Learning and Instruction 

TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that when considering intellectual activities, schema acquisition and automation are the primary mechanisms of learning and that extraneous cognitive load that interferes with learning only is a problem under conditions of high cognitive load caused by high element interactivity.

TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis of problem-based learning in tertiary education is presented, showing that there is a robust positive effect from PBL on the skills of students and no single study reported negative effects.

TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical framework is proposed to explain the nature of conceptual change that takes place in the learning of physical science, and it is argued that a naive framework theory of physics is established early on in infancy and forms the basis of individuals' ontology and epistemology.

TL;DR: The utility of the DeFT framework is proposed to be in identifying a broad range of factors that influence learning, reconciling inconsistent experimental findings, revealing under-explored areas of multi-representational research and pointing forward to potential design heuristics for learning with multiple representations.

TL;DR: A program of research is explored aimed at determining research-based principles for the design of multimedia explanations and the extent to which methods are effective across different learning environments—which can be called media.