Showing papers in "Medycyna Pracy in 2009"

[MPOWER--strategy for fighting the global tobacco epidemic].

Abstract: It is estimated that tobacco use may cause death of 5 million people in 2008, which is higher than the number of deaths attributed to tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS and malaria taken together. By 2030, the number of deaths related to the tobacco epidemic could exceed annually even 8 million. Despite many difficulties, a growing number of countries undertake intensive actions aimed at tobacco control. The objective of this paper was to discuss the major objectives of the MPOWER Report issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). The MPOWER package consists a set of six key and most effective strategies for fighting the global tobacco epidemic: 1) Monitoring tobacco consumption and the effectiveness of preventive measures; 2) Protect people from tobacco smoke; 3) Offer help to quit tobacco use; 4) Warn about the dangers of tobacco; 5) Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and 6) Raise taxes on tobacco. It is proven that these strategies implemented in the compatible way, effectively decreases tobacco use. In addition, MPOWER comprises epidemiological data, information on implemented tobacco control measures and their efficiency. MPOWER is the only one document of a somewhat strategic nature that is a source of information on the spread of tobacco epidemic, as well as of suggestions concerning specific actions for supporting the fight against this epidemic.

Upper extremities, neck and back symptoms in office employees working at computer stations

Abstract: BACKGROUND To obtain current data on the occurrence ofwork-related symptoms of office computer users in Poland we implemented a questionnaire survey. Its goal was to assess the prevalence and intensity of symptoms of upper extremities, neck and back in office workers who use computers on a regular basis, and to find out if the occurrence of symptoms depends on the duration of computer use and other work-related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Office workers in two towns (Warszawa and Katowice), employed in large social services companies, were invited to fill in the Polish version of Nordic Questionnaire. The questions included work history and history of last-week symptoms of pain of hand/wrist, elbow, arm, neck and upper and lower back (occurrence and intensity measured by visual scale). Altogether 477 men and women returned the completed questionnaires. Between-group symptom differences (chi-square test) were verified by multivariate analysis (GLM). RESULTS The prevalence of symptoms in individual body parts was as follows: neck, 55.6%; arm, 26.9%; elbow, 13.3%; wrist/hand, 29.9%; upper back, 49.6%; and lower back, 50.1%. Multivariate analysis confirmed the effect of gender, age and years of computer use on the occurrence of symptoms. Among other determinants, forearm support explained pain of wrist/hand, wrist support of elbow pain, and chair adjustment of arm pain. Association was also found between low back pain and chair adjustment and keyboard position. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed frequent occurrence of symptoms of pain in upper extremities and neck in office workers who use computers on a regular basis. Seating position could also contribute to the frequent occurrence of back pain in the examined population.

[Nervous system disorders induced by occupational exposure to arsenic and its inorganic compounds: a literature review].

Abstract: This paper presents a review of the effect of arsenic (As) and its inorganic compounds on the nervous system. In humans, inhalation exposure mostly occurs in occupational conditions. In the occupational environment, the most extensive exposure to this element is observed in the copper industry. Chronic As poisoning is manifested by skin and mucous membrane lesions, impairment of the nervous system in the form of disorders of psychic functions and polyneuropathies, retrobulbar neuritis, disorders of peripheral circulation and the risk for Raynaud's syndrome. Arsenic-induced polyneuropathy is usually a very serious and chronic disease. A complete recovery is observed in only 15-20% of patients. As-induced encephalopathy is an irreversible process.

Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressers

Abstract: Numerous data from the medical literature show that working as a hairdresser is associated with the highest risk of occupational contact dermatitis. In Europe, hairdressers rank first of all occupation groups with the highest prevalence of occupational dermatitis. It is estimated that 10-20% and even 50% of hairdressers are affected with skin disorders. Skin problems occur soon after commencing hairdressing, in the first 2 years of work, sometimes during vocational training. The most common factors contributing to skin damage include water, shampoos, detergents, conditioners, hair dyes, bleaches, permanent wave solutions and components of gloves. Water and wet work are prime skin irritants - causal factors of irritant contact dermatitis while p-phenylenediamine, glyceryl monothioglycolate, ammonium persulfate and also fragrances, preservatives, disinfectants and metals are the most important allergens, which induce allergic contact dermatitis.

Poisonings with Amanita phalloides

Abstract: Amanita phalloides is the most dangerous, poisonous mushroom species in our climatic conditions. It is the cause of 90-95% of all deaths due to mushroom poisoning, a-Amanitin, a polymerase RNA II inhibitor, is mainly responsible for the Amanita phalloides toxic property. Inhibition of polymerase RNA II functioning in a transcription process is connected with inhibition biosynthesis of structural and enzymatic proteins in cells. A lethal dose of a-amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg b.w. for humans. One of the medical problems in Amanita phalloides poisonings is a relatively prolonged latency period (8-24 h) from mushroom ingestion, at the same time the cytotropic action of absorbed toxins is revealed. In severe cases, multi organ failure, renal and hepatitis failure can occur. Deaths in a-amanitin poising cases follows between 6-16 days after intoxication. Mortality in this group of patients is still high and amounts to approximately 20-30% in adults and exceeds 50% in children. If mushroom poisoning occurs, it is best treated with pharmacological agents, extracorporeal methods for toxin removal and liver transplantation. Recent high expectations concerning liver albumin dialysis (based on MARS) should support liver regeneration and will also help with possible liver transplantation. In a medical community it is generally believed that every suspected Amanita phalloides poisoning should be referred to a specialized health center.

[Mercury in hair--an indicator of environmental exposure].

Abstract: Mercury concentration in human hair is used as an indicator of long-term environmental exposure to mercury. Over 90% of mercury in hair occur in the metylmercury form. Exposure to mercury almost entirely results from the consumption of seafood and meat of big sea mammals. This paper presents a review of toxic effects of mercury, biological monitoring of exposure to mercury and biological levels of mercury in hair and blood of people consuming a variety of fish diets. It also describes the methods most often used for preliminary sample preparation and applied to determining mercury hair levels. Validation parameters of the method for the determination of mercury in hair, developed and applied by the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, is also presented.

[Noise-induced hearing loss in children and youth: causes and prevention].

Abstract: The populations at risk of adverse effects of noise include, in addition to adults, also children and juveniles, the two groups considered to be particularly vulnerable to noise-induced hearing loss and numerous other adverse systemic effects of exposure to noise. Major sources of noise exposure in children's and youth's environments include incubators at neonate intensive care wards, toys (such as e.g. rattles, squeeze toys, percussion cap toys, pistols), fireworks, pop and rock music concerts, aerobic courses and personal portable music players. This paper reports dB-A noise levels associated with those noise sources, and also combined dB-A levels of noise from external and internal sources prevailing at schools. The suggested preventive steps specified in the CE-HAPE (Children's Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe) and PINCHE (Policy Interpretation Network on Children's Health and Environment) include legislative measures to limit the intensity and time of exposure to noise and classes/education actions for youths and parents.

[Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Poland--the aim and current experiences].

Abstract: Poland is one of the countries, where smoking is widely spread and smoking-induced diseases have become a significant health and socio-economic issue. Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in cooperation with partner organizations have been working on the implementation of the global control system known as the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). This system expands the opportunities of individual countries in the area of designing, implementing and evaluating comprehensive anti-tobacco programs. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) has been incorporated into the GTSS system in 2007. The aim of the work is to explain and promote the objectives of GATS and the process of its implementation in Poland based on current experiences of the WHO Country Office for Poland. GATS concentrates on monitoring of tobacco use by adults (aged over 15 years). It is a representative, national survey of households, standardized on a global scale. GATS is supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies as a part of the Bloomberg Global Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use. Two executive agencies, the M. Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw and the Warsaw Medical University, have been assigned to implement the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Poland. The prepatory works for pre-testing and further stages of the survey implementation are currently under the final phase. Data gathered by GATS will enable us to learn more about the use of tobacco by the adult population in Poland. They will also indicate the most effective methods of the tobacco control in our country.

[Waste sorting plants--recognition of exposure to biological agents (moulds)].

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to recognize exposure to biological agents in the air of waste sorting plants. This publication contains the characteristics of technical solutions in use during sorting of waste and the results of quantitative analysis in terms of the presence of moulds and inhalable dust in the air. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the summertime inside two waste sorting plants with different production capacity ("big" and "small"). To evaluate inhalable dust in the air, 53 samples were collected using personal samplers on glass fiber filters. To assess mycological contamination of the air, 30 triple samples were directly collected on Petri dishes (Malt Extract Agar medium), using the volumetric impact method in the worker's respiratory zone. Samples were incubated for 5 days at 30 degrees C. Outcomes of the total number of moulds were provided in cfu/m3 (cfu--colony forming units). RESULTS: The mean concentration of inhalable dust, determined in the "big" waste sorting plant, was 2.38 mg/m3 and in the "small" plant 1.12 mg/m3. The quantitative analysis revealed the following values of the total number of moulds present in the air: 1) "big" waste sorting plant, 2.9 x 10(4) cfu/m3 (work premises) and 3.6 x 10(3) jtk/m3 (office premises); 2) "small" waste sorting plant, 7.8 x 10(4) cfu/m3 (work premises) and 2.5 x 10(3) jtk/m3 (office premises). CONCLUSIONS: Mould concentrations determined in the environment of waste sorting plants were high. To protect health of workers in this kind of plants, preventive programs focused on the protection of the skin and respiratory system should be implemented. Offices should be properly isolated from work premises to minimize spreading of inhalable dust.

Results of patch test in hairdressers examined in the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź.

Abstract: Background Occupational contact dermatitis is a significant health problem in hairdressers. The number of occupational skin diseases in this group constantly increases. The most frequent factors contributing to the skin damage include water, shampoos, detergents, conditioners, hair dyes, bleaches, permanent wave solutions, and components of gloves. Material and methods A group of 121 hairdressers (106 women and 6 men) was selected from 4523 patients (2996 women and 1527 men) referred to the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łodź, in 1995-2008, with suspected occupational skin disease. All hairdressers underwent dermatological examination and allergy tests (patch tests with allergens of the European Standard Series and Hairdressing Series, Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Sweden; skin prick tests, Allergopharma, Germany). Results and conclusions Females were more prevalent than males and constituted 94.6% of the study group. Of all the study participants, 30% were trainee hairdressers. At least one positive patch test reaction was found in 69.7% of patients whereas in 30.3% patch tests were negative. The most frequent contact allergens were: nickel sulfate (40% of females), p-phenylenediamine (one fourth of the study group), ammonium persulfate (23.2%), cobalt chloride (21.4%), 2,5-diaminotoluene sulfate (9.8%), formaldehyde (9.8%), ammonium thioglycolate (7.1%), and glyceryl monothioglycolate (7.1%). Moreover, we found positive patch test reactions to thimerosal (14.3%), palladium chloride (11.6%), potassium dichromate (5.3%) and fragrance mix (4.5%). Altogether, occupational origin of skin disease was confirmed in 46.4% of hairdressers with allergic contact dermatitis, in 48.2% of those diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis and in 0.9% of hairdressers suffering from urticaria. 71% of trainee hairdressers were finally diagnosed with allergic contact dermatitis, caused first of all by ammonium persulfate, p-phenylenediamine, nickel and thimerosal. In conclusion, it seems to be indispensable to implement health education program during vocational training of hairdressers and to promote specific preventive measures in this occupational group.

[Selected health complaints, allergic diseases, hygiene behaviors and knowledge of biohazards among workers of waste sorting plants].

Abstract: UNLABELLED BACKGROUNDBackground: Recycling workers belong to a high risk occupational group because of their contact with high concentrationsria and moulds at the workplace. The aim of the study was to assess the selected elements of health in workers, their knowledge of exposure to biological agents, potential health effects and preventive measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The questionnaire survey was carried out among 69 workers of two sorting waste plants. RESULTS Knowledge of harmful health effects of biological agents was observed in 64% workers, but only 18% of respondents were able to give an accurate example of diseases caused by them. For 42% of workers their employers were the major source of acquired knowledge. All respondents used personal preventive measures, washed hands before eating and after work, however, 7% of them consumed meals at the workplace. Acute upper respiratory tract symptoms were found in 64% of respondents, dry and persistent cough in 33%, paroxysmal dyspnea and/or whistling breath in 19%, eye troubles in 36%, and skin troubles in 14%. Those symptoms showed varied frequency and intensity. Allergic diseases were diagnosed in 23% of workers, including 11% of those with allergy diagnosed before commencing the employment at the sorting plant. CONCLUSIONS The compulsory training in occupational health and safety concerning the occupational exposure to biological agents should be expanded for this occupational group. The intensity of acute upper respiratory tract symptoms with allergic background that increased at work in the majority (77%) of workers indicate the adverse effects of bioaerosol on the worker's health. To protect health of workers it is needed to intensify preventive activities aimed at minimizing bioaerosol concentrations at the workplace and making the protection of eyes, skin and respiratory system much more effective.

Vaccination against influenza in medical staff of Warsaw university hospitals and in students of Warsaw Medical University

Abstract: BACKGROUND According to CDC recommendations, medical staff should be vaccinated against influenza each year. The objective of this work was to establish the percentage of medical personnel and students vaccinated against influenza in two Warsaw university hospitals and Warsaw Medical University, to evaluate their level of awareness about the importance of vaccination and to identify reasons for not taking vaccines. MATERIAL AND METHODS The anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted in the population of 166 physicians, 104 nurses and 254 students. RESULTS Only 22.3% of physicians, 10.6% of nurses and 13.4% of students regularly take vaccines against influenza. Free of charge vaccination was offered to 19% of physicians, 15% of nurses and 6% of students. Awareness of the need for influenza vaccination and willingness to take free-of-charge vaccination were declared by 42% of nurses. Physicians justified their decisions not to undergo vaccination by no need to vaccinate, laziness and lack of time, nurses by no need to vaccinate and costs, and students by costs and laziness. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of medical staff of Warsaw university hospitals who regularly take vaccines against influenza is low. In view of the reluctance to take influenza vaccines observed in the study population, there is an urgent need to intensify educational efforts to increase awareness of the importance to be vaccinated.

Musculoskeletal system load in operating room nurses and its determinants

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aims of the survey was to analyze the musculoskeletal system load during work performed by operating room nurses, and to identify the most loading activities along with their causes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The observation of work process and the Ovako Working posture Analysing System (OWAS) method for analyzing and evaluating work postures were used as major tools of this survey. Altogether 170 observations of work process were made and also seven basic work activities and 101,320 work postures were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the survey show: a) average proportion of time spent by nurses on individual tasks during the shift were: preparation for operative procedure--16%, instrumentation nurse tasks--16%, circulating nurse tasks--13%, cleaning after operative procedure--4%, cleaning and preparation of surgical instruments--4%, breaks at work--43% and other tasks--4%; b) average proportion of time spent by nurses in OWAS posture categories were: category 1--89%, category 2--10%, category 3 and 4--1%. The collected data revealed that the main causes of the musculoskeletal system load in all tasks were: time spent by nurses on awkward postures during the shift (inability to change postures), awkward postures with a hard load (manual lifting or transporting the equipment, more than 10 kg and also above 20 kg). It should be emphasized that the identified causes of loading activities resulted from poor work organization and technical working conditions.

[Welding-related respiratory diseases].

Abstract: Welders are exposed to fumes containing different gases, fumes and particles, depending on the composition of the welding electrodes, welded material and the welding method used Welders are workers at risk of developing various respiratory signs and symptoms Health effects associated with welding include different lung function abnormalities, including metal fume fever, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis and other pulmonary fibrosis (chronic beryllium disease, cobalt lung), and lung cancer The authors describe some aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, prophylaxis, and medical certification of welding-related respiratory diseases

Tobacco smoking and other negative lifestyle behaviors among economically active individuals.

Abstract: Background Tobacco smoking, lack of recreational physical activity, unbalanced diet, overweight and obesity are the major modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of smoking and the other lifestyle behaviors among economically active adults. Material and methods The study population consisted of 442 randomly selected economically active adults from the Lodź and Lublin districts, Poland. The prevalence and different possible combination of four major risk factors for chronic diseases was determined. Results About 40% of men and 28% of women smoke at least one cigarette per day. Only 3.5% of men and 1.9% of women meet the recommended guidelines for four common health life style factors. Only about 2% of smokers obey the rules relating to other healthy behaviors. In women smoking cigarettes, the risk for not being physically active is twice as high as that in nonsmokers. Conclusions The prophylactic programs for healthy lifestyle behaviors should be addressed to all economically active individuals, taking into account their level of education, the type of work performed and income.

Temperament and perceived stress in road traffic

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the temperamental traits of drivers and the level of stress experienced in driving situations (the research was based on Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 214 professional drivers aged 21-65 years. The data were obtained using the following instruments: Formal Characteristics of Behaviour -- The Temperament Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Road Traffic Events questionnaires. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the drivers who are more likely to experience stress under conditions of road traffic are those who a) effectively regulate stimulation: they tend to reduce arousal and avoid strong stimulation and b) ineffectively regulate stimulation: they try to reduce arousal but get involved in highly stimulating situations. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between one's temperament and the perceived stress from road traffic found in the present study indicates the necessity to take account of this factor in preventing the drivers' stress. Language: pl

Exposure of smoking pregnant women to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds that are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of organic matter The most common sources of PAHs are cigarette smoke, coal-fired utilities, steel plants, coke-oven plants, graphite electrode manufacturing plant, Soderberg aluminum electrolysis plant, vehicle exhaust, wood-burning ovens and fireplaces, and charcoal-grilled and smoked food The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of smoking pregnant women to PAHs MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 189 pregnant women from the Lodź voivodeship (province) Smoking status was assessed based on saliva cotinine level analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) The cutoff point 10 ng/ml was adopted for saliva cotinine level 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration in urine sample was chosen as the biomarker of exposure to PAHs RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The mean concentration of 1-HP in urine of nonsmoking woman was 060 microg/g creatinine, whereas in smoking one 135 microg/g creatinine Among the women with saliva cotinine level higher than 10 ng/ml, the mean concentration of 1-HP in urine was over twofold higher than that in women with cotinine level lower than 10 ng/ml after adjustment for the day of urine ample collection (ratio of geometric mean 23; 95% CI 17-30) The study confirmed a higher risk of exposure to PAHs in the group of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy as compared to nonsmoking women It should be stressed that cigarette smoking is not the only source of exposure to PAHs

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and psychomotor development of children

Abstract: Background In Poland, prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is observed in about 30 percent of children and postnatal in over 50 percent of children. This exposure has serious health consequences, including the negative effect on child neurodevelopment. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child psychomotor development. Material and methods The study population consisted of 63 children with well assessed prenatal ETS exposure (a threefold analysis of cotinine level in saliva of pregnant women). To assess ETS exposure in infants within one year after birth a questionnaire-based interview was conducted with mothers. The Bayley Scale for Infant and Toddler Development (BESID-III) was used for the evaluation of child neurodevelopment. Results Multivariate analysis (including gender, birth order of the child and parental educational status) indicated the statistically significant association between prenatal exposure to ETS and cognitive child development (b = -4.0; p = 0.04). ETS exposure has also a negative impact on motor (b = -2.7; p = 0.2) and language (b = -3.4; p = 0.08) abilities of the child although the results were not statistically significant. Conclusions Maternal smoking was found to be related to a decrease in child neurodevelopment, however, it was impossible to separate the prenatal from postnatal exposure. A lot of effort should be made to eliminate ETS exposure of children.

Postępowanie w dysfoniach zawodowych w krajach unii europejskiej i na świecie

Abstract: Teachers are significantly more likely to develop multiple voice problems than non-teachers. The article presents methods for the diagnoses and treatment of occupational dysphonia in different countries of the European Union and throughout the world. Conclusions comprise the implications concerning the model of dysphonic teachers management in Poland, putting strong emphasis on the necessity for multidimensional therapy in collaboration with otolaryngologist/phoniatrician, logopedist/speech therapist and also psychologist/physiotherapist. The importance of training professional voice users in vocal hygiene and healthy voice habits has also been emphasized. Med Pr 2009;60(2):151–158

[Personality as a teacher's burnout predictor].

Abstract: Background Teachers form a professional group that is prone to burnout syndrome. The reason for that may be sought in the specific character of the job as well as in teachers themselves. The aim of the research is an attempt to define the relation between burnout in the teaching profession and personal traits in the context of two criteria, gender and the place of employment. Material and methods In a group of 390 teachers, 312 women and 78 men were examined. They represented varied levels of professional advancement and different workplaces. Two methods were applied in the research, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and NEO-FFI Inventory for measuring personality. Results The results provide evidence that the relationship between professional burnout and personal traits does exist. Two main traits have been distinguished, neuroticism and extraversion. It has been noted that there is an association between conscientiousness and professional effectiveness. Although men and women have different personal traits, there are no differences between them as far as the range of burnout syndrome is concerned. The most distinct symptoms of burnout were revealed by junior high school teachers. A raised competence explicitly decreases them. Conclusions Personality is an important predictor of teachers' burnout and its role grows in confrontation with difficult school reality offered by junior high schools.

[Occupational diseases in Poland, 2008].

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of the paper was to present basic statistical data on occupational diseases diagnosed in 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS The work was based on the data compiled from "Occupational Disease Reporting Forms" received by the Central Register of Occupational Diseases in 2008. The data comprised information on nosologic units, gender and age of patients, and duration of occupational exposure to harmful agents responsible for the development of specified pathologies. These data were further classified by sectors of the national economy and voivodeships. The incidence was specified in terms of the number of cases in relation to paid employees or to employed persons. RESULTS The number of occupational diseases diagnosed in 2008 accounted for 3546 cases. The incidence rate was 34.7 cases per 100,000 paid employees. The highest incidence rates were noted for infectious and parasitic diseases (9.4/100,000), chronic voice disorders (7.9) and pneumoconioses (6.8). As many as 77.9% of patients affected by occupational diseases had been exposed to harmful agents for longer than 20 years. In industrial sectors of the national economy, the highest incidence rate was noted in the coal mining industry (416.3 cases per 100,000). The highest incidence rates were recorded in the Lubelskie (75.5), Silesian (66.3) and Podlaskie (60.7) voivodeships. CONCLUSIONS An increase of 261 (7.9%) cases of occupational diseases and an increase of 3.6% in their incidence rate over the previous year were noted in 2008. The greatest increase was noted in infectious and parasitic diseases (of 285 cases, i.e. 42.5%) and chronic diseases of the locomotor system (of 22 cases i.e. 22.4%).

Choroby układu oddechowego u spawaczy

Abstract: Welders are exposed to fumes containing different gases, fumes and particles, depending on the composition of the welding electrodes, welded material and the welding method used. Welders are workers at risk of developing various respiratory signs and symptoms. Health effects associated with welding include different lung function abnormalities, including metal fume fever, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis and other pulmonary fibrosis (chronic beryllium disease, cobalt lung), and lung cancer. The authors describe some aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, prophylaxis, and medical certification of welding-related respiratory diseases. Med Pr 2009;60(3):201–208

The influence of electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna

Abstract: This paper presents the influence of natural and artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF) on fauna and flora. The mechanisms of Earth's magnetic field detection and the use of this skill by migratory animals to faultlessly reach the destination of their travel are discussed, as well as the positive effects of electric and magnetic fields on plants relative to their physiology, yielding and health. EMF influence on social insects and animal organisms, including possible DNA damages and DNA repair systems, is presented. The influence of high frequency electromagnetic fields on birds nesting is also discussed.

Occupational stress and the risk of sickness absence in customer service workers.

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to indicate psychosocial stressors at work that significantly affect sickness absence a workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study subjects included a group of 233 randomly selected women employed as post-office clerks. Sickness absence data covered the period of 2004-2006. The psychosocial factors were assessed by means of the Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire. The hazard ratio (HR) of sickness absence was analysed using the Cox regression model, separately for short- (1-9 days) medium- (10-29 days) and long-term (30 days and above) sickness absence. RESULTS The shortterm sickness absence risk was significantly related with the post-office size--in the offices employing 8-12 workers, the risk was by 50% lower compared to those employing a smaller number of workers (HR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.27-0.90) and unpleasant working conditions (dirt), which contributed to the increased risk (HR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.12-1.50). In the case of a 10-29-day absence, the risk was slightly elevated by the demand of long-term vigilance, financial responsibility, and strictly determined breaks at work In the model of long-term sickness absence, a significantly higher risk was noted when the number of employees was 16-25 compared to a smaller number of employees (HR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.09-7.82), non-occupational, self-assessed workload was high (HR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.34-6.62) or moderate (HR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.11-4.44) compared to self-assessed low workload, and the work space was limited (HR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.00-1.47). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed a significant effect of stressogenic work conditions on the patterns of sickness absence. Our findings may help in developing programs intended to reduce sickness absence through limiting the prevalence of unfavourable conditions at workplaces.

Occupational dysphonia management in different countries of the European Union and throughout the world

Abstract: Teachers are significantly more likely to develop multiple voice problems than non-teachers. The article presents methods for the diagnoses and treatment of occupational dysphonia in different countries of the European Union and throughout the world. Conclusions comprise the implications concerning the model of dysphonic teachers management in Poland, putting strong emphasis on the necessity for multidimensional therapy in collaboration with otolaryngologist/phoniatrician, logopedist/speech therapist and also psychologist/physiotherapist. The importance of training professional voice users in vocal hygiene and healthy voice habits has also been emphasized.

Occupational exposure limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Current legal status and proposed changes

Abstract: Background The evaluation of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland is based on the results of measurements of their concentrations in workplace air compared to appropriate occupational exposure limits. The inconsistence in current regulations is the source of many interpretation-related problems. Objective The objective of this work was to determine PAH concentrations in different technological processes and to analyze statistically the obtained data to indicate the presence (or absence) of differences between exposure indices calculated for 9 PAHs listed in the decree of the Minister of Labor and those (8 compounds) set by the Minister of Health. Materials and methods Air samples were collected during graphite electrode production, coke production, aluminum smelting, tire production and road paving. PAH concentrations in collected air samples were analyzed by HPLC. Results The obtained data calculated for each technological process indicate that indices of exposure based on 8 or 9 PAHs, taking into account their relative carcinogenicity, did not differ considerably and are not statistically different from exposure indices calculated for 11 PAHs. Conclusions In view that the indices of exposure calculated for 8 and 9 compounds are not statistically different and that of all the PAHs listed in the decree of the Minister of Labor, two compounds are not classified as carcinogenic, it seems justified to substitute the latter by the list of compounds issued by the Minister of Health. The proposed modification should result in a better consistency of legal regulations without altering the quality of the occupational exposure evaluation. Furthermore, removing benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene from the OEL list should solve the existing interpretation-related problems.

[Costs and range of health care consumption under general health insurance and sick leaves among patients with inflammatory bowel disease in chosen countries -- a literature review].

Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered to be common in the developed countries of Europe and in North America. A chronic nature of the disease, bowel and systemic symptoms debilitating daily functioning, coexisting extraintestinal complications, recurrent, not infrequently severe and unpredictable clinical course significantly lower patients' quality of life. When compared with the general population, IBD patients more often take use of health care services. They also experience more episodes of sick leave, which is associated with a greater number of sick leave days per year.

[Socio-demographic determinants of self-assessed health status and health complaints in the population employed in a large institution].

Abstract: Background Health and safety at work is frequently perceived as a domain to be protected exclusively against occupational hazards without taking into account socio-demographic determinants and non-occupational factors dependent on work culture and quality of life. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of socio-demographic determinants on self-assessed health status and frequency of health complaints in workers employed in a large institution as well as the perception of the influence of working conditions on their health and the occurrence of selected diseases and health complaints. Material and methods The study was carried out in the entire population of employees of a large institution. Information that remained anonymous was collected using a questionnaire completed by the employees themselves. The strength of relationship was analyzed between the following three groups of variables: (1) self-assessed health status; (2) objectivized (based on reported facts) evaluation of health status; and (3) socio-demographic determinants. Results and conclusions The socio-demographic determinants have considerable impact on self-reported health status and frequency of health complaints and diseases linked and not-linked by respondents with working conditions. The frequency of responses indicating the relationship between work and health complaints were dependent on gender and duration of employment in the institution. The number of reported diseases and health complaints was influenced by gender, age, duration of employment and the respondents' level of education. Summing up, the following groups of respondents evaluated their health as worse than that of others: (1) persons aged over 50 years; (2) persons working 16 or more years in the institution, (3) persons with other than university education; (4) person with overweight. The results indicate that the health policy of institutions and enterprises should take into account socio-demographic determinants in the working population.

[Comparison of VHI scores in teachers with voice disorders and the non-professional dysphonic population].

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the application of Voice Handicap Index (VHI) in the diagnosis of occupational voice disorders in teachers as compared with the dysphonic non-teachers population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjective assessment of voice by VHI was performed in 105 teachers with dysphonia and 60 dysphonic subjects whose jobs did not involve vocal effort. The control group comprised 65 healthy individuals with normal voice. RESULTS The results of total VHI score and each of its subscales, functional, emotional and physical, were significantly worse in the study groups (I and II) than in the control group (p < 0.001). The analysis of VHI-score distribution showed that the highest percentage of subjects in groups I and II self-assessed their own voice problems as moderate disability (67% and 57%), while 20% of teachers and 16% of non-teachers reported severe voice disability. All individuals in the control group assessed their voice problems as minor, their results fell within the range of the lowest level of VHI score. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that VHI as a tool for self-assessment of voice can significantly contribute to the diagnosis of occupational and non-occupational dysphonia.

[Risk of neoplastic diseases in conditions of exposure to power magnetic fields--epidemiologic investigations].

Abstract: The review paper presents current views on risks of incidence of neoplasms in persons exposed to power magnetic fields (PMFs) 50 Hz in the environment or at working posts. Cancer risks of power magnetic fields are small and doubtful, but there exist confirmed epidemiologic investigations that in children living in homes where PMF intensity exceeds 0.3-0.4 microT (0.24-0.32 A/m) an increased risk of certain types of leukemias can be observed. About one percent of children live under conditions of PMF exposure. Cancer morbidity in workers exposed to power magnetic fields is not unequivocally increased. Ten years ago, on the basis of available epidemiologic data, PMFs 50 Hz were listed as a possible carcinogenic agent (group 2B according to the IARC classification), which means lack of convincing evidence that PMFs pose cancer risks. The authors also discuss the binding regulations on the protection of the general population and workers against power magnetic fields and they conclude that existing permissible exposure levels are incompatible with exposure conditions, the present state of knowledge and health threats.