Showing papers in "Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly in 1972"
TL;DR: The authors examined the impact of the increasing use of television blacks on white child viewers and some of its influences among black children, finding that a large percentage of white children had minimal contact with blacks, either directly or indirectly, save for what someone else said, or through some few mass media presentations.
Abstract: A white child living in an urban area today has many opportunities for direct contact with black children or black adults. They may live in his neighborhood, sit in his school classes, or be played with at school or the park. Certainly they are quite visible in downtown areas, on buses, at stores, etc. The white child living in a suburb has fewer direct experiences with blacks. Few blacks live nearby, even fewer attend his school. For them, direct contacts may be confined to trips to urban shopping centers, where strangers are seen but minimal interaction occurs. The rural and small town youngster has virtually no direct experiences with black people, and such youngsters number in the tens of millions. His imagery, information and beliefs about blacks traditionally have been struutured primarily by what he has been told by parents and peers. He has learned and modeled their behaviors. Prior to 1966, a large percentage of white children hiad minimal contact with blacks, either directly or indirectly, save for what someone else said, or through some few mass media presentations. In contrast, for the last three b four years, an additional source of information about blacks hlas become widely available-the black on commercial television programs. Whereas in 1966-67, netmrk television was racially monochromatic, since then it has introduced many black actors and performers in leading and supporting roles. The black actor and actress are now a larger mainstay of commercial TV, and TV commercials. This project examined some of the impact of the increasing use of television blacks on white child viewers-and some of its influences among black children. For the first time, lfarge numbers of white children, given their early and persistent exposure to television, may be obtaining their earliest impressions about blacks from TV entertainment
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors record the story of the filming and telecasting of General Loan's famed shot, step by step, person by person, decision by decision, and the authors describe the "organization" proved to be the gatekeeper.
Abstract: Step by step, person by person, decision by decision, the authors record the story of the filming and telecasting of General Loan's famed shot. The “organization” proved to be the gatekeeper.
47 citations
TL;DR: This article found that differences in the media exposure patterns of Negroes and whites could largely be accounted for by the differences in their comparative social status and region of residence, rather than by racial or cultural factors per se.
Abstract: ,Differences in the media habits of Negroes and whites have received much comment in recent years, often on the basis of localized, faulty, or otherwise limited evidence.1 These Merences acquire special interest as the general media attempt to redress past injustices in their minimal coverage of news about Negroes, in their stereotyped characterization of Negroes in entertainment, and in their restrictive employment practices. In a study conducted in 1967 by Opinion Research Corporation for the Bureau of Advertising, it was fvund that differences in the media exposure patterns of Negroes and whites could largely be accounted for by the differences in their comparative social status and region of residence, rather than by racial or cultural factors per se.2 A special analysis of data from the
36 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that editors perceive the views of their readers fairly closely and are to some degree influenced by them; readers perceive newspapers as biased, and generally opposed to their views.
Abstract: Editors perceive the views of their readers fairly closely and are to some degree influenced by them; readers perceive newspapers as biased, and generally opposed to their views.
35 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that a newspaper's perceived support of a candidate was associated with about a 6% increase in the vote for that candidate in a post-election study, which was conducted by the Survey Research Center.
Abstract: Data obtained from a Survey Research Center post-election study shows a newspaper's perceived support of a candidate was associated with about a 6% edge in the vote for that candidate.
32 citations
TL;DR: Five of six ads containing Negro models produced no significant differences in the product's acceptability; but the sixth suggests there may be by the ad's setting.
Abstract: Five of six ads containing Negro models produced no significant differences in the product's acceptability; but the sixth suggests there may be by the ad's setting.
29 citations
TL;DR: A study of political advertisements in the largest dailies in 23 states showed nearly half of statements are about issues as discussed by the authors, while ads for congressional and minor party candidates emphasize issues less.
Abstract: Study of political advertisements in largest dailies in 23 states shows nearly half of statements are about issues. Ads for congressional and minor party candidates emphasize issues less.
18 citations
TL;DR: Differential relationships by socioeconomic status are found between media exposure and knowledge of international affairs in Lima, Peru as discussed by the authors, which suggest significance of media as sources of informational mobility, and that media exposure is correlated with knowledge about international affairs.
Abstract: Differential relationships by socioeconomic status are found between media exposure and knowledge of international affairs in Lima, Peru. Results suggest significance of media as sources of informational mobility.
18 citations
TL;DR: Sengstacke as mentioned in this paper said, "It's not in awe; it's that I can come to him and say, “Gee, I don't think you should have changed that, I think the paper was really a good paper, you shouldn’t have done that,” or, ‘This story is really not B major story, why are we forced to use it?” I think it's honesty more than anything else that I have a thing with him.
Abstract: Sengstacke. It’s not in awe; it’s that I can come to him and say, “Gee, I don’t think you should have changed that, I think the paper was really a good paper, you shouldn’t have done that,” or, ‘This story is really not B major story, why are we forced to use it?” I think it’s honesty mom than anything else that I have a thing with him. But the problem is that many a time nothing happens. He’ll accept the fact that I said I disagree with his judgment and it dies there. Whatever good it’s doing, I really don’t know.8
16 citations
Abstract: Analysis of models in Ebony advertisements for 17 years shows trend toward negroid features for males but not for females. Facial appearance of both tends to be Caucasian except for skin color.
16 citations
TL;DR: The gatekeeper is a newspaperman who somewhere along the road to a Pulitzer sold his soul to the devil for higher wages, better hours, and pretty secretaries in place of copyboys as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: b Since 1941 when David Manning White applied Kurt Lewin’s term “gatekeeper” to journalism,* a lot of gates have swung shut in the faces of a great many PR men. For the benefit of any reader who doesn’t know what a PR man is, he’s a newspaperman who somewhere along the road to a Pulitzer sold his soul to the devil for higher wages, better hours, and pretty secretaries in place of copyboys. And for the reader unfamiliar with the term “gatekeeper” as it is most frequently encountered, he’s a newsman who hasn’t sold anything to anyone, but has knocked around newsrooms long enough to earn the dubious distinction of being called editor, boss, or, in old Clark Gable movies, “chief.” By whatever name, this gatekeeper occupies a position of considerable power relative to the public relations man, the press agent, the promoter, and others whose livelihoods depend on the decision-making power of editors to use their material. For thousands of writers engaged in public relations writing, it is the editor who makes the life or death decision on most of their work. If enough of these editors say yes sufficiently often, a PR man is successful; should enough of them say no too of-
TL;DR: A lack of consistency in emphasis and in use of similar stories leads to the conclusion that there is no such thing as news of the day important to the public nor editors with background and training to recognize what that news is.
Abstract: A lack of consistency in emphasis and in use of similar stories leads to the conclusion that there is no such thing as news of the day important to the public nor editors with background and training to recognize what that news is.
TL;DR: This article showed that modern farmers (high adopters) are influenced more than traditionals by nonlocal than local sources, particularly when they live in a relatively modern community, particularly in rural areas.
Abstract: Field experiment shows that modern farmers (high adopters) are influenced more than traditionals by nonlocal than local sources, particularly when they Uve in a relatively modern community.
TL;DR: However, less than one-tenth of all jobs held by women on the news-executives' newspapers fell into the executive category as mentioned in this paper, and among women who were news executives, nearly half worked as women's section editors, while the other most popular news spots for women were assistant city editor and Sunday magazine editor.
Abstract: However, less than one-tenth of all jobs held by women on the news-executives’ newspapers fell into the executive category. And among women who were news-executives, nearly half worked as women’s section editors, The other most popular news spots for women were assistant city editor and Sunday magazine editor. Women aren’t news-executives now, the responding managing editors argued, because they failed to seek newspaper work in large numbers a decade ago. So most women lack the seniority that some male staffers have. But among the newspaperwomen, those with journalism degrees felt the pressure of outside society against women in executive roles is a more valid explanation. A majority of the women journalists believe that improvement in the status of women on newspapers-especially for promotion to news-executive spots -is basically an individual responsibility. So newspaperwomen’s failure to do something about their exclusion from news management ranks best explains their numerical absence. Still, to improve the situation, there must also be training and encouragement from newspaper management, the women said.
TL;DR: The trial was a circus which ended in no verdict, but provided the platform the Post needed to resurrect the story of Alfred E. Packer and his murder in 1900.
Abstract: submitted a bill for $25 which the Post refused to pay. About noon on Jan. 13, 1900, the attorney came to the newspaper office to collect, but was ordered to leave. He returned shortly, and shot Fred Bodls and Harry Tammen with a .45 caliber pistol. B o d s was hit in the chest and neck. Anderson turned on Tammen. An employe of the Post tried to intervene, but Anderson hit Tammen in the arm and wrist. Apparently Bonfils struggled to his feet and fetched a terrific blow to the attorney’s face, then collapsed. Anderson departed, but was arrested two days later, charged with intent to kill.s The trial was a circus which ended in no verdict, but provided the platform the Post needed to resurrect the story of Alfred E. Packer. The paper took full advantage of the chance for publicity. Packer was called to the stand on April 24, 1900. On that day, Lucius Paddock wrote: “Alfred Packer has been decidedly the greatest man in Denver this week. The sensational press has fairly revelled in a recitation of the story of his crime, not withstanding his presence there was entirely due to a criminal case in which the ‘man eater’ had no part and the story had been repeated ad nauseam in the same papers.” Paddock‘s life and his kind of journalism survived the wild sensationalism he disliked so much in the Denver press. In the summer of his 80th year, Lucius Paddock died, stricken by a heart attack. Eulogies came from all comers of the state and nation. At 80, Paddock was recognized as the patriarch of his profession in Colorado, having spent more than half a century in the harness. The University of Colorado had honored him as a Master of Journalism. But Paddock, like so many other small city American newspapermen, did not emerge from his long career a famous and formidable influence on the nation. His strength was felt only at home. Like other responsible editors of his time, he loved his profession fiercely, used it effectively and ethically, and despised those who abused it and used it for selfish ends.
TL;DR: Many prominent political leaders and broadcast journalists believe that the network evening news programs occupy an immensely important place in the American political system, however, they often disagree sharply over questions of objectivity, scope of coverage and editorial procedures as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Many prominent political leaders and broadcast journalists believe that the network evening news programs occupy an immensely important place in the American political system. The two groups often disagree sharply, however, over questions of objectivity, scope of coverage and editorial procedures. The confrontation between these protagonists in recent years is set against a background of an almost total absence of scholarly literature on the actual con-
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the effect of how the message recipient views his own credibility on a topic in relation to his perception of the message source's credibility, and the subsequent influence on the subsequent attitude modification has received little attention.
Abstract: One rather consistent finding in communication research has been that message sources perceived to be credible (i.e., trustworthy and qualified) are more influential in changing message recipients’ attitudes than are sources perceived to be lower in credibility.’ However, the question of how the message recipient views his own credibility on a topic in relation to his perception of the message source’s credibility, and the subsequent influence on the process of attitude modification has received little attention. It seems plausible to suggest that the consequences of a persuasive communication would, at least in part, be infiuenced by the receiver’s perception of how qualified he feels himself to be on the topic being discussed by the communicator. If he perceives that he, as a communciation recipient, is as qualified on the topic as the source of the message (i.e., his credibility is equal to that of the source’s) then less attitude change ought to occur than if he perceives himself to be significantly less qualified on the issue than the same source. On the other hand, if he perceives himself to be significantly more qualified on the topic than the source, then it would seem that little if any attitude change would be expected to occur. The relationship between the message recipient’s
TL;DR: On April 6, 1971, Mao et al. as mentioned in this paper invited the American table tennis team to visit Peking and concluded the team's visit 11 days later, and three months later, following secret meetings between top government officials of both nations, Nixon announced he would visit China by May 1972.
Abstract: On April 6, 1971, Communist China invited the American table tennis team to visit Peking. Eleven days later the team concluded its visit to China. Three months later, on July 15, following secret meetings between top government officials of both nations, President Nixon announced he would visit China by May 1972. The New China News Agency (NCNA) made the announcement at the same time. These rapid-fire and dramatic events appeared to signal a significant shift in the relations between these two powers, as well as others in the wor1d.l Speculation seethed as to reasons for the rapprochement. Not the least was that Communist China was embarking on a propaganda campaign to enhance its image. A New York Times report noted ‘‘an obvious belief in Peking that American public opinion can be made a potent ally in the realization of Chinese foreign policy aims.”2 The suggestion had foundation. The few studies that have been made of
TL;DR: Content analysis of urban and rural newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul found large amount of agricultural news but most of it lacked usefulness to farmers of the area as mentioned in this paper. But most of the agricultural news was irrelevant.
Abstract: Content analysis of urban and rural newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul found large amount of agricultural news but most of it lacked usefulness to farmers of the area.
TL;DR: The authors found that source-oriented persons, defined as those who generally tend to be more concerned than others with the source rather than the message of communications, have been found more responsive than others to such source variables as likableness and attractiveness.
Abstract: @ In a series of recent studies, the dispositional source-message orientation of communication recipients has been found to interact with source and message variables of the communication situation to account for differential attitude change. Source-oriented persons, defined as those who generally tend to be more concerned than others with the source rather than the message of communications, have been found more responsive than others to such source variables as likableness and attractiveness. Message-oriented recipients, on the other hand, have shown greater attitude change related to how well the arguments in a message are substantiated. Such evidence supports the basic conceptualization that source-oriented per-
TL;DR: The recent rise in this country's public awareness of the women's liberation and feminist movements has raised doubts for many about the equality of treatment afforded American women in employment and other aspects of contemporary life.
Abstract: The recent rise in this country’s public awareness of the women’s liberation and feminist movements has raised doubts for many about the equality of treatment afforded American women in employment and other aspects of contemporary life. The issue of equality for women in the field of journalism has been one of those questions raised, but it has rarely been researched. Challenges over the alleged unequal status of women in the journalistic profession spark queries such as:
TL;DR: There is some evidence to suggest that people do rely upon puffery as fact and thus place themselves in a position to be deceived by that which is not true as discussed by the authors, which is a concern.
Abstract: There is some evidence to suggest that people do rely upon puffery as fact and thus place themselves in a position to be deceived by that which is not true.
TL;DR: In this paper, three legibility factors were studied, using reading speed, comprehension and two other variables as criteria; these proved to be uncorrelated, raising questions concerning the meaning of "legibility".
Abstract: Three legibility factors were studied, using reading speed, comprehension and two other variables as criteria; these proved to be uncorrelated, raising questions concerning the meaning of “Legibility.”
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assume that campaign news can be viewed as the attention the press accords to the political news sources and that how the news is presented can be an indicator of the attitudes of the press.
Abstract: ,b Political campaigns pose several problems to be considered in the study of press coverage. First, what is called news in political campaigns largely relies upon opinions of news sources, and the opinions are highly purposive. Second, the sole purpose of political news sources is to enhance the politicians’ candidacies. Third, candidate exposure in election campaigns is an attempt to enhance positive values. In the light of these concerns, this study assumes that campaign news can be viewed as the attention the press accords to the political news sources and that how the news is presented can be viewed as an indicator of the attitudes of the press. This study applies Q-factor analytic method to data collected by the method of content analysis.
TL;DR: The content of communication at any given time reflects the value pattern of society as mentioned in this paper, and the nature of the controls over the media in a given country is an important factor in determining the content of the news media.
Abstract: Schramm maintains that “The content of communication at any given time reflects the value pattern of society.”l Hachten further contends that the nature of the controls over the media in a given country is an important factor in that “. . . control of the news media determines the content of the news media.”2 Yet surprisingly little research has focused on the content of the messages communicated by the mass media in developing countries. One major thrust in communication
TL;DR: The belatedly honored book may be more important to us historically as a catalyst for reform than as a valid survey of the press before 1920 as discussed by the authors, but it may not always be the case.
Abstract: The belatedly honored book may be more important to us historically as a catalyst for reform than as a valid survey of the press before 1920.
TL;DR: This article found that community press councils in two Illinois cities had little effect on content of newspapers and showed that reader attitudes toward one paper also showed little change in readers' attitudes towards one paper.
Abstract: Content study indicates community press councils in two Illinois cities had little effect on content of newspapers. Study of reader attitudes toward one paper also shows little change.
TL;DR: The guarantee of freedom of the press in the Bill of Rights has historically inspired the m a t lavish and reverential praise of the Founding Fathers as mentioned in this paper, and it has been well-inculcated by the transmitting agencies of our culture, especially the schools and the press itself.
Abstract: ,The guarantee of freedom of the press in the Bill of Rights has historically inspired the m a t lavish and reverential praise. One could plausibly, I think, defend the thesis that the concept during the past century has b e come a stereotype in this country. Over the years, this freedom has been woven into the cultural pattern of the American people, cherished by them as the buttress and the guarantee of all their other freedoms. Certainly its indispensability and protective character as well as the wisdom of the Founding Fathers in making a provision for it in the Constitution have (been well inculcated ‘by the transmitting agencies of our culture, especially the schools and the press itself. Thii assumed stereotype may have been significantly eroded by developments in the past several decades, or may be undergoing at the present time subtle transformations, at least ‘among certain segments of the population.
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