Showing papers in "Journal of The New York Entomological Society in 1986"

Cladistics of the Chrysidoidea(Hymenoptera)

Abstract: A cladistic analysis of the relationships of the families of the Chrysidoidea is presented, and contrasted with the efforts of previous authors. The phylogenetic system here proposed is: Plumariidae is the sister-group of the other six families, which together form a monophyletic group. Scolebythidae is the sister-group of «Sclerogibbidae + (Embolemidae + Dryinidae)) + (Bethylidae + Chrysididae)). Embolemidae and Dryinidae are sister-groups, and the closest relative of this component is the Sclerogibbidae. Bethylidae and Chrysididae are sister-groups, and together are the sister-group of Sclerogibbidae + (Embolemidae + Dryini­ dae). The monophyly of each of the families is established.

The Biology of a Subtropical Population of Halictus ligatus IV: A Cuckoo-Like Caste

Abstract: -Intraspecific cleptoparasitism is described in a subtropical population of the social sweat bee Halictus ligatus. Cuckoo-like individuals are, on average, larger than workers but smaller than queens. Behavioral modifications resulting in the cleptoparasitic behavior are quite minor: forced entry and sneaky oviposition are activities possessed by non-parasitic members of this population. Only the trap-lining and host nest choice behaviors are new. Intraspecific cleptoparasitism has not been recorded from any of the temperate populations of this species that have been studied. It is argued that the continuously brooded, multivoltine phenology of this population has been a necessary prerequisite for the origin of this pattern of cleptoparasitism. A large number of bees exhibit obligatory cleptoparasitic behavior, that is they do not provision their own nests but lay eggs in those built and provisioned by other species (Bohart, 1970). The success of this strategy is indicated by the fact that whole genera and even tribes of bees are obligate cuckoos (Michener, 1944; Bohart, 1970). Most cleptoparasites lay their eggs in the nests of solitary hosts. However, clepto parasitism of social hosts is a fairly common condition, exhibited particularly fre quently by parasitic species of the subfamily Halictinae whose hosts are usually other species of this taxon (Michener, 1977). Over half of the records assembled by Mich ener involve hosts that are known to exhibit eusocial behavior. However, most halictines that have been studied in any detail are social species, therefore the sample is biased in favor of cleptoparasites of social hosts. True social parasitism, in which the intruding parasite becomes an integral part of the host society, is a rarer phe nomenon in bees: known in the cuckoo bumble bees of the genus Psithyrus, various allodapines (Wilson, 1971) and in Microsphecodes (Eickwort and Eickwort, 1972) and some Sphecodes (Knerer, 1980). Although there are several reports of intraspecific nest usurpation within the Ha lictinae (Knerer, 1973) and elsewhere amongst the social Hymenoptera (Archer, 1980; Fisher, 1985; Richards, 1978; Turilazzi, 1985) intraspecific cleptoparasitism has not been recorded for any social species, but is known in solitary forms (Eickwort, 1975). Emery's rule: \"that parasitic species tend to resemble their host species more than any other free-living form\" (Wilson, 1971) seems to hold true for most cleptoparasitic halictine taxa. Apparent exceptions, such as the large and cosmopolitan genus Sphe codes, result from a long evolutionary history of cleptoparasitism: the ancestral Sphe codes almost certainly parasitized a host that was a closely related halictine species. Thus, intraspecific cleptoparasitic behavior should provide important clues as to the origin and further elaboration of this mode of life. Detailed field investigations were carried out on the bionomics and social orga nization of H. ligatus at Knights Key, Monroe County, Florida between February This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Sun, 14 Feb 2016 04:10:45 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1986 BIOLOGY OF HALICTUS LIGATUS 459 1981 and February 1984 (see Packer and Knerer, 1986a for an account of the general biology of this population). This paper is an account of cuckoo-like behavior in a small proportion of the individuals in this subtropical population.

A synopsis of the zoogeography of the rhyparochrominae (heteroptera: lygaeidae)

Abstract: The distributions of the Rhyparochrominae are analyzed from the point of view of general patterns of occurrence, faunal composition of the major zoogeographic areas, and interpretation of the meaning of observed patterns. This dedicatory issue honoring the hemipterological work of Dr. Richard Froes chner seems an ideal place and time to summarize what we know of one of the larger and more diverse taxa in the suborder Heteroptera. This paper is thus an attempt to place in perspective the present state of our knowledge of the distribution of the rhyparochromine Lygaeidae. It also offers some hypotheses to explain the zoogeo graphic patterns. The Rhyparochrominae, the largest subfamily of Lygaeidae (Table 1), is particularly well suited for zoogeographic studies because the great majority of species are ground living, litter-inhabitants. This geophily has enabled many species to develop flightless morphs when living in relatively stable habitats (Slater, 1976, 1978). This increases the probability that such species and genera will have restricted ranges and reduced dispersal ability. As piercing-sucking insects that feed on mature fallen seeds, they represent a group living at a very specialized trophic level.

Life history and laboratory rearing of Belostoma lutarium (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) with descriptions of immature stages.

Abstract: -The life history of Belostoma lutarium was studied in southern Illinois, and the immature stages are described. The bug also was reared from egg to adult in the laboratory. This apparently bivoltine species overwintered as adults in leaf litter and detritus in very shal low water along the shoreline and became active in early March. Eggs were found between the 3rd week of April and early August and were laid on the backs of males. First instars appeared in early May followed by marked overlapping of the subsequent instars. Active adults were last observed in November. This species was reared on Chaoborus americanus larvae under a 1 6L: 8D photoperiod at 26.7 ? 1.5?C. The incubation period averaged 9.9 days. Durations of the 5 subsequent stadia averaged 6.3, 6.4, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.7 days, respectively. The giant water bug Belostoma lutarium (Stal) is primarily a species of the south eastern United States; it has been collected from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Michigan, Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas (Lauck, 1964), but appar ently has not been found in New York or Pennsylvania. B. flumineum Say, which occurs in the southern half of Canada, throughout the continental U.S., and in northern Mexico, becomes rather scarce where its range overlaps that of B. lutarium (Lauck, 1964). In Illinois B. flumineum occurs primarily in the northern 2/3 of the state and B. lutarium in the southern 1/3, with little overlap in their ranges (Lauck, 1959). Little is known about the life history of B. lutarium. It has been taken from pools and ponds containing cattails, along grass borders and among stems of Polygonum, in shallow stock ponds filled with submerged and emergent vegetation, and from ponds and swamps with abundant growth of emergent grasses (Bobb, 1974; Lauck, 1959; Wilson, 1958). Adults have been collected in Mississippi from March to No vember, egg-carrying males as early as March, and nymphs from June to November (Wilson, 1958). Nymphs have been collected in Illinois as early as late May (Lauck, 1959). For the past 3 years (1983-1985), we have studied the life history of a population of B. lutarium occurring in the La Rue-Pine Hills Ecological Area. This area, located ca. 18 miles northeast of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in the northwest corner of Union County, Illinois, is part of the Shawnee National Forest. It encompasses only about 3 square miles, but contains both dry forests and hill prairies atop limestone bluffs, and moist forests at the base of these bluffs that surround La Rue Swamp and Winters I Present address: Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.113 on Wed, 05 Oct 2016 04:16:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1986 LIFE HISTORY OF BELOSTOMA LUTARIUM 155 Pond. These aquatic habitats are continuous, and it is here that our study was conducted. Much of the study area is blanketed with duckweeds (i.e., Lemna, Spi rodela, Wolffia, and Wolf7iella) along the shoreline. This paper presents information on the life history and laboratory rearing of B. lutarium and includes descriptions of the immature stages. We are pleased to dedicate this paper to Dr. R. C. Froeschner for his many contributions to the study of the Hemiptera and for his constantly warm and friendly personality and a continuing willingness to help others with their own research efforts. Thanks, Dick! MATERIALS AND METHODS Life history. The study began in March 1983 before the bugs had emerged from overwintering sites. Samples were taken with an aquatic net at approximately weekly intervals at 6 sites along the edge of the study area into November after all nymphs had disappeared and adult activity had ceased. Sampling during the following 2 years was conducted similarly, although it ended in mid-September in 1985 when occa sional nymphs (3rd-5th instars) could still be collected. All samples (minus some captured egg-carrying males that were released) were preserved in 75% ethanol and examined in the laboratory to accurately determine the developmental stages present in each sample. Occasional collections also were made during the winter months to determine ovewintering stage(s) and sites. Data gathered during the 3 years of study were combined to gain a better understanding of the annual life cycle. Laboratory rearing. Approximately 20 adults were collected during late March and early April 1985 and returned to the laboratory. From these individuals, 7 pairs of males and females were selected and placed in 2 aquaria (4&8 and 499; 388 and 399). Each aquarium (ca. 30 x 20.5 x 15 cm) was covered on the bottom with aquarium gravel and filled with ca. 7 cm of dechlorinated water. Adults were maintained on amphipods, Gammarus minus pinicollis Cole. Egg-carrying males were removed from the aquaria and placed in finger bowls (ca. 11 cm diam, 4 cm depth) filled with 3 cm of distilled water. All egg pads were eventually separated from the males, either by the males themselves or by us after the males prematurely died, and placed in petri dishes. Each dish (ca. 9 cm diam, 2 cm depth) was covered on the bottom with filter paper and the eggs kept moist by keeping the filter paper saturated with distilled water. Upon hatching, the 1 st instars were also placed in petri dishes. Each dish was again covered on the bottom with filter paper but ca. 0.5 cm of distilled water was added, sufficient to just cover the bugs. Later instars were also provided sufficient water to just keep them submerged. About 10 1st instars were placed in each petri dish but were further separated as they developed through subsequent instars. Two Chaoborus americanus (Johannsen) larvae were provided daily as food per nymph, and the amount was increased by 2 for each subsequent instar. Dishes were checked daily for exuviae and any prey carcasses removed. Water and paper were changed every 3-4 days. The aquaria, finger bowls, and petri dishes were kept in incubators maintained at ca. 26.7 ? 1.5?C and a 16L:8D photoperiod (ca. 260 ft-c). Descriptions of immature stages. Eggs and 1 st-5th instars were selected from field samples that had been preserved in 75% ethanol. The description of each stage is This content downloaded from 207.46.13.113 on Wed, 05 Oct 2016 04:16:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 156 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 94(2) MARCH ARL MAT JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT, OC. NV.

Barylaus, new genus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the West Indies with Old World affinities

Abstract: The genus Barylaus is proposed for 2 endemic West Indian species of Carabidae; Colpodes estriatus Darlington (type species) from Puerto Rico, and Colpodes puncticeps Dar lington from the Dominican Republic. The genus is described, and diagnoses and distributions of the species are presented. Barylaus is placed in the subtribe Caelostomina (tribe Pterostichini), based on synapomorphies shared with the genera Mallopelmus Alluaud, Caelostomus MacLeay, and Hemitelestus Alluaud. Cyrtolaus Bates is also transferred to the Caelostomina, making the subtribe pantropical. Based on an amphi-Atlantic vicariance hypothesis, the origin of the Cae lostomina is estimated at 75-100 million years ago. A cladistic analysis is presented which supports the new subtribal limits. Recognition of the Caelostomina in the new sense results in the recognition of Pterostichini and Platynini as sister taxa.

The first occurrence of the subfamily artheneinae in the western hemisphere with the description of a new tribe (hemiptera: lygaeidae)

Abstract: The genus Polychisme Kirkaldy is reviewed. The type species Imbriusferruginosus StAl is redescribed and recorded from Colombia and Venezuela. It is shown to be not congeneric with the only other species, Pachymerus poecilus Spinola, and is removed from the Ischno rhynchinae and placed in the Artheneinae as a new tribe, the Polychismini. Polychisme poecilus is placed in the genus Syzygitis Bergroth, accompanied by a discussion of its correct specific name. Illustrations of Polychismeferruginosus include a dorsal view, details of the abdomen, genital capsule, and spermatheca. Recently we have investigated the relationships of a number of taxa that had been placed in the Ischnorhynchinae. Among these was the Neotropical genus Polychisme. This genus, before our study, contained two nominal species, Imbrius ferruginosus StAl, originally described from Colombia, and Pachymeruspoecilus Spinola, originally described from Chile and placed in Polychisme by Scudder (1962). Polychisme was a replacement name by Kirkaldy (1904) for Imbrius Stal (1874) which was preoc cupied. The type species of Imbrius StAl was Imbriusferruginosus StAl by monotypy, therefore, ferruginosus becomes the type species of Polychisme. To our surprise, we discovered that not only are ferruginosus and poecilus not congeneric but, in fact, do not belong in the same subfamily. One of the important characteristics of the subfamily Ischnorhynchinae is the

Seeversiella bispinosa, a New Genus and Species of Athetine Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from North America

Abstract: Seeversiella bispinosa, a new genus and species of athetine aleocharine staphylinid, is described and illustrations of structural features are provided. Members of Seeversiella are particularly distinctive among known North American aleocharines because of the presence of a large spine on each apico-lateral margin of abdominal tergum III and a medial carina on tergum VII of most males. The species was first noted as representing a "new genus" in a key to genera of North American Aleocharinae provided in 1978 by Dr. Charles Seevers, but he did not give it a formal name or provide a description. Modification of pertinent couplets of Seevers' key is provided which allows for identification of specimens of Seeversiella. The staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae represents one of the most taxonomically difficult large sections of the Coleoptera in North America (Arnett, 1968) in spite of their abundance and great diversity in many microhabitats. At present, it is virtually impossible to confidently assign many specimens to one of the 200 or so genera described for America north of Mexico without comparisons with type material or a major reference collection. With this perspective in mind, I would normally consider it premature to describe new North American genera in the Aleocharinae, except possibly in those few tribes or subtribes which have received modem revisionary studies. Until the numerous genus level groups already in the literature are properly delimited, described and illustrated and functional keys are provided for their sep aration, it seems that description of new taxa is only likely to add more confusion to an already difficult subfamily. However, the genus described in this paper is recognized to be undescribed as a result of a rather unusual set of circumstances, and, for reasons outlined below, I feel that it is timely to provide a name with adequate description and illustrations. The unusual circumstances surrounding this new genus began with the studies of Dr. Charles Seevers on the systematics of the higher taxa of North American Aleo charinae. These studies, which represent the only serious and comprehensive attempt to bring some degree of order out of the chaos of numerous, superficially described genera for North American aleocharines, were undertaken primarily at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, where Dr. Seevers was a research associate. Unfortunately, at Dr. Seevers' death in 1965, his studies had not been completed. However, he had amassed a considerable quantity of manuscript copy in advanced stages of completion toward a revision of genera of the Aleocharinae. Recognizing the importance and irreplaceable value of the information included in Seevers' un published manuscript, Dr. Henry Dybas, Curator of Insects, and Dr. Rupert Wenzel, Chairman of the Department of Zoology, both of the Field Museum, elected to edit, organize and ultimately publish this manuscript in spite of its incompleteness.

Neotropical Nabidae (Heteroptera), 1: A New Genus, Some New Species, and Notes on Synonymy

Abstract: A new genus Praecarthasis (tribe Carthasini, type species Nabis panamensis Harris) and seven new species are described: Praecarthasis nigrescens (Brazil, Peru), P. pusillus (Brazil), P. paprzyckii (Peru), P. gibbus (Panama, Ecuador, Peru), P. froeschneri (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru), Neogorpis spinicollis (Panama), Alloeorhynchus alayoi (Cuba). The following species are res urrected from synonymy: Arachnocoris panamensis (Distant), not a synonym of A. alboma culatus Scott; Lasiomerus signatus (Uhler) not a synonym of L. spinicrus (Reuter); Hoplistoscelis sericans (Reuter), not a synonym of H. nigriventris (StAl). H. sericans is considered a senior synonym of H. deceptivus (Harris) and Alloeorhynchus moritzii (Stein) of A. armatus Uhler. The present paper contains descriptions of new taxa and notes on synonymy. The following abbreviations are used for institutions in which the material is preserved (curators who lent material are in parentheses): AMNH-American Museum of Natural History, New York (P. Wygodzinsky, R. T. Schuh); BMNH-British Mu

A description of the mature larva and cocoon of the bee Thygater (Hymenoptera; Anthophoridae).

Abstract: -The larva and cocoon of an undetermined species of the eucerine bee Thygater are described and the larva illustrated and compared with those of other eucerine genera. The conservatism in morphology exhibited by eucerine larvae extends to this genus. During the course of excavations of the nests of halictine bees at Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico in January 1985 (Packer, 1985) three cocoons of an undetermined bee species were unearthed. Upon later dissection, two fully grown larvae and a partly decom posed adult female bee were found inside the cocoons. The bee has been identified by Professor C. D. Michener as a member of the genus Thygater. Unfortunately, its poor condition makes it impossible to identify to the species level. According to the larval apoid catalogue produced by McGinley (unpubl.), larvae of this genus have not been previously described, although the nest architecture of one species, Thygater analis, has been studied by Rozen (1974). This paper is the first description of the larva of a bee of this genus. Additional comparative notes are made between the larva of Thygater and those of other eucerine species.

Supplementary studies of ant larvae: Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Abstract: Introduction This article describes formicine larvae received since the preparation of our most recent supplement ( 1 980). The larva of Proformica has not been previously described. Also included are references to formicine larvae in the literature and a discussion of the status of Colobopsis. The terms describing body profile and mandible shape are explained in our 1976 monograph. Our own contributions are cited by year and page only.

Supplementary Studies on Ant Larvae: Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract: -This article describes the five species of formicine larvae that have accumulated since the publication of our 1982 supplement to our 1976 monograph. The genus Aphomo myrmex has not been described previously; the other genera are Paratrechina and Dendro myrmex. Also included are references to formicine larvae in the literature. In this article we describe five species of formicine larvae that have accumulated since the publication of our 1982 supplement to our 1976 memoir. Here we give descriptions only. In a future supplement to our 1976 memoir we will prepare keys for the separation of the various taxa. We have noted recently in the literature a developing problem: the students of caste determination in ants need to be able to distinguish the larval instars. In the past we have rarely secured more than one instar in a sample, but now entomologists are sending us all available sizes of larvae, e.g., Aphomomyrmex below. We also include any references to ant larvae of the subfamily Formicinae which we have found since our 1982 publication. Tribe Formicini Genus CATAGLYPHIS Foerster Cataglyphis cursor (Fonscolombe) Cagniant, 1980: 3 instars, each described and sketched. Duration of stages given. Tribe Oecophyllini Genus OECOPHYLLA F. Smith Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille) Holldobler and Wilson, 1983: SEM's of labium showing opening of silk-glands. Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) Hinton, 1951:163. The limpet-like caterpillars of Liphyra brassolis Westwood [Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae] feed upon the larvae of this ant: "the caterpillar lowers the edge of its carapace-like upper surface, and the ant larva is then consumed beneath the body. The caterpillars suck their juice out but do not chew them." Holldobler and Wilson, 1983: Colored photograph of worker using a larva as a shuttle to spin silk for the nest. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.220 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:22:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 332 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 94(3) Tribe Brachymyrmecini Genus APHOMOMYRMEX Emery Profile pheidoloid but with narrowly rounded posterior end. Praesaepium lacking. Body hairs sparse. Of 2 types: (1) unbranched, smooth, with long flexuous tip; (2) short, unbranched, smooth with frayed tip. Labrum deeply bilobed; without chilo scleres. Mandible camponotoid but with the apical tooth long, slender and heavily sclerotized. Aphomomyrmex afer Emery Figs. 1-4 Description. MATURE WORKER LARVA. Length (through spiracles) about 2.6 mm. Profile pheidoloid but with narrowly rounded posterior end. Anus ventral. Spiracles small, decreasing slightly in diameter posteriorly. Body hairs sparse, uni formly distributed. Of 2 types: (1) 0.019-0.063 mm long, unbranched, smooth, with a long flexuous tip, on all somites; (2) about 0.025 mm long, few, with frayed tip, on AVIII-AX. Cranium transversely subelliptical, slightly wider than long. Antennae above midlength of cranium, each with 2 small sensilla. Head hairs few (about 30); 0.05-0.1 mm long, unbranched, smooth, widely scattered. Labrum large, nearly twice as broad as long, narrowed ventrally, deeply bilobed; anterior surface of each lobe with 2 or 3 short hairs and 1 or 2 sensilla; ventral surface spinulose, the spinules minute and in short rows; posterior surface densely spinulose, the spinules minute and in numerous rows radiating from dorsolateral angles and with 4-6 sensilla ven trally. Mandible large; camponotoid but with long slender heavily sclerotized apical tooth; anterior and posterior surfaces with a few longitudinal ridges which terminate on medial border in small projections making medial border erose. Maxilla with apex paraboloidal and with a few minute spinules in arcuate rows; palp a short peg with 5 (4 apical and 1 lateral) sensilla; galea digitiform with 2 apical sensilla. Labium with arcuate rows of minute spinules; palp a short peg with 5 (1 with a large capsule) apical sensilla; an isolated sensillum between each palp and the opening of the ser icteries, the latter a short transverse slit. Hypopharynx spinulose, the spinules minute and in numerous short transverse rows. YOUNG WORKER LARVA. Length (through spiracles) about 2 mm. Thorax curved ventrally, abdomen straight and with a round-pointed posterior end; diameter nearly uniform throughout. Body hairs sparse; 0.024-0.125 mm long, unbranched, smooth, very slender and flexuous, a few on each somite. Head large; cranium subhexagonal, about as broad as long. Antennae small. Head hairs 0.038-0.075 mm Figs. 1-4. Aphomomyrmex afer. 1. Mature worker larva. a, Head in anterior view, x 132; b, left mandible in anterior view, x 278; c, body hairs, x 400; d, larva in side view, x 22. 2. Young worker larva. a, Left mandible in anterior view, x 278; b, head in anterior view, x 132; c, larva in side view, x 22. 3. Mature sexual larva. a, Left mandible in anterior view, x 278; b, head in anterior view, x 132; c, body hairs, x 400; d, larva in side view, x 22; e, spiracle in surface view (upper) and in optical section (lower), x 834. 4. Young larvae. a, Very young sexual larva, x 22; b, type 2 body hair, x 400; c, young sexual larva, x 22. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.220 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:22:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A New Species of the Anchisiades Group of Heraclides from Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Abstract: -Heraclides matusiki, new species, is described from a unique specimen collected in Sucre State, Venezuela, in 1912, based on an analysis of wing and genitalic characters of the Heraclides anchisiades species group. With the aid of David Matusik (Field Museum of Natural History), we have been surveying incorporated and unincorporated Neotropical Papilionidae specimens at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) with particular emphasis on locating as yet undescribed taxa important as additions to this "well-known" butterfly group. Simultaneous with recent ecological changes influencing significant faunal extinctions in the Neotropical Realm (Brown, 1982, 1984) synoptic knowledge of terminal taxa is becoming increasingly important to current methods of systematics and biogeography. Important to this consideration is that undescribed taxa are still evident within poorly studied early collections deposited in major museums. Such depositions may represent the only extant specimens of such taxa (Riitimeyer, 1969; Johnson, Rozycki and Matusik, 1985, 1986). Initial contributions from the above mentioned survey include recognition of the species status and previously unrec ognized male of Pterourus diaphora (Staudinger) (Johnson, Rozycki and Matusik, 198 5) and description of the little-known female of Pterourus xanthopleura (Godman & Salvin) (Johnson, Rozycki and Matusik, 1986). Interestingly, both of these are represented solely by specimens in European or United States museums from samples collected prior to 1920. In 1984, among unincorporated New York Zoological Society material at the AMNH, we discovered a specimen (Fig. 1 A, B) taken in 1912 at Caripito, Venezuela, which though clearly representative of the anchisiades Group of Heraclides (sensu Munroe, 1960; Hancock, 1983), differed notably in wing characters from any named taxon of that group. When genitalic dissection further confirmed the uniqueness of the specimen we contacted other lepidopterists studying Papilionidae as well as curators at major museums, asking their opinion of the specimen and that they search for additional examples. The breadth of response attested to the unusualness of the Caripito specimen and also emphasized the need for a taxonomic study of the an chisiades Group such as is presented below. Although all lepidopterists consulted agreed upon the uniqueness of the Caripito specimen, there were widely different opinions on its status and apparent affinities. Dr. Keith S. Brown (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil), who is preparing a synonymic list of This content downloaded from 157.55.39.123 on Mon, 18 Jul 2016 04:22:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 384 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 94(3)

Four New Species, Two Each of Athlophorus and Macrophya (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from India

Abstract: Four new species of Tenthredinidae, i.e., Athlophorus vespiformis and A. bandatus belonging to the Selandriinae (according to Malaise's classification) and Macrophya gopeshwari and M. concolor belonging to Tenthredininae are reported from India. This is the third report in the series of papers dealing with new records of Symphyta from India. In it are described four new species, two each belonging to Athlophorus Burmeister (Selandriinae) and Macrophya Dahlbom (Tenthredininae). With this, the total number of so far described Athlophorus species comes to seven and of Macrophya to nine, from India. Since Cameron (1899), Rohwer (1912, 1916, 1921), Forsius (1930) and the comprehensive reviews by Malaise (1945, 1947) no new additions have been made to the list of Indian Athlophorus and only one to Macrophya by Muche (1983). All holotypes are deposited in the F.R.I., Dehradun, U.P. India.

Relative abundance of adults of Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs) and three Otiorhynchus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on certain cultivated and wild plants in Connecticut.

Abstract: -Adult weevils infesting cultivated and wild plants were sampled by dislodging them from foliage and by trapping them in pit-falls or under boards at six sites in Connecticut. The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), comprised 79-95% of the samples obtained by the three methods duringJune andJuly 1983. Less abundant species, which were concentrated on unsprayed plants, were: the strawberry root weevil, 0. ovatus (L.); the rough strawberry root weevil, 0. rugosostriatus (Goeze); and the twobanded Japanese weevil, Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs). Otiorhynchus sulcatus was the most abundant weevil on foliage of 71 % of hosts surveyed in June and on 86% in July. Collectively, the results indicate that adults of 0. sukcatus cause most of the foliar notching attributed to weevils. Possible wild reservoirs for 0. sulkatus are given, and 17 new hosts for the four weevils are listed. Removal of adult hosts from field borders may minimize the establishment of wild reservoirs. Shipment of nursery plants has increased the range of several exotic, ffightless weevils (e.g., Maier, 1978). Even though nursery inspectors diligently search ship ments for pestiferous weevils, they have little chance of detecting them if infestations consist of only a few adults in plant debris or a few eggs and larvae buried in the soil. In the absence of effective insecticides, undetected weevils, e.g., Otiorhynchus spp., can easily reach reproductive age because their host plants furnish food in the form of roots for larvae and foliage for adults. Infestations can be started by one or a few adults because many species are parthenogenetic and highly fecund (Smith, 1932; Maier, 1981, 1983b; Nielsen and Dunlap, 1981). Recent increases in transcontinental shipping and interception of infested plants have caused Connecticut nursery inspectors to be concerned about what new weevils might be established in the state and what species are injuring nursery plants. The presence of new weevils may be difficult to detect because their foliar damage and larval appearance are likely to resemble those of the widespread black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.). Typically, after nurserymen or homeowners discover foliar notching, they make insecticide applications timed to control adults of 0. sulcatus. No quantitative study exists to demonstrate if this weevil causes most of the injury or if spraying for it kills other weevils before they reproduce. This survey was undertaken to determine the identity and relative abundance of adult weevils that attack certain cultivated and nearby wild plants. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:46:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1986 ABUNDANCE OF CURCULIONIDAE 71 MATERIALS AND METHODS Samplingfor adults. Six Connecticut sites where weevils damaged plants in 1982 were sampled during June and/or July 1983. At each site, five pit-fall traps and five trap-boards (Maier, 1 983a) were placed singly under different plants of each species sampled. The pit-fall traps, wax-coated cardboard cups measuring 11 cm across the circular top, were filled to about one-third of their depth with 200 ml of anhydrous isopropyl alcohol. Weevils that rested under boards during the day or that fell into pit-falls were collected twice weekly during two 2-week sampling periods: June 16 to 29 and July 16 to 29. In addition, on one night between June 16 and 23 and one between July 16 and 23, adults were dislodged from plants with a firm forehand blow and collected on a drop cloth. On each sampling occasion, 10 to 12 plant species per site were jarred for a total of 5 min/species between 2000 and 2200 hr EST when adults feed. Whenever possible, weevils were observed to confirm that they actually ate the foliage of plants upon which they rested. The Orange site (Table 1) was not sampled during June. Weevils were identified by comparing them to published descriptions (e.g., Warner and Negley, 1976) and to a reference collection of known nursery pests: the twobanded Japanese weevil, Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs); the woods weevil, Nemocestes sp.; the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.); the rough strawberry root weevil, 0. rugosostriatus (Goeze); the black vine weevil, 0. sulcatus; and the obscure root weevil, Sciopithes obscurus Horn. Only weevils observed to eat leaves of cul tivated plants were included in the analyses. This criterion excluded numerous bill bugs, Sphenophorus spp., captured in pit-falls and two unidentified weevils captured on wild plants. Voucher specimens of the four species analyzed are deposited in the insect collection at The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. Sampling sites. In Guilford, perennial ornamental plants, ranging in age from 2 to 10 years, were growing near the foundation of a house situated in a rural area. Hedgerows of Forsythia sp. and Rosa multiflora Thunb. were located about 10 m away. Both pit-falls and trap-boards were deployed under Forsythia sp., Rhododen dron spp., R. multiflora, and Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc. No pesticides were applied between 1980 and 1983. The site in New Haven was a large yard around a complex of buildings in a residential area. A more complete description is given by Maier (1978). Trapping devices were placed under Cornusfiorida L., Ilex glabra (L.) Gray, Kalmia latifolia L., Pierisjaponica L., Rhododendron sp., and T. cuspidata. These plants, all at least 6 years old, were not sprayed with insecticides during the study. Only cultivated plants were sampled at New Haven and at Guilford. Samples at Hamden were collected from a 4-year-old nursery and from wild plants within 50 m. Traps were distributed among I. glabra, K latifolia, and T. cuspidata in the nursery and R. multiflora in the adjacent weedy field. During the 4 years of its existence, the nursery was not sprayed with pesticides. The Orange site was a section of a commercial nursery. Many plants of Rubus allegheniensis Porter and other weedy species grew between the rows of ornamental plants. Sampling devices were deployed under I. glabra, K. latifolia, Rhododendron sp., and T. cuspidata in the rows and under R. allegheniensis between the rows. Two applications of acephate were made to the ornamental plants during 1983. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:46:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 72 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 94(1) In Madison, sampling was conducted on nursery plants grown in containers, on shrubs grown for aesthetic purposes, and on wild plants situated around the container grown ornamentals. Traps were placed along an embankment covered with Coto neaster dammeri Schneid., under a hedgerow of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. and Zucc.), and under wild plants of Berberis thunbergii DC., K. latifolia, and R. alle gheniensis. During summer 1983, acephate was applied at least twice to the container grown stock and to C. dammeri and C. obtusa. The hedge of C. obtusa was not sprayed until June sampling was completed. The location in Menden was a nursery field surrounded by many species of wild plants growing along fencerows or in deciduous woods. Traps were placed under P. japonica, Rhododendron spp., and T. cuspidata in the commercial nursery and under wild Celastrus scandens L., Cornus racemosa Lam., and R. multiflora at the border ofthe forest. Ornamental plants grown for sale were sprayed three times with acephate during 1983. In addition, the area between rows of nursery plants was cultivated monthly during late spring and summer.