Showing papers in "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1993"

Composition and temporal abundance of mothflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from a tropical rainforest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico

Abstract: Eight species of psychodids were collected from an emergence trap over Quebrada Prieta in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico during fifty-one weeks in 199

Temporal patterns of floral visitation for two bee species foraging on Solanum

Abstract: Timing of floral visits was recorded for two bee species, Ptiloglossa arizonensis and Bombus sonorus, on the nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium at a site in southeastern Arizona. Periodic censuses revealed that P. arizonensis foraged between 0500-0600 hours, whereas workers of B. sonorus were most common after 0700 hours. Continuous obser vations of focal flowers revealed the same pattern, as P. arizonensis accounted for nearly 100% of the initial three visits to the focal flowers. These observations also revealed that floral visits often did not involve pollen collection but were simply investigatory in nature. For both species, we examined whether investigatory visits were more likely to occur at flowers that had received a high number of prior visits. Buchmann and Cane (1989) recently investigated the foraging behavior of two bee species, Ptiloglossa arizonensis Timberlake and Bombus sonorus Say, on the nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Linnaeus. As in other Solanum species, flow ers of S. elaeagnifolium lack nectaries and offer only pollen as a reward for floral visitors. In addition, the pollen is released through minute pores and can be efficiently collected only via sonication of the anthers (Linsley and Cazier, 1970). Through experimental manipulation of pollen accessibility, Buchmann and Cane (1989) made two major findings regarding the foraging behavior of the bees. First, individuals of both P. arizonensis and B. sonorus assess pollen harvest from single flowers and modify their foraging behavior accordingly. For both species, floral handling times were longer for control, virgin flowers than for experimental flowers that (following manipulation) afforded no pollen. Second, individual P. arizonensis spent less time handling virgin flowers but appeared to collect more pollen per flower (based on grooming frequency) than individual B. sonorus. This finding indicates a trade-off between dietary specialization and foraging efficiency, as the solitary P. arizonensis is a "sonication oligophage" (Buchmann and Cane, 1989), whereas the social B. sonorus is a polylectic generalist (Shelly et al., 1991). This latter finding suggests that, in terms of floral use, P. arizonensis may have a competitive advantage over B. sonorus in exploiting S. elaeagnifolium as a pollen source. In addition, P. arizonensis is a matinal bee, active just before and after sunrise (Linsley, 1962), whereas B. sonorus is not fully active until 1-2 hr after sunrise (Shelly et al., 1991). Consequently, P. arizonensis typically visits S. elaeagnifolium flowers before B. sonorus (Linsley and Cazier, 1970). Based in the same locality, the present study more closely examines this inter specific difference in the timing of floral visits. Specifically, we describe temporal variation, not only in the overall abundance of foraging bees, but also in the 1 Hawaiian Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. 2 Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. 3 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Road, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719. 4 Department of Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849. Accepted for publication 5 April 1993. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.4 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 05:29:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 320 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY number of bee visits to individual flowers. These latter data give perhaps a more accurate description of the temporal advantage enjoyed by P. arizonensis, since they allow estimates, on a per flower basis, of the number of P. arizonensis visits that occur prior to the arrival of B. sonorus. In addition, we observed that, particularly for B. sonorus, floral visits often did not involve pollen collection but were simply "investigatory" in nature. Correspondingly, we examined whether these investigatory visits were more likely to occur at flowers that had received more frequent prior visits. Materials and Methods Field work was conducted between August 17-24, 1985, 2 km north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona, along the Foothills Hwy. On these days, skies were in variably clear during our observations. All observations were made in a single patch of S. elaeagnifolium (approximately 400 m2 in area) growing next to a cattle stocktank. Vegetation in the surrounding area consisted of Chihuahuan desert scrub dominated by creosote bush {Larrea tridentata). Censuses of foraging bees were made at 10 min intervals between 0500-0730 hours on five different mornings. During each census, observers counted all P. arizonensis and B. sonorus found within five plots of 1 m2. Prior to each census, ambient temperature 1 m above ground was measured to the nearest 1?C using a Bailey Bat-12 thermocouple thermometer. Relative light intensity was also recorded with a Gossen Scout-2 light meter (held vertically). These readings were later converted to Lux by calibrating the Gossen Scout-2 model against a Gossen Lunasix light meter. We also monitored visits to individual flowers of S. elaeagnifolium. Continuous observations were made of 15 flowers between 0500-0730 hours on four different mornings (a different set of flowers was observed each day). Focal flowers were selected one day prior to observations when they appeared as large purple buds. At that time a small piece of masking tape bearing an identification number was placed on the stem well below the flower. To ease observations, all flowers ob served on a given day were situated within a 3-4 m2 area. To avoid any positional bias, observations of focal flowers were made in different parts of the patch on different days. While monitoring individual flowers, we noted the number of visits by each species during 10 min intervals throughout the morning. Since the bees were not marked, counts may have included repeat visits by some individuals. We also noted whether the visits involved pollen collection (via sonication) or were simply investigatory in nature. During the latter, bees hovered immediately in front of a flower for 1-3 sec and then flew away without alighting on or even contacting the flower. Finally, on two mornings, we made continuous observations of in dividual bees and recorded the number of floral visits made. Focal bees were observed for 1-5 min. Fig. 1. (a) Censuses of foraging bees at the study patch of S. elaeagnifolium. Values represent means for five 1 m2 plots monitored over five mornings (i.e., n = 25 for each point). Vertical bars give ? 1 SD. Plots were checked every 10 min. Measurements of (b) ambient temperature and (c) light levels during hours of field observations. Values represent means over five mornings; vertical bars give ? 1 SD. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.4 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 05:29:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 66, NUMBER 3 321

Low temperature effects on hatch of northern corn rootworm eggs (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Abstract: This study determined the survival of northern corn rootworm eggs exposed to different experimental low temperatures for up to 16 weeks. Eggs were obtained from adults collected in maize fields that had been in continuous maize for > 2 years. Eggs were placed in the field in September to simulate soil temperatures experienced by feral eggs. In November they were brought into the laboratory and subjected to temperatures of 0, -2.5,-5,-7.5, or-10?C for 2 to 16 weeks. Percent egg hatch following treatment declined as temperature decreased and as duration of exposure at reduced temperature increased. This relationship was described by the equation HATCH = 42.70 - 5.51*TP + 5.67*TM - 0.54*(TP)2 - 0.26*(TM)2 + 0.42*TP*TM (r2 = 0.70), where TP and TM denote exposure temperature (?C) and temperature duration (weeks), respectively. The northern corn rootworm (NCR), Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, is a major pest of maize in North America and one member of a complex of Diabrotica spp. that annually costs maize growers approximately $1 billion in yield losses and control expense (Metcalf, 1986). Since the NCR overwinters as an egg in the soil, the presence of an economic infestation depends in part on the overwintering survival rate of those eggs. Chiang (1965) and Calkins and Kirk (1969) determined that soil temperatures during the winter are routinely low enough to cause mortality of overwintering northern corn rootworm eggs in the northern midwest Great Plains of the USA. Chiang et al. (1972) found that hatch increased with an increase in chill duration at 5?C; however, hatch decreased with increasing chill duration at 0, ?5, and -10?C. Patel and Apple (1967) concluded that hatch was reduced at -2?C and was prevented when they were held at ?10 and -23?C for six or more weeks. These studies were insufficient for modeling purposes in several respects; they examined a small range of temperatures 0, ?2, ?5, ?10, and ?23?C, eggs in both cases were plated on moist filter paper, and eggs were not conditioned to the gradual decline in temperatures observed in nature. In contrast, Gustin (1983), using temperature conditioned eggs and maintaining eggs in soil, determined that hatch occurred after 6 weeks at - 10?C. However, the data were variable and may have reflected the small samples used in the study. NCR egg survival needs to be assessed over a wider range and duration of overwintering temperatures. The purpose of this study was to derive a function that predicts survival of NCR eggs exposed to a range of low temperatures for periods up to 16 weeks. This information is critical for models to forecast egg survival and, consequently, to determine the potential for larval damage to maize the following spring.

Parasitoids associated with Chionaspis pinifoliae and Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in North America

Abstract: The pine needle scales, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) and Chionaspis heter ophyllae Cooley, are host to a number of primary and secondary hymenopterous parasitoids. Species components vary across North America, but trophic components are representative of a general model. This model includes three trophic levels: primary ectoparasitoids, primary endoparasitoids, and secondary ectoparasitoids of the primary endoparasitoids. Reported parasitoid complexes from five sites in North America are reviewed and trophic structure is discussed. The pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), has been reported to attack most species of Pinus and Picea, as well as a range of other coniferous species, in the United States and Canada (Furniss and Carolin, 1977; Drooz, 1985). Heavy scale infestations usually are found in urban and intensive-culture plantings, but seldom in more natural situations. A related scale species, Chionaspis heterophyllaeCooley, occurs on some of the same hosts (Shour and Schuder, 1987) and occasionally has been misidentified as C pinifoliae in collections, causing taxonomic misinterpretations (D. G. Nielsen, Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, pers. comm.). Univoltine, bivoltine, and multivoltine populations of pine needle scale have been reported from different locations in the United States and Canada (e.g., Cumming, 1953; Brown, 1959; Luck and Dahlsten, 1974). Usually, the overwin tering scale population is limited to diapausing eggs. In the midwest, during years with relatively moderate winter temperatures, however, mature females in some areas diapause and overwinter, producing new eggs in the spring (Shour, 1986). The life system of the pine needle scale is remarkably complex, not only because of the multitude of host trees and the variations in the biology of the scale, but also because of the variety of associated predators and parasitoids. Detailed studies of hymenopterous parasitoids attacking C pinifoliae and C heterophyllae have been reported from several geographically distinct areas (Cumming, 1953; Martel and Sharma, 1968; Nielsen and Johnson, 1973; Luck and Dahlsten, 1974; Shour, 1986; Burden and Hart, 1990). Parasitoid recoveries from a number of less in tensive surveys also have been reported (Thompson and Simmonds, 1964; Herting and Simmonds, 1972; Krombein et al., 1979; Herting and Simmonds, 1982). These parasitoids often are polyphagous and some display, by genus or species, a range of parthenogenetic reproductive adaptations. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the reported parasitoid complexes 1 Present address: Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA. Accepted for publication 25 June 1993. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.158 on Fri, 18 Nov 2016 04:12:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 384 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY for C. pinifoliae and G. heterophyllae and, (2) to use this information to construct a general model applicable to these host-parasitoid systems in North America. Pine Needle Scale Parasitoids Parallels exist among the reported complexes of the two pine needle scale species and their associated parasitoids (Fig. 1). Parasitoids associated with adult female scales in North America fall into one of three categories: primary ectoparasitoids, primary endoparasitoids, or secondary ectoparasitoids of the primary endopar asitoids, implying a general model for the complexes. All parasitoids are Hy menoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae: Aphelini or Coccophagini, with the ex ception of one species from Eulophidae: Entedontinae: Entedontini. Two other possible exceptions are implied from single-specimen recoveries, one in Mymar idae: Alaptini and the other in Encyrtidae: Habrolepidini (Shour, 1986). As all previously studied species of Mymaridae are egg parasitoids, the trophic inter pretation of this species deserves further evaluation before definite inclusion as a parasitoid of the female scales. The primary parasitoids usually are recovered in densities of 15 to 30% of that of the scale host. The secondary parasitoids are usually present at less than 10% of the scale host density and occasionally have been reported mistakenly as in cidental primary endoparasitoids (Cumming, 1953; Martel and Sharma, 1968; Nielsen and Johnson, 1973; Luck and Dahlsten, 1974). In all reported cases, the primary ectoparasitoid is an Aphytis sp.; the genus has been the subject of several comprehensive studies (Yashnosh, 1972; Rosen and DeBach, 1979). Both individual recoveries and complex studies have shown that the primary endoparasitoid is a female Coccophagus sp., Aspidiotiphagous sp., Prospaltella sp., Coccobius sp., Encarsia sp., or Achrysocharis sp. Males of these genera may be present in collections as hyperparasitoids attacking the endopar asitoid, potentially including females of their own species. A possible exception is implied from the single recovery of a species of Habrolepidini, either a Habrolep is sp. or a Plagiomerus sp. (Shour, 1986). An ectoparasitoid of the primary en doparasitoid, a Marietta sp., was present in five of the six studies reviewed. In Marietta, both sexes are hyperparasitoids and are usually present in a roughly equal sex ratio. Although there is geographical variation in species composition, the trophic structure is relatively constant. In some cases, however, an entire trophic element may be absent (Cumming, 1953; Luck and Dahlsten, 1974).

Effects of surface-mine drainage on leaf litter insect communities and detritus processing in headwater streams.

Abstract: The effects of surface-mine drainage on the insect communities of leaf litter were studied in three first-order streams in Alabama. All three streams were similar in size, flow rate, and geology. However, one stream had an active surface mine just above the study site. Another stream drained a reclaimed surface mine, while the third stream, which was unaffected by mine drainage, was used as a control. Leaf litter processing rates and insect colonization were determined by placing 24 5-g alder {Alnus serrulata (Aiton)) leaf packs in the riffle areas of each study stream and retrieving them after 48 hours, one week, three weeks, and every four weeks thereafter. The leaves in the control stream had a processing rate (k = 0.0074) about twice as fast as the leaves in the stream draining the active surface-mine (k = 0.004). Leaf packs in the control stream had an abundant and diverse insect fauna whereas the leaf packs of the active surface mine stream had very low insect abundance and diversity. Most significantly, no shredders or collectors were found in the active mine stream. The stream draining the reclaimed mine was intermediate to the other two with respect to processing rate and abundance and diversity of insects in the leaf packs. The effects of surface-mine drainage on leaf litter processing rates and insect colonization were probably caused by low pH, high quantities of iron, magnesium, and sulfate, and large amounts of sediment trapped in the leaf packs. Surface-mine discharge can adversely affect both surface and groundwater re sources. This in turn can alter the quality of receiving waters and may produce severe environmental stress. These stress conditions often are the result of for mation of sulfuric acid by weathering of sulfuritic materials in exposed coal and spoil banks along with the release of high concentrations of magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese (Campbell and Lind, 1970; Dills and Rogers, 1974). When high concentrations of these chemicals are introduced into a stream, the effects can be detrimental to organisms living there (Roback and Richardson, 1969; Cairns and Dickson, 1971). If these organisms include some of those that are responsible for the breakdown of detritus, then processing rates of leaf litter could be slowed causing imbalances which may affect the functioning of the entire stream ecosystem. Terrestrial leaf litter input and its subsequent decomposition have been shown to be important ecosystem-level processes in streams having dense riparian veg etation (Kaushik and Hynes, 1971; Cummins, 1973; Cummins et al., 1973; An derson and Sedell, 1979; Short et al., 1980; Minshall et al, 1983, 1985; Webster and Benfield, 1986). Leaf litter processing involves both abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors include leaching, physical abrasion by sediments carried by the current, and the physical force of the current itself. Biotic factors include microbial action in the initial conditioning of leaves and subsequent breakdown of leaves by both microbial and macroinvertebrate shredders. Short et al. (1980), Wallace 1 Contribution number 193 from the Aquatic Biology Program, The University of Alabama. Accepted for publication 10 August 1992. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.86 on Wed, 20 Apr 2016 05:10:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 32 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY et al. (1982), and others showed that macroinvertebrate shredders play an im portant role in processing leaf litter. Leaf litter processing rates have been cal culated for a variety of stream types from different geographical areas (Petersen and Cummins, 1974; Benfield et al., 1977; Barlocher et al., 1978; Short et al., 1980; Stout et al., 1985; Barnes et al., 1986; Cuffhey and Wallace, 1987; McArthur and Barnes, 1988; McArthur et al., 1988). Although there have been numerous studies on the effects of environmental perturbations on detritus processing (Wal lace et al., 1982; Cuffhey et al., 1984; Kimmel et al., 1985; Allard and Moreau, 1986; see also Webster and Benfield, 1986), no studies have specifically considered the effects of surface mine discharges on leaf litter processing dynamics and leaf pack insect communities (but see Carpenter et al., 1983; Gray and Ward, 1983; Burton et al., 1985; Mackay and Kersey, 1985; Mulholland et al., 1987). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of surface-mine drainage on both processing and insect community structure of leaf litter in head-water streams. This study should provide a better understanding of the effects of en vironmental perturbations on leaf litter insect communities and their role in ecosystem-level processes.

Further observations on the emergence composition and phenology of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) from a tropical rain forest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico.

Abstract: This paper represents a continued study of the emergence phenology of adult crane flies from a small stream in northeastern Puerto Rico. Twenty-two species were collected by an emergence trap from February 1991 through April 1992 at Quebrada Prieta, a second-order stream in the Luquillo Mountains. Four species of Limonia comprised 53% of the individuals and one species alone, Limonia (Geranomyia) virescens (Loew) comprised 22%. These additional fifteen months of emergence data confirm the pronounced seasonality in the crane fly emergence phenology reported by Gelhaus et al. (1993), with most emergence occurring during November through April, and little or no emergence from June through September. Decline in the individuals of the dominant species, L. virescens, and in numbers of total Tipulidae overall, may be related to the canopy re-growth following the destruction by Hurricane Hugo in 1989, and the resulting decline in light levels and benthic algal levels. Grazers on benthic algae included 48% of the crane fly individuals. Limonia (Discobola) gowdeyi Alexander and L. (Neolimonia) caribaea Alexander are recorded from Puerto Rico for the first time. Although many studies have examined emergence phenology or adult activity periods for crane flies in north temperate regions, Gelhaus et al. (1993) presented the first study of emergence phenology for Tipulidae in a tropical environment, specifically a small stream in a relatively non-seasonal, mountainous region of Puerto Rico. Surprisingly, the results of that study showed crane fly emergence at that site to be distinctly seasonal, although that result was taken to be prelim inary as it was based on a single year of emergence data. This paper represents a study of the succeeding fifteen months of emergence data from the same site and examines the earlier conclusions in light of this additional information. Materials and Methods Methods are outlined in detail by Masteller and Buzby (1993). The traps were maintained and samples sorted to family level by Buzby and Masteller. The trap was not operated in October 1991. All identifications to species were made by Livingston and Gelhaus. Verifications of most species determinations were made by reference to type specimens and other determined material in the Alexander Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Specimens are preserved in 80% ethanol and deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Use of fallen cocoa pods by ants (hymenoptera, formicidae) in southeastern brazil

Abstract: Fallen cocoa pods serve as nesting and foraging sites for litter and ground ants in southeastern Brazil. The distribution of the number of species per pod deviated significantly from a Poisson distribution, with a prevalence of one species per pod. Only 17 species of a much larger fauna were present in pods, with the dominant species being Gnamptogenys striatula, and Oligomyrmex sp. Colony populations for 13 species are given. Ants are model organisms for studying competition and community structure (Holldobler and Wilson, 1990; Andersen, 1991). Because ant colonies are spatially fixed, competition can take on many forms, but can be studied through pattern analysis as in vegetation ecology (Fowler et al., 1991; Andersen, 1991). For ants, limiting resources are often food and nesting sites (Fowler et al., 1991). Studies were conducted in a shaded cocoa plantation of the Fazenda Rio Claro, located in Cara guatatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, during a rainy day in May, 1988. In an area of 500 m2, 100 randomly chosen fallen cocoa fruits were collected. Each pod collected was scored as 4 on a scale of 0 (no decomposition) to 6 (maximal decomposition). Each fruit was placed individually into a plastic bag that was later opened in the laboratory for analysis. Using the reference collections of UNESP and CEPLAC (Itabuna, Bahia), ants present in the fruits were identified to species, or at least to morpho species, and counted. The presence of alates, larvae and pupae or queens was used as the criterion for considering that the fruit contained a colony. For those species nesting in pods, mean colony worker population was estimated, as well as the percentage of pods containing at least one worker of the species. Colony sizes of ants using pods as nesting sites were quite low (Table 1), with average colony worker populations fewer than 100. However, due to the rainy conditions, probably most of the worker force of species nesting in pods was present. Small colony size is characteristic of litter-inhabiting ants, all of which have been previously recorded as part of the litter fauna in cocoa plantations (Delabie and Fowler, 1993). For these species, some cocoa pods are functional parts of the litter layer and are colonized. Thirteen of the 17 species found in the fallen cocoa pods were using them as nesting sites (Table 1). However, by examining only the 3 most abundant species, the distribution of nest numbers was directly proportional for Gnamptogenys striatula and Oligomyrmex sp. 1 (G-test, P > 0.05), but the similar sized Hypoponera sp. 1 was found in pods more frequently than expected based upon colony numbers {G = 4.47, P 0.05). G. striatula, however, was found less frequently in pods than expected from worker numbers, while Hypoponera sp. 1 and Oligomyrmex sp. 1 were found more often than expected (G-tests, all P < 0.001). This suggests that the latter two species are much more active foragers than the dominant G. striatula. Combining nesting and foraging populations, the number of ant species found per pod (Fig. 1) was significantly different from a random assortment, with a predominance of 1 species per pod. No pods with more than 1 species harbored colonies, and thus it appears that when more than 1 species was present, the ants were foraging. However, even for pods with more than 1 species present, the observed frequencies were much less than expected for a random assortment (Fig. 1). Pods are apparently defended limiting resources, both as nest sites and foraging areas. Only a small subset of the more than 60 species of ants known to inhabit the litter layer of cocoa Accepted for publication 8 June 1993. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.28 on Tue, 30 Aug 2016 04:48:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 66, NUMBER 4 445 Table 1. The number of worker ants and ant colonies present in a sample of 100 fallen cocoa pods in Caraguatatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mean colony populations are given, as well as the percentage of cocoa pods recording that species.

The Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of Illinois

Abstract: The monogeneric subfamily oxyporinae {Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is composed of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius. Members of the genus are obligate inhabitants of higher, fleshy mushrooms. The Illinois fauna of Oxyporus includes nine species from two subgenera which are treated in this study. A key to the identification of adults, descriptions, fungal host lists, and distributional maps are provided for each species. The most commonly collected species in Illinois are Q. occipitalis, Q. stygicus, Q. major, and Q. vittatus; uncommon or rare species are Q. lateralis, Q. guinguemaculatus (a new record for Illinois), Q. femoralis femoralis, Q. rufipennis, and Q. lepidus. Over 1000 host records were compiled for the fungal host lists of the subfamily. The most common fungal hosts for Illinois species of Oxyporus were: Q. lateralis from Naematoloma fasciculare, Q. occipitalis from Hygrophorus russula, Q. guinguemaculatus from Pluteus cervinus, Q. femoralis femoralis from Naematoloma fasciculare, Q. stygicus from Pleurotus ostreatus, Q. rufipennis from Pleurotus ostreatus, Q. major from Lepiota acutaesguamosa, Q. vittatus from Boletus sp., and Q. lepidus from Pholiota sp. Aspects of the fungal habitat, structural and behavioral adaptations of the Oxyporinae to mushroom habitat, and patterns of Oxyporinae-host relationships are discussed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Michael A. Goodrich, my major professor, for his steady guidance, leadership, helpful advice and encouragement throughout the course of this research. I also want to thank Dr. Andrew Methven for his assistance in the sometimes difficult task of identifying host mushrooms. The assistance of the curators responsible for the collections and individuals who sent specimens for this study is gratefully acknowledged. I also wish to thank the members of my graduate committee: Dr. Richard Funk, Dr. Eric Bollinger, and Dr. Andrew Methven. I would also like to extend my special thanks to the following people: Dr. Kipp Kruse for his ideas concerning subsocial behavior in insects; Mr. Larry Crofutt for his technical help and guidance with computer-related problems; and Mr. Jim Griffiths for his companionship on numerous collecting trips in which he was able to demonstrate his field expertise. Finally, I wish to acknowledge my wife Kate for her enthusiasm and patience throughout the course of my study. I also want to acknowledge her overall collecting skills and keen eye for mushrooms.

State, county, and ecophysiographic province records for grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Wyoming.

Abstract: An intensive study of the acridid fauna of Wyoming in 1990-1991 yielded five new state records and 132 new county records. New records were established in all but two counties, with the greatest number of new records from the western one-third of the state. Current records indicate that there are 113 species of grasshoppers in the state, and six species are known from all 23 counties. It appears that the faunas of Sweetwater County (which covers the majority of the Red Desert) and Crook County (which includes the Bear Lodge Mountains at the western edge of the Black Hills) are in greatest need of further investigation. The survey also added 21 new ecophysiographic records. Six of these records were from the Red Desert, five were from the Thunder Basin, four were from the Platte Valley, three were from the western mountains, and one each was from the central mountains, the Big Horn Basin, and the southeastern mountains. Twenty-eight species are known to occur in every ecophysiographic province in Wyoming, although many rangeland species probably occupy foothills of the mountain ranges, rather than typically montane habitats. There are 13 species that occupy only a single ecophysiographic province. These records are interpreted in context of previous work to suggest biogeographic features of Wyoming's grasshopper fauna. The distribution of grasshopper species in the western United States has not been systematically studied since 1956 (Newton and Gurney, 1956). Some tax onomic works have addressed distributions (e.g., Pfadt, 1988; Otte, 1981, 1984), but the biogeographical data have not been comprehensively reviewed. In Wy oming and other western states, studies of grasshopper distribution have been based on limited forays into selected areas rather than systematic collecting, largely due to a lack of resources necessary to cover so large an area effectively (e.g., Pfadt, 1940; Mills and Pepper, 1949; Hewitt and Barr, 1967; Capinera and Se christ, 1982). The most recent review of grasshopper distributional records in Wyoming (Pomerinke and Lockwood, 1990) made use of seven sources of biogeographic information, including the 1988 and 1989 records contained in the Wyoming Grasshopper Information System (WGIS), which is managed by the USDA An imal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). This database may be the most comprehensive source of biogeographic information on western rangeland grasshoppers in existence; there are 34,691 individual records, from 2001 bulk grasshopper collections, covering the period 1988 through 1991. From the work of Pomerinke and Lockwood (1990), it was clear that WGIS provided a remark ably rich source of new distributional records, but there were some clear defi ciencies in the survey. In 1990 and 1991, the USDA-APHIS survey addressed many of the geographic "holes" in the previous surveys. The purpose of our work was to use WGIS in determining new state and county records in the last 2 yr and to evaluate these records in terms of new ecophysio graphic associations. Accepted for publication 15 May 1993. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.183 on Fri, 22 Apr 2016 05:04:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 66, NUMBER 3 293 ) 1] \ Sheridan Yellowstone \ S National > ^^ TB/M2 Campbell Crook Park ^ Park Big Horn ^v_ ( \ TB M4/TB M1 S BH/M1 M2/BH \ I X Washakie Johnson ^~~\ gf^\ ,_I L_ Weston \J V?* ^_, M2/BH Teton \ Hot Springs I-. TB/M2 -^ 1_' L TB L-i BH/M2 M1 j-. ^"^-K-'-H-H S^^ Fremont Natrona Converse Niobrara lj Sublette \^ BH/M1 | TB TB/M3 TB/PV \ " I-if\ Carbon Albany Platte Goshen Lincoln M1 RD M3 PV PV Sweetwater _| _