Showing papers in "Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology in 2010"
TL;DR: In this article, multivariate statistical approaches are used; interpretation of large and complex data matrix obtained during a monitoring of the river Ganges in Varanasi, where 16 physicochemical and bacteriological variables have been analyzed in water samples collected every three months for two years from six sampling sites where river affected by man made and seasonal influences.
Abstract: In present study multivariate statistical approaches are used; interpretation of large and complex data matrix obtained during a monitoring of the river Ganges in Varanasi. 16 physicochemical and bacteriological variables have been analyzed in water samples collected every three months for two years from six sampling sites where river affected by man made and seasonal influences. The dataset was treated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract the parameters that are most important in assessing variation in water quality. Four Principal Factor were identified as responsible for the data structure explaining 90% of the total variance of the dataset, in which nutrient factor (39.2%), sewage and feacal contamination (29.3%), physicochemical sources of variability (6.2%) and waste water pollution from industrial and organic load (5.8%) that represents total variance of water quality in the Ganges River. The present study suggests that PCA techniques are useful tools for identification of important surface water quality parameters.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of redox potential as a control parameter of wastewater treatment processes for characterizing the natural water condition and estimating the antioxidant properties of drinking water has been investigated.
Abstract: The use of redox potential as a control parameter of wastewater treatment processes for characterizing the natural water condition and estimating the antioxidant properties of drinking water has been investigated.
53 citations
TL;DR: The photometric procedure for determining ammonium nitrogen in the drinking water containing inorganic chloramines has been refined as mentioned in this paper, and preliminary reduction of chloramines at pH 4-9 was performed by using sodium sulfite at the fixed concentration in the interval 0.1-0.2 mM.
Abstract: The photometric procedure for determining ammonium nitrogen in the drinking water containing inorganic chloramines has been refined. The preliminary reduction of chloramines at pH 4–9 was performed by using sodium sulfite at the fixed concentration in the interval 0.1–0.2 mM. Thereafter the mixture of solutions K2HgI4 (1–2 mM) and NaOH (80–100 mM) was added and the optical density of the resultant colored solution was measured at 440 and 600 nm.
37 citations
TL;DR: Sorption properties of pine bark treated with a 5% urea solution have been studied with respect to heavy metals Cu(II), Ni(II, Zn(II) and Pb(II).
Abstract: Sorption properties of the pine bark treated with a 5% urea solution have been studied with respect to heavy metals Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II). The bark subjected to treatment has higher sorption properties and retains several times as many metals as the untreated bark. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms were obtained. The possible mechanisms of the bark interaction with urea and reasons for an enhanced metal adsorption on the bark treated with urea solution have been also discussed.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a 10 liter Dissolved Air Flotation reactor and an active sludge reactor in a laboratory scale was evaluated. And the results indicated the effective role of physical treatment in decreasing oily emulsion material that would result in decreasing organic density in untreated wastewater.
Abstract: The aim of this research is inspecting the efficiency of physical-chemical and biological processes with the active sludge method in the wastewater of the Pars Oil Refinery Company. This research was done from 26th, January 2007 and continued up to 27th, May 2007. The main operation in Pars oil refinery is to produce lubricants. This research tries to examine and evaluate the performance of treatment system at the refinery to decrease microorganism in the industrial wastewater in a laboratory scale pilot. The pilot has two sections; physical-chemical section, including Dissolved Air Flotation system, and biological section, including active sludge reactor and clarifier. This investigation carried on a 10 liter Dissolved Air Flotation reactor and an active sludge reactor in a laboratory scale. The volume of the aerireactor (aeration reactor) was 10 liters, and the volume of the secondary sediment was 3.5 liters. The waste water of the refinery was used as inlet flow of the pilot and necessary sludge was obtained at first from the Shahrak Ekbatan waste water treatment system. After analyzing the test results, it was concluded that the average percentage of excluding oil, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand was 29.7, 49 and 27.8 respectively. This indicates the effective role of physical treatment in decreasing oily emulsion material that would result in decreasing organic density in untreated wastewater. In biological system, the efficiency of excluding Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand is 73.4 and 84.7, respectively. This confirms high efficiency of this unit. The samples taken from entering (influent) and exiting (effluent) wastewater of both units were tested. Standard Methods were applied to determine the considered physical and chemical parameters.
14 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors have analyzed the modern, extremely critical situation with the quality of drinking water and presented a new State Standard of Ukraine for drinking water, whose legalization will make it possible to provide the population with drinking water that is biologically and physiologically safe for human organism.
Abstract: We have analyzed the modern, extremely critical situation with the quality of drinking water. We have substantiated the urgency of existing approaches to the assessment of drinking water quality and the necessity of introducing a new concept of drinking water standards. We have set out fundamentally new approaches to the assessment of its quality. We have presented the new State Standard of Ukraine for drinking water, whose legalization will make it possible to provide the population with drinking water—biologically and physiologically safe for human organism.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the art in the investigations into the kinetics and the mechanism of photoinduced oxidative destruction of organic compounds of various classes by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media is studied.
Abstract: The paper has studied the state of the art in the investigations into the kinetics and the mechanism of photoinduced oxidative destruction of organic compounds of various classes by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media. We have analyzed the impact of physical and chemical factors (substrate structure, pH of the medium, H2O2 concentration, presence of oxygen, etc.) and the rate of the photooxidative process. The analysis of the technicoeconomic characteristics of the UV/H2O2 system in correlation with other highly effective AOP methods (Advanced Oxidation Processes) is an evidence of good prospects of using it in the technology of treating natural and industrial wastewaters from organic pollutants.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated sorption of U(VI) on a smectite mineral, saponite from the Tashkinsk deposit in the Khmelnitsk region.
Abstract: The article has investigated sorption of U(VI) on a smectite mineral—saponite from the Tashkinsk deposit in the Khmelnitsk region The equilibrium in the U(VI)-saponite system sets in within 8 h The relationship between sorption and the pH has a clear-cut maximum characteristic of uranium sorption on aluminum-silicates at the pH values 55–7 The U(VI) sorption isotherm on saponite is described by the Langmuir empirical equation We have established the influence on the sorption process of complexation reagents (EDTA, carbonate ions, fulvic acids) Based on experimental data the possibility of using the sorption method with the employment of saponite for water treatment containing uranium is shown
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the efficiency of the coagulation effects of titanyl sulfate and titanium chloride compared with aluminum sulfate on model water at pH 5.5-10 and alkalinity 0.5 -5 mmol/dm3 was studied.
Abstract: We have studied the efficiency of the coagulation effects of titanyl sulfate and titanium chloride compared with aluminum sulfate on model water at pH 5.5–10 and alkalinity 0.5–5 mmol/dm3. It was found that titanium coagulants are expedient to be used for treating water with low alkalinity within the interval 9 < pH < 7, i.e., in conditions whereby aluminum sulfate does not work. At the same time in the pH region optimal for aluminum sulfate and average values of water alkalinity (turbidity, color, temperature 18–20°C) this reagent ensures the same degree of purification at consumptions on average by 20 and 30% lower compared with respectively titanyl sulfate and titanium chloride.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of individual components of waters (humic acids, anions, and cations) on sorption of ions of U(VI) and strontium by the biosorbent based on the Bacillus polymyxa IMV 8919 cells was investigated.
Abstract: We have investigated the influence of individual components of waters (humic acids, anions, and cations) on sorption of ions of U(VI) and strontium by the biosorbent based on the Bacillus polymyxa IMV 8919 cells. It is shown that during transition to real aqueous systems there occurs a decrease of the degree of extracting U(VI) and strontium by a microbial sorbent. Extraction of strontium in a great degree depends on the concentration in water of bivalent cations, which may compete with it in the sorption processes. A degree of purification of U(VI) is mainly determined by the pH of the medium. Acidification of aqueous media containing uranium, up to pH 5 makes it possible to raise the degree of extraction of metals by means of a biosorbent
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the technical and economic analysis of existing methods for reducing the boron concentration in permeate of the reverse-osmosis plants to the maximum allowable levels for the drinking and irrigation waters has been performed.
Abstract: The technical and economic analysis of existing methods for reducing the boron concentration in permeate of the reverse-osmosis plants to the maximum allowable levels for the drinking and irrigation waters has been performed. Relevant tasks were defined that have to be solved for creating practical reverse-osmosis plants of desalting the sea and subterranean waters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of sodium azide, as an inhibitor of biochemical reactions in aqueous solutions, on its interaction with activated carbon (AC) and on the characteristics of equilibrium adsorption of fulvic acids (FA) on AC has been studied.
Abstract: The impact of sodium azide, as an inhibitor of biochemical reactions in aqueous solutions, on its interaction with activated carbon (AC) and on the characteristics of equilibrium adsorption of fulvic acids (FA) on AC has been studied. It was shown that additions of sodium azide during FA adsorption on AC under equilibrium conditions do not completely inhibit the biological activity in the system solution FA-AC. Sodium azide interacts with the AC surface changing the equilibrium adsorption characteristics of the system.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of the VMK-1 activated carbon produced from apricot stones in their pyrolysis in the flow of water steam, on the transmembrane stream and the retention of capacity of the UPM-50 ultrafiltration membrane with respect to the cationic violet dye.
Abstract: The article investigated the impact of the VMK-1 activated carbon, produced from apricot stones in their pyrolysis in the flow of water steam, on the transmembrane stream and the retention of capacity of the UPM-50 ultrafiltration membrane with respect to the cationic violet dye. It has been shown that the combination of adsorption and ultrafiltration with the process in one unit makes it possible to substantially raise the degree of water purification of the dye concurrently with an increase of the process capacity of purification and prolongation of the membrane service life.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed techniques of determining (including simultaneous) in drinking water of cobalt and nickel (≥ 3 μg/dm3) in the form of colored complexes with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol.
Abstract: The paper proposed techniques of determining (including simultaneous) in drinking water of cobalt and nickel (≥ 3 μg/dm3) in the form of colored complexes with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol. We have used multiwave photometry of the blend of these complexes without the destruction of the nickel complex or in combination with subsequent destruction.
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption capacity of zeolite from the Sokyrnytsia Deposit was investigated with respect to the pollution components of wastewaters from meat-processing plants, namely ammonium nitrogen, phosphates, and protein, the concentrations of which are subject to standards.
Abstract: Sorptive properties of the natural zeolite from the Sokyrnytsia Deposit have been investigated with respect to the pollution components of wastewaters from meat-processing plants, namely, ammonium nitrogen, phosphates, and protein, the concentrations of which are subject to standards. Equilibrium values of the adsorption capacity were determined and appropriate sorption isotherms were built for temperature 20°C. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite with respect to one-component systems was higher as compared with the case of simultaneous adsorption of two and three components from the solution. The linear relationships of the adsorption isotherms for one-, two-, and three-component systems have been also proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, a reagentless method of water purification of hydroxocomplexes of heavy metals by electromicrofiltration on a tubular titanium membrane acting as a cathode was developed.
Abstract: we have developed the highly effective reagentless method of water purification of hydroxocomplexes of heavy metals by electromicrofiltration on a tubular titanium membrane acting as a cathode. It has been shown that given the location of the anode outside the tube, the current density 37.3–74.6 A/m2, pressure 0.1 MPa and the pH of the permeate 11–12, the retention factor of these compounds reaches 99.7% at the specific capacity ∼0.15 m3/(m2 h).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have shown a possibility of using montmorillonite modified with polyethylenimine for the removal of ions of heavy metals (Co(II and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions.
Abstract: We have shown a possibility of using montmorillonite modified with polyethylenimine for the removal of ions of heavy metals (Co(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. It has been found that the employment of such a composite sorbent is promising for purification of medium- and highly-mineralized wastewaters with the neutral value of the pH. The complexation influence of the reagents on the purification process has been shown and determined a dose of a reagent for obtaining the maximum possible degree of purifying aqueous solutions.
TL;DR: The use of the viability index of the cells of the human embryo’s kidney of the NEK 293 line as a biomarker when assessing water toxicity before and after purification of Cu2+ and Zn2+.
Abstract: We have investigated the use of the viability index of the cells of the human embryo’s kidney of the NEK 293 line as a biomarker when assessing water toxicity before and after purification of Cu2+ and Zn2+. Addition to the incubation medium of the aqueous solution of copper sulfate results in a substantial decrease of the culture viability. An increase of the Zn2+ concentration does not produce any toxic effect on HEK 293 and HUVEC cells being cultivated. In the case of simultaneous introduction of ions of copper and zinc to the incubation medium the toxic effect of Cu2+ on the HEK 293 cells is absent while on endotheliocytes HUVEC persists. The procedure of water purification of ions of heavy metals was run concurrently with the use of synthetic and natural sorbents. The assessment on the HEK 293 cells of water toxicity after purification demonstrated high efficiency and safety of the composite material with active polysaccharide component.
TL;DR: Temperature was negatively correlated with toxicity of karate and affect the conductivity significantly and the main behavioral changes observed in the fish were agitated swimming, air gulping, erratic swimming, lateral bending of the body, loss of equilibrium, quiescence, and death.
Abstract: The study investigated subacute toxic effects of Lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) on Sarotherodon galilieus in a continuous flow-through system which was conducted by Fisheries Department, F. U.T, Minna. Sarotherodon galilieus was exposed to the following concentration of Karate: 0.00 ug/l, 0.5 ug/l and 1 ug/l. Histopathological studies were carried out on the Karate-exposed experimental fish. Severe gill disruptions and mutilations was observed which lead to curving and calcification of lamellae, lipidosis in liver were observed, kidney cells were congested when compared with the control. The effects of this toxicant on the liver, gills, and kidney cells of this fish increase with an increased concentration. The physicochemical parameters were within the tolerable limit recommended for the normal physiological processes in fish, however, they were affected by the toxicity of Karate. Temperature was negatively correlated with toxicity of karate and affect the conductivity significantly. The main behavioral changes observed in the fish were agitated swimming, air gulping, erratic swimming, lateral bending of the body, loss of equilibrium, quiescence, and death.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of sodium salts of acylhydrazones of pyroracemic acid as modifiers of the matrix on the electrothermal atomic absorption determination of aluminum.
Abstract: The article investigated the impact of sodium salts of acylhydrazones of pyroracemic acid as modifiers of the matrix on the electrothermal atomic-absorption determination of aluminum. The technique has been developed for determination of aluminum in fresh waters with the detection limit 0.005 m/dm3.
TL;DR: In this article, flow charts for the preparation of make-up water of boilers of low, medium, and high pressure (98 MPa) from the sea water based on reverse-osmosis desalination were considered.
Abstract: The article has considered flow charts for the preparation of make-up water of boilers of low, medium, and high pressure (98 MPa) from the sea water based on reverse-osmosis desalination We have proved the possibility of deep Na-cationic softening of permeate by their own concentrates of the desalination stage Reliable prevention of calcium deposits on membranes is achieved by acidulation of the waters of the Black Sea and Na-(Mg-Na)-zeolite softening process of the Caspian Sea waters also with the use of the concentrate for regeneration of the cation-exchanger
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed information on modern ecological conditions on the Zmeinyi island and the adjacent shelf, described main sources of anthropogenic pollution of sea ecosystems, and demonstrated their features and the level of ecological stress.
Abstract: We have analyzed information on modern ecological conditions on the Zmeinyi island and the adjacent shelf, described main sources of anthropogenic pollution of sea ecosystems, and demonstrated their features and the level of ecological stress. We have assessed the ecological policy in the region and also analyzed measures, which are carried out for perfection and development of the international ecological policy in the region of the north-west shelf of the Black Sea.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the kinetics of adsorption of anionic (methyl orange, acid orange, congo red) and cationic (methylene-blue, crystalline violet) dyes from aqueous solutions on activated carbons BAU-A, Filtrasorb 300, and Aquasorb 2000.
Abstract: We have investigated the kinetics of adsorption of anionic (methyl orange, acid orange, congo red) and cationic (methylene-blue, crystalline violet) dyes from aqueous solutions on activated carbons BAU-A, Filtrasorb 300, and Aquasorb 2000. It has been found that the kinetic curves of adsorption of the dyes may have a smooth or stepwise look depending on the nature of a dye or adsorbent. We have considered the possibility of using kinetic equations of the pseudofirst and pseudosecond order for describing the adsorption process.
TL;DR: In this paper, direct and indirect methods of determining various forms of iodine (iodide, elementary iodine, iodate, periodate, alkyl iodide) in waters, aqueous solutions of various objects of analysis after corresponding sample preparations are presented.
Abstract: The article provides data on direct and indirect (along the analytical lines Hg, Ag, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Se, As) atomic absorption methods of determining various forms of iodine (iodide, elementary iodine, iodate, periodate, alkyl iodide) in waters, aqueous solutions of various objects of analysis after corresponding sample preparations. Indirect methods of determining have been classified into extraction and non-extraction ones with the use of reactions of precipitation and complexation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the main parameters of ultra- and nanofiltration processes (uranium retention coefficient for membranes UPM-20 and OPMN-P, transmembrane fluxes, and the degree of uranium concentration) were calculated.
Abstract: Results of the ultra- and nanofiltration investigations dealing with treatment of uranium-containing waters have been presented. This treatment involved the simultaneous use of modified montmorillonite in pressure-driven processes. The main parameters of ultra- and nanofiltration processes (uranium retention coefficient for membranes UPM-20 and OPMN-P, transmembrane fluxes, and the degree of uranium concentration) were calculated. It was shown that the use of modified montmorillonite made it possible to obtain high values of the purification efficiency of polluted waters from uranium. The uranium retention coefficient was as high as 0.95 in the ultrafiltration process and 0.999 in the nanofiltration one.
TL;DR: The relationship between the ζ-potential of the cells’ data and, accordingly, the adsorption value of ions of U(VI) and strontium and the pH of the medium is found.
Abstract: We investigated the change of the electrokinetic properties of B. polymyxa IMV 8910 cells in interaction with the ions of U(VI) and strontium. It was found that initial live and thermally inactivated cells are characterized by close values of the ζ-potential: respectively 30 and 28 mV. It is shown that increasing concentrations of metals in a different way affect the value of the ζ-potential of live and thermoinactivated cells B. polymyxa IMV 8910. We have found the relationship between the ζ-potential of the cells’ data and, accordingly, the adsorption value of ions of U(VI) and strontium and the pH of the medium.
TL;DR: In this paper, the main factors of micromycetes adhesion on the surface of sorbents were established with due regard for the electrokinetic characteristics of fungi cells.
Abstract: The efficiency of using granular media in the form of sand and mesoporous carbon for the purpose of extracting microscopic fungi from water has been estimated. The main factors of micromycetes adhesion on the surface of sorbents were established with due regard for the electrokinetic characteristics of fungi cells. The biomass distribution of microscopic fungi over the depth of the filtration medium was also shown.
TL;DR: The method of oxidizing aqueous solutions of phenol with the use of a biocatalyst—a partially purified tyrosinase immobilized into calcium alginate with a high degree of transformation of the substrate retention during the following 16 cycles was considered.
Abstract: We have considered the method of oxidizing aqueous solutions of phenol (0.25–2.00 mmol/dm3) with the use of a biocatalyst—a partially purified tyrosinase immobilized into calcium alginate. In optimal conditions (pH 7.2, T—25°C, transformation time—one hour, phenoloxidase activity—25–200 unit/cm3) when adding a PEG-6000 stabilizer the preparation stabilized complete oxidation of phenol in a periodic-action reactor during 12 cycles and retained a high degree of transformation of the substrate during the following 16 cycles. The concentrations of coagulants necessary for elimination of transformation products using the immobilized enzyme were reduced 2.5-fold compared with such for a free biocatalyst.
TL;DR: Comparison of functional characteristics of polysulfone membranes with the rated molecular-mass maximum 50 kamu in ultrafiltration treatment of underground water containing iron with various preconditioning and proposed hypotheses of the mechanisms of sedimentation are proposed.
Abstract: We have carried out a comparative verification of functional characteristics of polysulfone membranes with the rated molecular-mass maximum 50 kamu in ultrafiltration treatment of underground water containing iron with various preconditioning. It has been shown that in studied conditions the treatment process proceeds against the background of reducing the membrane capacity due to the formation of a deposit of iron hydroxide in the pores and on the surface. It has been established that intensity of decreasing the capacity of membranes and the degree of recovering their initial capacity depend on water preconditioning, which acts as a factor determining these processes. Based on the research results we proposed hypotheses of the mechanisms of sedimentation for studied conditions of ultrafiltration treatment of underground water containing iron.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the impact of saturation of aqueous solutions with air, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen on oxidation-reduction properties of water.
Abstract: We have studied the impact of saturation of aqueous solutions with air, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen on oxidation-reduction properties of water. Based on experimental data we proposed the optimal value of the oxidation-reduction potential of drinking water.