, but at the higher concen-trations became dull to yellow green and developed injuries due to excessive ammoniacal nitrogen. Leaves of the (NH2)2CO plants were chlorotic. And leaf color was proportional to the chlorophyll contents in the leaves. (2) Among mixed nitrates, NaNO3 and NH4NO3 treatments, there was no great difference of their top growth up to 40m. e. (560ppm) nitrogen level. But beyond 40m. e., the decreasing of growth was most remarkable in the NH4NO3, and least in the mixed nitrates. The growth of plants supplied with (NH2)2CO, especially with (NH4)2SO4 were markedly inferior to the above 3 nitrogen forms at every concentration. And at higher concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and of NH4NO2, the decreasing of fleshy root growth was more remarkable than other nitro-gen forms, and their fibrous roots were also injured. (3) Total nitrogen content of both leaves and roots increased with increment of nitrogen supplied, irrespective of nitrogen forms. And in the higher nitrogen concentrations supplied (beyond 40m. e.), increment of nitrogen content was remarkable for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 treatments, but gradual for mixed nitrates and NaNO3. (NH2)2CO plants at lower concentrations contained less nitrogen than other nitrogen forms, but at higher concentrati-ons absorbed fairly much nitrogen. And generally NaNO3 plants accumulated much of nitrate nitro-gen, but (NH4)2SO4 plants contained only trace, and NH4NO3 was intermediate. As to ammonium nitrogen, the relation of (NH4)2S04>NH4NO3>NaNO3 was found, but accumulation of ammonium nitrogen was much less compared with nitrate nitrogen. (4) In the NH4NO3, especially in the (NH4)2SO4 treatment, phosphorus content of leaves was higher and increased with increment of ammoniacal nitrogen supplied. As to potassium, plants supplied with mix-ed nitrates or (NH2)2CO contained much. Plants supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4, had less potassium than the above 2 nitrogen forms, and potassium content decreased against increased Na or NH4 supply
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of soil moisture supplied at various growth stages on the growth, yield, and fruit qualities of young Satsuma orange trees were investigated during three years period from 1966 through 1968.
Abstract: Experiments were carried out during three years period, from 1966 through 1968, to clarify the effects of soil moisture supplied at various growth stages on the growth, yield, and fruit qualities of young Satsuma orange trees.Six to eight years old trees (Oiwa No.5) grown on sandy loam in earthware pipes (60cm in diameter ×60cm in depth) were used as the materials.Water-regimes were designed as follows:Plot Periods of water regimessign May-June July-Aug. Sept.-Oct.A High Medium Medium(Low)B Low Medium Medium(High)C Medium(Low) High MediumD Medium(High) Low MediumE Medium Medium(Low) HighF Medium Medium(High) LowG Medium Medium MediumSoil moisture tension and moisture content on a percentage basis of water-holding capacity were pF=1 and 66% in wet-, pF=2 and 44% in medium-, pF=3 and 29% in dry-regime, respectively, on an average during the decade of 2 month. Sign in parenthesis indicates the water regime in 1968.Results obtained were summarized as follows:1. The growth of plants in new shoot, leaf number, trunk diameter and tree crown was good when supplied with wet- and medium-moisture in soil. The effect of drought period on the growth was decisive as the extreme during from July to August, followed by plot F regimed during from September to October in 1966. The number of flowers in the next spring was the largest in wetregimed during from July to August, and the next largest during from May to June, while the smallest in dry-regimes during the periods mentioned above, especially from July to August. There was a negative correlation between the number of shoot sprouting in the fall and the flower bearing in the next spring.2. Thickening growth of fruits was inhibited by the dry-regimes during each period, especially at the earlier stages of growth. Young fruits werealso dropped by this treatment. Yield and average weight of fruits was higher in wet- than in dryregimes. Color development in fruits was the best in dry-regime during the period from September to October, while the least in the other two dryregimes. Part of fruit rind was enlarged in dryregimes towards the later stages of growth. The content of soluble matter and citric acid in fruit juice was the highest in dry-regime during the period from September to October, while the lowest in wetregime during the same period. Fruit juice in the other two dry-regimes presented no good taste.3. The degree of water saturation deficit (W. S. D.) and diffusion pressure deficit (D. P. D.) in leaf was higher in dry- than in wet-regimes. There was a negative correlation between W. S. D. or D. P. D. and the rate of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration. Nitrogen content in leaf was higher in dry- than in wet-regimes, while phosphorus content in it was just the contrary.The pore space in dry-regimed soil was occupied by a higher proportion of soil air with less water. Soil pH was high in wet-regimes. Soluble salts and NO3-N concentrations in the soil solution were increased by lowering the soil moisture. In conclusion, the medium- and wet-regimes at various growth stages were highly desirable for the growth and yield of young citrus trees. Considering fruit qualities, the sequence of soil moisture supply seemed to be the best in wet- or medium- during the period from May to June, in medium- during from July to August, and in dry-regime during from September to October.
TL;DR: In this paper, the strawberry cultivars used were Kogyoku and Danner and they were sealed in polyethylene bags (0.03mm in thickness) and were irradiated with Co 60 gamma rays at 125, 250, 500 and 1000 Krads.
Abstract: The strawberry cultivars used were Kogyoku and Danner. They were sealed in the polyethylene bags (0.03mm in thickness) and were irradiated with Co 60 gamma rays at 125, 250, 500 and 1000 Krads.The storage temperatures were at room temperature and 1-5°C. The decay of partially green strawberries (Stage I) tended to be less than that of uniformly red ones (Stage II). The concentration of CO2 and O2 in a polyethylene bag during the storage were approximately 4-6% and 6-8% respectively, except for high dose level. The contents of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid decreased with higher doses immediately after irradiation. These compositions in the Irradiated berries increased temporarily at low temperature storage and the subsequent changes showed almost same tendency to decrease as those in unirradiated berries. A degradation of protopetin to soluble pectin evidently occurred in the irradiated berries of Stage I immediately after irradiation. The further decrease of protopectin was less in the irradiated berries than in unirradiated ones. There were no differences between sugar contents in irradiated and unirradiated berries. The titratable acidity in the irradiated Stage I-berries at high dose of radiation apparently decreased during the storage of at room temperature.The organoleptic evaluation indicated that irradiation over the dose of 500 Krad caused more deterioration of the qualities in both stage berries immediately after irradiation and during the storage, while there were no changes of the qualities in the berries which were irradiated at the dose of 250 Krad or less.
TL;DR: In this article, three factors were regarded concerning the storage stability of freeze-dried carrots, diapose of blanching, addition of L-Ascorbic acid and treated in different temperature.
Abstract: In this experiment three factors were regarded concerning the storage stability of freeze-dried carrots, diapose of blanching, addition of L-Ascorbic acid and treated in different temperature. At first the action of blanching shown decreasing 6% of Lycopene during 10 days storage. By the addition of L-Ascorbic acid, the antioxidation power succeeded up to 100 days but after 150-300 days storage restraining power could not continued and some blowning color appeared. If L-Ascorbic acid were added, some anti-oxidation effects could be seen for 30-60 days but not after these days. Moreover increasing moisture contents would be greatly accelerated these reaction.On the other hand, 5% of L-Ascorbic acid were added after blanching it was effected very favourably. Lycopene content decreased only 15-16% during 300 days storage even any discoloration appeared. This condition may be maintained by addition of more higher amount of L-Ascorbic acid. By decreases of lycopene content down to 45-50% some discoloration and special unagreeable odor would be detected.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of nitrogen sources on the top growth, tuber-formation and thickening of sweet potatoes planted in wooden frame were investigated with four kinds of soil, namely sand, sandy loam, loam and clayey loam.
Abstract: With four kinds of soil, namely sand, sandy loam, loam and clayey loam, the effects of nitrogen sources on the top growth, tuber-formation and-thickening of sweet potatoes planted in wooden frame were investigated.1) The plants supplied urea and nitrate ammonium obtained better result than sulfuric ammonium in tuber-formation and-thickening in all kinds of soil. It may be due to the following facts that the plants supplied urea and nitrate ammonium maintained the moderate top growth during the tuberformation period from mid-July to mid-August, and the enhanced top growth during the tuber thickening period.2) Photosynthetic activity of the plants supplied sulfuric ammonium was comparatively high during the tuber thickening period, however, the yield of tuber, especially that of large tuber, was inferior to the plants supplied nitrate ammonium or urea, owing to the heavy repressed leaf area.3) From the results of this experiment, it was also confirmed that both tuber-formation and-thickening are closely correlated with the process of top growth, as it was recognized in the previous works.
TL;DR: An investigation was made of the anatomical structure of the shoot apex in To-pe-tsai (Brassica chinensis L.), it is found that the young apex has one tunica layer, and the zonation is not evident.
Abstract: An investigation was made of the anatomical structure of the shoot apex in To-pe-tsai (Brassica chinensis L.). It is found that the young apex has one tunica layer, and the zonation is not evident. The tunica layer increace to the maximum of 4-5 when the apex becomes adult, and when tend to reproductive phase, the layer increase to 5-6, and then decrease rapidly to 3 before the 1st flower primordium is initiated.1st to 4th leaf primordia are initiated at the 2nd layer of the peripheral zone by periclinal division, whereas 5th to the terminal leaf (bract) are initiated from the 3rd layer, and are also by periclinal division. The floral primordia are initiated from 4th layer constantly.The upper internods elongation occure before the 1st floral primordium is initiated. The first symptom of the bolting can be observed as a cell elongation at the subapical region.
TL;DR: The fruit qualities of Satsuma oranges appeared to be affected greatly more by meteorological condition than by N fertilization, and the degree of increase in acid of fruits grown on the high N fertilized trees was greater than that in soluble solids.
Abstract: 1. In order to clarify the effects of N nutrition on the fruit qualities of Satsuma oranges, N rate experiment was carried out for 4 years on 16-year-old trees growing in concrete frame on diluvial loamy land of Ehime Fruit Tree Exp. Station. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate were respectively applied at the annual rates of 0 (non N), 200 (low N), 400 (medium N) and 800g (high N) of N per tree. The rates were split equally into March, April, July and November application. Other fertilizer elements were applied uniformly to all plots.2. No difference in leaf N among N rates was found in the 1st year. Though the N concentration in relation to age of leaf varied substantially from year to year, there was the significant increase in leaf N of high N fertilized trees after the 2nd year, and the decrease in the non N. However, leaf N was not greatly different between the trees under low and medium N plot. Means of N concentration in 4- to 6-month-old leaves during the 3 years, the 2 nd to the 4th year, were as follows: 2.72, 2.94, 3.05 and 3.21 per cent in dry basis in the order of non, low, medium and high N plot. In October of the 4th year, the leaf N in non N plot decreased to about 2.60 per cent that seems to be the upper limit of low range for the nutrient status of Satsuma orange trees.3. Yield during 4 years was not affected by N rates, and also tree vigor was not appreciably different among the low, medium and high N plot. Fruit qualities were not influenced by N rates in the 1st year. After the 2nd year, fruits showed that with increased amounts of applied N, soluble solids and acid in juice were increased, and ratios of soluble solids to acid except the 4th year were lowered. Especially in the 4th year, there was the significant difference in juice qualities among N rates respectively. The degree of increase in acid of fruits grown on the high N fertilized trees was greater than that in soluble solids. High N fertilization tended to produce a high proportion of late and poorly colored fruits with slightly thick and coarse-textured rind.4. When the status of bearing was differential, N fertilization influenced greatly more on the juice quality in abundant bearing (small fruits) than in less bearing (large fruits). Conspicuous variation of juice quality from year to year was dominantly caused by the difference of meteorological condition in autumn. In this experiment, the fruit qualities of Satsuma oranges appeared to be affected greatly more by meteorological condition than by N fertilization. The difference of juice acid due to N fertilization occurred in young fruits in July or August. The same trend was found also in soluble solids 3 months before harvest.5. The application of ammonium nitrate produced somewhat lighter green foliage and colored fruits than that of ammonium sulphate. Soluble solids and acid in juice were both slightly decreased by the application of ammonium nitrate, but ratio of soluble solids to acid was somewhat higher in ammonium nitrate than in ammonium sulphate. When calcium nitrate was compared with ammonium sulphate in pot experiment with young Satsuma orange trees, the fruit qualities showed remarkable difference with the same tendency.
TL;DR: This study designed to secure the effects of temperature and daylength on the flowering and fruiting of To-pe-tsai, a kind of chinese cabbage that appears to depend upon a lower temperature.
Abstract: A kind of chinese cabbage named To-pe-tsai (Brassica chinensis cultivar To-pe-tsai) is one of the most common vegetables in Formosa. It′s reproductive behavior appears to depend upon a lower temperature.This study was designed to secure the effects of temperature and daylength on the flowering and fruiting of To-pe-tsai.Experimental items were as follows:1) Studies on the capacity to respond to the temperature at 10°C after germination. The ages of young seedling exposed to a low temperature were as follows: (a) the one having the main root, 1 mm long, (b) the cotyledons fully expanded, (c) the 1st leaf, 2cm long, (d) the 2nd leaf, 2cm long.2) Effect of daylength after chilling of seedling on flowering behavior. Plants were first exposed to a temperature of 4°C for 3 days, followed by an exposure to a sufficient number of days of 8hr daylength or natural daylength of 15 to 16hr.3) Effect of an insufficient chilling on flowering behavior. Plants were chilled at 10°C for 24, 48 and 72hrs, and then grown under constant temperature of 23°C.4) Effect of various temperature on flowering behavior after chilling. After sufficient chilling at 4°C in dark room, plants were grown under different constant temperature of 15, 23 and 30°C in Phytotron.The results obtained were as follows:1. When the plants are exposed to 10°C for 3 days at the age of 12 days (1st leaf, 2cm long) after sowing, followed by the exposure to high temperature of 23°C, together with 15 hr-daylength, they can proceed most rapidly, about 10 days, to flower bud differentiation and bolting, and come in to flower after 30 days.2. After chilled at 4°C, the bolting and flowering of plants is promoted by the long day treatment, and is delayed by short day treatment.3. The plants form an abnormal flowers both in the case exposed to insufficient chilling or grown at high temperature after complete chilling.4. The characteristics of an abnormal flower are as follows: (a) the size of abnormal flower is smaller than the one of a normal flowers, (b) the petales and normal pollens are always absent, but the stamens and stigma grown relatively large, (c) the internode length of two flower stalks is extremely short, so the flowers grow together and sometimes the inflorescence fasciates on the base part of flower stalks, (d) the flower buds become black and wither, and then fall off before anthesis, (e) the fruiting does not occur normally.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured both leaf transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface using the chamber method (the vopor-trnsfer method) in order to make clear the characteristics of water consumption of taro plants under upland field conditions, the measurements were carried out at Taketoyo, Aichi in summer of 1963, 1964 and 1966.
Abstract: In order to make clear the characteristics of water consumption of taro plants under upland field conditions, the authors measured both leaf transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface using the chamber method (the vopor-trnsfer method).The measurements were carried out at Taketoyo, Aichi in summer of 1963, 1964 and 1966.1. The amounts of transpiration of taro plants during the growth periods (from late May to early October) were 370mm and 408mm in 1963 and 1964, respectively. For the sameperiod in 1966, the evapotranspiration amount of these plants was 582mm.2. Transpiration rate of taro plants in the early growth stage was little owing to small leaf area, on the other hand the rate of evaporation from the soil surface was much on account of slight covering the soil surface with the foliage of taro plants.The rate of transpiration increased gradually with the increase of leaf area and the rise of air temperature. The maximum transpiration observed was 6.8mm/day on September 10, 1964.About 60% of total amounts of transpiration was transpired for 50 days from July 24 to September 10, 1964. The water requirements were relatively larger (500-800g/g) in the early and late growth stages than the middle growth stage (200-300g/g).3. The relative transpiration increased gradually with the progress of growth, nemely, the increase of leaf area index. This relationship is approximately expressed with the rectangular hyperbolic equation:RT=bL/(1+aL)where RT=relative transpiration, i.e. the value of the rate of transpiration (mm/day) divided by the pan-evaporation (mm/day); L=leaf area index; a and b=constants. The value of inflection point of the hyperbolic curve was about 2.5 of leaf area index, which corresponded to the stage that the soil surface was covered almost thoroughly with the foliage of taro plants.4. Unit relative transpiration, namely, the rate of transpiration (g dm-2 12 hrs-1) divided by the pan-evaporation (mm 12 hrs-1) or daylight hours mean saturation deficit (mm Hg), decreased exponentially with increasing leaf area index. It was approximetely applicable to the above relation that the exponential eqution was given byTp=Tp0e-KLwhere Tp=transpiration power, i.e. unit relative transpiration; Tp0=hypothetical transpiration power when leaf area index was zero; e=base of natural logarithm; L=leaf area index; K=constant.5. The rate of evaporation from the soil surface varied by the covering degrees of the soil surface with the foliage of taro plants.The ratio of the evaporation from the siol surface to the evapotranspiration was about 30% in the stage of largest leaf area index (4.0).6. The largest evapotranspiration rate of taro plants was 9.8mm/day in summer. The daily mean evapotranspiration rate of taro plants was within the range of 5-7mm/day in summer, at Taketoyo, which was estimated by relative evpotranspiration was 1.12-1.14.7. As regards correlations among transpiration, evapotranspiration and various environmental factors, in general transpiration had a positive correlation with leaf area and evapotranspiration had positive correlations with pan-evaporation or solar radiation.
TL;DR: The effect of P fertilization on fruit qualities may be accentuated greatly by the climatological condition and the delay in development of deep orange color became remarkable in fruits grown on high P treatments in 1967.
Abstract: 1. In order to investigate the response of Satsuma orange trees to phosphate fertilization in field condition, P rate experiments were carried out in two orchards on diluvial loamy land of Ehime Fruit Tree Exp. Sta. which had received phosphate fertilizer for past 10 years.2. One experiment, Exp. 1, was started in 1960 in 11-year-old orchard, and consisted of 4 treatments receiving 0 (P0), 200 (P0.5) and 400g (P1) of P2O5 per tree annually under the mulching of rice straw, and 0 (P0-C) under the clean culture. The superphosphate was buried with the soil into 30 holes of 40cm in depth and 6-7cm in diameter around the trees. The tree vigor and yield were not appreciably affected by P rate during 9 years from 1960 to 1968. Fruit qualities were not greatly different among P treatments until the 5th year and also in the 7th year. Fruits grown on P1 treatment in the 6th, 8th and 9th year showed the delay of color development, and had lower soluble solids and acid content than fruits on P0-C and P0 treatment. Leaf P in P0-C and P0 treatment was maintained at the satisfactory level throughout 9 years period. Phosphate application increased P content of the leaves after the 8th year, but the increase was small.3. Other experiment, Exp. 2, was started in 1963 in 3-year-old orchard, and consisted of 5 treatments receiving 0 (P0), 430 (P1B), 860 (P2) and 1, 720g (P4) of P2O5 per tree, and receiving 430g (P1A) of P2O5 by the surface application during 6 years. Superphosphate used in the P1B, P2 and P4 treatments was buried into soil layers of 40cm depth in the areas of 1 meter around the trees prior the transplanting. No significant response of tree growth and yield due to P rate occurred during 6 years from 1963 to 1968. After the 4th year, fruits showed that with increased amounts of applied phosphate, soluble solids and acid in juice were lowered, and ratio of soluble solids to acid increased slightly. In the 5th and 6th years, the delay in development of deep orange color became remarkable in fruits grown on high P treatments. No difference in leaf analysis was found until the 4 th year. However, there was the significant increase in leaf P during late 2 years in the P2 and P4 treatments, and the decrease in leaf N and K.4. The significant difference in fruit qualities between no P and high P treatments was remarkable in 1967 where the rainfall during 6 months from late-spring to mid-autumn was very scarce, attaining only to one-sixth of the average precipitation for recent 10 years. This trend was recognized in both of Exps. 1 and 2. Especially, the decrease of acid content in fruits grown on P1 treatment of Exp. 1 and on P2 and P4 of Exp. 2, was greater than that in fruits grown on trees without the application of K fertilizer for 4 years. Above facts will suggest that the effect of P fertilization on fruit qualities may be accentuated greatly by the climatological condition.
TL;DR: TH-656 and NAA retarded maturity of the grape fruits, but NAA did not retard uniformly the maturity among the fruit clusters on a tree and the berries on a cluster at the all concentrations used in the present experiment and TH-656 also fell to retard uniformly at the treatments after 20 and 44 days from full bloom.
Abstract: Because it has been known that azolides have generally higher chemical reactivity, the present authors synthesized TH-656[1-(α-naphthaleneacetyl) -3, 5-dimethylpyrazole] in expectation of new activity as a plant growth regulator, and compared biological activity of TH-656, NAA(α-naphthaleneacetic acid) and TH-564(3, 5-dimethylpyrazole).The results obtained were summarized as follows:1. TH-656 showed higher biological activity (both promotion and inhibition) on the growth of Avena coleoptile sections, the 2nd leaf sheath and coleoptile of intact rice seedlings thanNAAat the same molar concentration. At the existence of externally applied gibberellin, TH-656 showed more remarkable inhibition of the growth of the 2nd leaf sheath of rice seedlings than NAA. On the other hand, the growth inhibition of the 2nd leaf sheath of rice seedlings caused withNAAwas restored with gibberellin but the inhibition with TH-656 was not. TH-564scarcely showed a biological activity on the growth of Avena coleoptile sections and intact rice seedlings even at the high concentrations without any relation to the existence of externally applied gibberellin.2. Then, the effcets of TH-656, NAAand TH-564on the gibberellin-induced parthenocarpic fruits of Delaware grapes were compared at the concentrations of 1/2n mM (n=0-4) on 20, 30 and 44 days after the full bloom. As a result, TH-656 and NAA retarded maturity of the grape fruits, but NAA did not retard uniformly the maturity among the fruit clusters on a tree and the berries on a cluster at the all concentrations used in the present experiment and TH-656 also fell to retard uniformly at the treatments after 20 and 44 days from full bloom, but at the treatment after 30 days from full bloom the maturity was remarkably retarded by spraying of solutions at the higher concentrations than 1/8mM, that is, desirably at 1/2 or 1mM. TH-564did not affect the maturity of the fruits at all concentrations used in the present experiment.
TL;DR: To get the even distribution of theAir temperature in the curtain, large radius of many ducts and high speed of the air in the duct are effective.
Abstract: 1. Two observations to analyse the air temperature in the plastic house were carried out. The one is the air temperature in the tunnel in the plastic house, and the other is the air temperature in the curtain in the plastic house. On both cases, a warm wind heater equipped with ducts is utilized.2. When the air in the duct laid in the tunnel is discharged out of the tunnel, the longer the distance from the heater, the lower the air temperature in the tunnel.The next notation was set up:heat transmission rate of the tunnel; h1kcal/m2 h°Cheat transmisson rate of the duct; h2kcal/m2 h°Cheat transmission rate of the soil surface; h3kcal/ m2 h°Cradius of the tunnel; r1 mradius of the duct; r2 mwind velocity in the duct; v m/hspecific gravity of the air; w kg/m3specific heat of the air; cP kcal/kg°Cthen, the condition to minimize the air temperature lowering near the tunnel end is2h2r1/r2vwcP•(πh1+2h3)/(πr1h1+2πr2h2+2r1h3)=13. When the air in the duct laid in the tunnel is released into the tunnel (the length of the duct is a little shorter than the tunnel) the air temperature in the tunnel is too high near the end of the duct. The larger the blast amount of the heater, the more uniform the air temperature in the tunnel.4. On the two cases, that the duct is laid in the tunnel, the data measured in the large vinyl house at Hanyu Shi, Saitama Ken have good fitted the theory.5. When the tunnel is removed and the duct is laid in the curtain, the analysis of the air temperature in the curtain is similar with the one in the tunnel in which the air in the duct is discharged.6. On the air temperature in the curtain, by the data measured in the fylon house at the Saitama Ken Horticultural Experimental Station, we have decided the constant of the function which is obtained by the theory.7. The results calculated the air temperature in the curtain were as follows: 1) To get the even distribution of the air temperature in the curtain, large radius of many ducts and high speed of the air in the duct are effective. 2) A considerable difference in maximum air temperature and a smaller one in minimum air temperature were observed between two heaters which had heating power of 3×104 kcal/h and 2×104 kcal/h respectively.The air temperature inside the curtain dropped by 3.4°C and 6.6°C, when the air temperature out of the house and the soil surface temperature fell down by 10°C.
TL;DR: It was found that the exposed portion of stigma between Spring No. 1 and Summer No. 2 was always wider than that of former, and a great number of ovules were seen indicating that the fertilization was over, which seems to be due to the difference of the flower-type between two strains.
Abstract: The author investigated the relation between the shape of stigma and the number of pollen grains on the stigma by hand-pollination together with the number of seeds, and on the pollen tube growth and on the hour of fertilization in Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus NAUD. (Earl′s Favourite) in green house. Two strains, Spring No. 1 and Summer No. 2 were used as the materials for this investigation.1. In comparison of the exposed portion of stigma between Spring No. 1 and Summer No. 2, it was found that the space of the latter was always wider than that of former.2. A staminate flower has approximately from 9, 600 to 13, 000 pollen grains. 900-1, 100 grains of them were pollinated by hand-pollinatoin to the stigma of Spring No. 1, and 1, 000-1, 500 were to that of Summer No. 2.42.6% of these pollen grains were germinated in 20 minutes after pollination, 85.1% of the pollen grains in 30 minutes, and 92% in 60 minutes.3. About 385 seeds of the melon fruit were obtained in Spring No. 1 after its ripening, and 510 seeds in Summer No. 2. When the castration was carried out, above 560 seeds were produced even with Spring No. 1. It seems to be due to the difference of the flower-type between two strains.4. The pollen tubes grew to a length of 227μ in 30 minutes after the pollination, 728μ in one hour, 2, 240μ in 2 hours, and the average length of pollen tube growth in the style was 900-1, 000 μ per hour.5. In 4 hours after pollination, the pollen tube traveled from the stigma to the base of the style (with an average length of 4mm in case of Earl′s Favourite), after the pollen tube entered the ovary.In 15-18 hours after the pollination, it was found near the surface of placenta, and in 24 hours after pollination a great number of ovules were seen indicating that the fertilization was over.
TL;DR: In this experiment, semi-vegetative growth was observed in all C-genome varieties used and it was cleared that the growth phase transfered from reproductive growth to vegetative growth.
Abstract: It had observed that after flowering, the axillary buds were growing vegetatively in C-genome varieties of Brassica. This phenomenon is called“Semi-vegetative growth”. In this experiment, semi-vegetative growth was studied. Several varieties with different ecotypes in C-genome were used. The seeds were sowed in Autamun 1967 and the plants were grown in green house. And these plants were used as materials. Observation was made from 15th May to 15th July, 1968. The axillary buds were collected several times during the period and the morphological and histochemical changes of the shoot apex were studied.The results were as follows:(1) Semi-vegetative growth was observed in all C-genome varieties used.(2) In this period, tunica layers of the shoot apex were increased from 2 layers to 3 layers which represents the vegetative growth in C-genome variety. So, it was cleared that the growth phase transfered from reproductive growth to vegetative growth.(3) This fact was also clearly recognized by histochemical observation of the shoot apex.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the daily and seasonal changes of the water saturation deficit (W S D) of leaves, as an index of the degree of water deficit in Satsuma orange trees.
Abstract: The experiments were carried out during 1962-1965, to clarify the daily and seasonal changes of the water saturation deficit (W S D) of leaves, as an index of the degree of water deficit in Satsuma orange trees And further observations were made on the relationship between W S D of leaves, climatic factors and soil moisture The results obtained were summarized as follows:1 Daily changes of WSD of leaves in summer were rose in a steady curve with sunrise, and maximum value was found to occur around noon, thereafter, values were gradually descended, and minimum value was observed around 600PM each day On the other hand, its changes in winter were smaller than that in summer, although, the tendency was almost similar to that observed in summer2 On the seasonal changes of WSD of leaves, during the period from early to late February, its values were definitely ascended, and it might be mainly due to the low temperature and cold wind And its values in early February were found to have the highest in winter period, but thereafter to late March, WSD of leaves were gradually descended In early May, however, WSD of leaves were ascended rapidly and formed a peak, it seemed to be closely related to the drought of spring and sprouting a current shoots, but thereafter to late June, its values were slightly descended During the period from early July to late August, under the condition of high temperature and drought, WSD of leaves were notably ascended, and the trend was most remarkable in early August, its values in this period were the highest one WSD of leaves in September were considerably high compared with that in October, thereafter from early October its values were descended3 In the winter half (Nov-Apr), WSD of leaves had the high negative correlations with the air temperature, soil temperature, precipitation and saturation deficit of water vapour pressure On the contrary, WSD of leaves in the summer half (May-Oct) had the high positive correlations with the air temperature, soil temperature and saturation deficit of water vapour pressure4 WSD of leaves in autumn and winter were ascended with the increasing of cold wind velocity, also, its values were ascended with the increasing of hours of exposed to the cold wind Further, velocity of transpiration stream in shoot was increased by the exposed to the cold wind, and its velocity was diminished with the decreasing of soil moisture5 WSD of leaves in summer had a very high negative correlation with the soil moisture, therefore, by the use of curved regression equation, it was possible that the soil moisture is presumed with the WSD of leaves When the soil moisture was between field capacity and moisture equivalent, changes of WSD of leaves were very small, and then WSD of leaves were slowly ascended with the decreasing of soil moisture in less than moisture equivalent Thereafter, its values were extremely ascended, being accompanied with a marked decreased of soil moisture to the wilting point In addition, when the WSD of leaves were reached 80 per cent, the trees showed visible symptoms of wilting in leaves, and its values reached 100 per cent, showed visible symptoms of wilting in fruitsIn the winter period, however, no correlation could be found between WSD of leaves and soil moisture, accordingly, the ascension of WSD of leaves in winter were might be mainly due to the climatic factors
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of structures of beds on the growth of broccoli seedlings were raised in a "ditch-ded" and four types of pipe-beds were established in the open air.
Abstract: Each of four types of“pipe-beds”was established in the open air (Fig. 1, Table 1). After preliminary tests on various structures of beds and fertilizer concentrations, this experiment was made on the effects of structures of beds on the growth of broccoli. Broccoli seedlings were raised in a “ditch-ded”. It was also devised to make water rise by capillarity. Seeds were sown on August 4, 1967. Four seedlings were planted in each bed on August 26. Water was poured into the water-storage pipe continually to fill the capacity of 8 liters as the water level lowered to leave around 2 liters. Liquid fertilizer (20 cc of 10-5-8) was supplied into the pipe once every week.The results are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. It is censidered that the C-type bed is satisfactory for most crops. For root crops the soil underneath the medium should be cultivated.The studies are on the exploratory stage. Further studies should be made on the spacing of water-conducting pipes, the depth of plastic mulch placed in the central half of the bed, proper ingredients and amounts of fertilizer, and other things.When these problems are solved, the method of water and fertilizer application is not only effective and efficient for plant growth and for saving labor but also not too expensive for construction and also durable.
TL;DR: The experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of nitrogen supplied in various growth stages from the transplanting time middle in October to the termination of harvest early in July, on the growth and yield of strawberry (var. Donner) in sand culture outdoors.
Abstract: The experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of nitrogen supplied in various growth stages from the transplanting time middle in October to the termination of harvest early in July, on the growth and yield of strawberry (var. Donner) in sand culture outdoors.The control plants supplied with nitrogen throughout all stages of growth were the highest in the number of flowers and yield of fruits.In the plants withheld nitrogen supply after late in April or late in February, the growth of tops and roots were inferior to those of the control. Their number of flowers and yield of fruits were also less.When plants were not supplied with nitrogen during the winter period from late in December to late in February, their number of flowers and yield of fruits were less than those in control plants, however, their yield was the highest among other treatments except the control.Both the number of flower clusters and of flowers decreased remarkably in the treatments withheld nitrogen supply from the transplanting time till late in December or late in February. When nitrogen was supplied afterward to the plants in these treatments, growth of tops and roots became vigorously, and runner production was also active. Although the fruit yields in these treatments were decreased due to their smaller number of flowers, their fruit set percentages, average fruit weight and soluble solid content of fruits were higher than those in the control.