Showing papers in "Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture in 2008"

EFFECT OF HIGH LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPOURS FERTILIZER, PINCHING, AND SEED RATE ON GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTES OF Nigella sativa L.

Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the season 2005-2006 in Singar Mosul city to investigate the effects of high level (280 N, 260 P2O5) kg ha -1 and very high level (320 N, 300 P2O5) kg ha -1 fertilizer, pinch and without pinch, and plant seed rate sowing (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2) g/10m cultivated within 3, 4, 5, 6 rows respectively in (10) m plot area on growth and yield of Nigella sativa L. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that. Very high level of nitrogen and phosphorus caused a significant increase in plant length, stem diameter, fresh weight, plant seed yield and total seeds yield kg/ha, were as branches number, and fruits number cannot be effected significantly by previous factor. Pinching causes a significantly increased in branches number, fruits number, while plant high decreased significantly. Increased seed rate sowing from 0.6 to 1.2 g/10m caused a significant increasing in branches number, fresh weight, and plant seeds yield, while stem diameter, and fruits number didn’t effected significantly by this factor except total seeds yield kg/ha which increased significantly when seed rate sowing are increased to 1.2g/10m and they reach 651.85, 843.56, 1076.51, 1232.67 kg/ha for the four seed rate consecutively. INTRODUCTION Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculacea. ( Majed and Mahmod, 1988). It is grown in Mediterranean region and widely cultivated throughout Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey (Al-Dagawi, 1996). Mature seeds are consumed for edible purposes as seasoning for vegetables, legumes and different types of baked products (Atta, 2003). It has been used as herbal medicine for more than 2000 years such as bronchodilator, (El-Kadi and Kandil, 1987), antibacterial (Hanafy and Hatem, 1991). Also it used In folk medicine as a natural stimulant of immunity, anti-inflammatory cough, analgesic, diuretic, anti-diabetic, (AlDagawi, 1996; Tierra, 2002). To realize the full yield potential of Nigella many agricultural practices will have to be optimized for its yield. Seed rate is the key factor determining effecting the yield and yield components. Ahmed (1997) show that there were no significant effect in plant high, branch number when increasing planting distant from 20 40 cm between nigella plants, while 30 cm caused an increment in vegetative dry weight, fruit number, and seed yield per plant. Al-khatony (2003) on Nigella sativa found that increasing plants distance from 15 to 35 cm had significant effects on seed components except fixed and volatile oil which significantly decrease. ـــــــــ ـــ ـ ـــــــــــ Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (36) No. (1) 2008 Received 15/8/2007 accepted 21/11/2007. Hand pinching is a common floricultural practice (Ecke and Matkin, 1976) designed to encourage auxiliary shoot development and increasing flower number for display purposes (Love, 1975; Larson, 1980). Phetpradap et al. (1994) found that hand Pinching of Dahlias had no significant effect on lateral branch length, seed yield of plant but reduced the spread of flowering. Al-khatony (2003) on Nigella sativa obtained that pinching increase stem diameter, branches number, vegetative dry weight, fruit numbers, plant production, seed yield , essential , and volatile oil production with 8.1%, 6.1%, 14.9%, 11.4%, 8.1%, 7.4%, 7.0%, 5.8% when compared with without pinch. The other important factor is nitrogen and Phosphorus which is a major component an effect on aspects of growth and metabolism then in plants yields (Wikipedia, 2007). Abu Zaid (1986) mentioned that nigella plants need high quantity of phosphorus and potassium fertilized and he recommended to add (200) kg supper phosphate /Feddan (4200 m). Ahmed (1997) found that foliar Nigella sativa plants with triple calcium super phosphate fertilizer (20, 40, 60) P2O5 /feddan caused a significant increase in plant high, stem diameter, branch numbers, dry weight, fruit number. Singh et al. (1999) found that increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 30, and 60) kg N ha increased the seed yield production of nigella plants. Hammo and AlAtrakchii (2006) on Nigella sativa found that increase fertilizer level of nitrogen and phosphorus to 240 N and 220 kg P2O5 kg ha -1 causes significant increases in plant high, stem diameter, branches number, vegetative dry weight, fruits number, and seed production. This study were done to clarify the influence of very high levels of fertilizers, seed rate sowing, and pinching on vegetative growth and seed yield of nigella plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiment was carry out during the season 2005-2006 in Singar/ Mosul city to investigate the effects of some agricultural factors on vegetative growth and seed yield of Nigella sativa L. Seeds which were obtained from the herbal market in Mosule was cultivated at 10 Oct 2005 with Sowing rate of (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2) g/plot 4×2.5m (10 m) by hand within 3, 4, 5, 6 rows for each seed rate respectively, pinch and without pinch was done after 3-4 pear of leaves emerge on plant. Fertilize with two level of nitrogen and phosphorus high level (280 N, 260 P2O5) kg ha -1 and very high level (320 N, 300 P2O5) kg ha -1 added to plant at two time, the half amount of nitrogen and all phosphorus fertilizer were added after 34 pears of leave emerge on plant and the other half added after one month of the first. All plants received 60 kg ha-1 potassium fertilizers as potassium sulfate. Weeds were controlled by hand and all agriculture practices were done as needed. Harvesting was done on 15 June 2005 manually by pulling the dry plants out of the soil. Some physical and chemical properties of soil are measured in laboratory of horticulture department (table 1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. All measured Characters (plant height, stem diameter, number of branch per plant, fresh Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (36) No. (1) 2008 weight, number of fruit per plant, seed yield per plant, total seeds yield kg/ha) were subjected to the analysis of variance. And all data obtained were analyzed and compared statistically at a significance level of 5%, using SAS program (SAS, 1996). Table (1): some physical and chemical properties of soil RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant high: Data presented in table (2) showed that very high level of fertilizer (320 N , 300 P2O5)kg ha -1 lead to significantly increased in plant high 5.72% when compared with high level of fertilizer (280 N, 260 P2O5)kg ha , The reason may be due to very high nitrogen application which in itself increases plant growth then promoting processes such as cell division, cell enlargement, metabolic processes (George, 2000 ) or may be due to very high Phosphorus application which is important in plant bioenergetics as a component of ATP during photosynthesis Since ATP can be used for the biosynthesis of many plant bimolecular, also its use to modify the activity of various enzymes by phosphorylation, so phosphorus is important for plant growth and flower then seed formation (Wikipedia, 2007). Pinching case significantly decrease in plant high 38.14 cm when comparison with without pinching plants 42.00 cm, these results are in agreement with those found by Cavins (2003), and Abdul Allah (2006). This may be relate to negative correlation between plant high and branches number(r=0.027) as shown in table (10). Decreased seed rate sowing to 0.6 g/10m and increased it to 1.2 g/10m give plant high 40.50, 41.16 cm respectively which significantly differ when comparison with those sowing at seed rate 1.0, and 0.8 g/10m 39.11, 39.49 cm respectively. The reason may be relate to few competition between plants when seed rate sowing are very few 0.6 g/10m and for elongation of plants when number of plants are very high due to increase seed rate sowing 1.2g/m (Hussen, 1981). Dual and triple interaction between the levels of studied factors has a significant influence on this character. Stem diameter: Pinching and seed rate haven't any significant effect on stem diameter as shown in table (3), these results are in agreement with those found by Cavins (2003). Very high level of fertilizer have significant effect on this character 4.15 mm when compared with high level 3.90 mm. these results are in agreement with those found by Ahmed (1997) and may refer to nitrogen and its role in create amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins and forming protoplasm, the site for cell division and thus for plant growth and development then increased stem diameter. (Al-Naimi, 1987; Uchida, 2000). The interaction between fertilizer and pinching have a significant influence and the highest value 4.26 mm obtained in plants without pinch and fertilized with N P K EC pH Organic mater CaCO3 % % % mmhos/cm % % 0.024 0.007 0.082 1.8 7.65 1.06 25.04 Clay % Sand % Silt Texture 16.96 59.64 23.4 Silty sand Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (36) No. (1) 2008 very high level fertilizer, other dual and third interactions haven't any effect except non pinched plant at sowing rate 0.6 g/10m and fertilized with very high level of fertilizer which superior significantly on pinching plant sowing at 0.8 g/10m seed rate and fertilized with high level. Branch number: Very high level of nitrogen and phosphorus haven't any significant effect on branch number, as shown in table (4). Pinching effect significantly on this character 6.83 branch/plant when compared with non pinching 6.01 branch/plant. This may be relate to lateral shoot development which be stimulated and promoted by either hand or chemical pinching as a result to remove inhibiter substance witch create in apical buds and transferred to lateral bud then inhibit ts sets and grown (Asiah et al. 1992; Phetpradap et al.1994). Table(2):Effect of very high level of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, pinching, an

EFFECT OF VERY HIGH LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPOURS FERTILIZERS, PINCHING, AND SEED RATE SOWING ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND COMPONENTES OF Nigella sativa L. 2- SEED COMPENENTS

Abstract: This field experiment was conducted during the season 2005-2006 in Singar Mosul city to investigate the effects of very high level (320 N, 300 P2O5) kg ha, and high level (280 N, 260 P2O5) kg ha -1 of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, pinch and with out pinch, and plant seed rate sowing 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 g/10m was done by hand within 3, 4, 5, 6 rows respectively in (10)m plot size on seed components of Nigella sativa L. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results include the following. Very high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus caused a significant increase in fixed oil, volatile oil, protein, and phosphorus; in contrast carbohydrate was significantly decreased, while humidity and ash cannot be affected with this factor. Pinching nigella plants causes a significantly increasing in fixed oil, ash, and carbohydrate of seeds while volatile oil, protein, and phosphorus were decreased significantly when compared with non pinched plants. Increased seed rate sowing from 0.8 to 1.2 g/10m caused significant increasing in fixed oil when compared with 0.6 g/10m while decreased seed rate sowing 0.6, 0.8 g/10m caused significant increases in volatile oil and ash when compared with 1.0, 1.2 g/10m. Protein also Increased significantly from 20.67 to 24.40 with decreased seed rate sowing from 1.2 to 0.8 g/10m.while medium rate cause significant increase in phosphorus when compared with lowest and highest rate, the lowest rate of see rate give the highest percentage of carbohydrate when compared with other . INTRODUCTION Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculacea. It is grown in Mediterranean region and widely cultivated throughout South Europe, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, India and Turkey (Al-Dagawi, 1996). Mature seeds are consumed for edible purposes as seasoning for vegetables, legumes and different types of baked products (Atta, 2003). Also its seeds are used in folk medicine as a natural stimulant of immunity, anti-allergic, asthma, treatment of neurological and skin diseases, anti-inflammatory cough, analgesic, diuretic, anti-diabetic, (Al-Dagawi , 1996; Tierra, 2002). Nitrogen which is a major component of proteins, hormones, chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes is a major factor in stem and leaf growth. Also phosphorus is necessary for photosynthesis, protein formation and almost all aspects of growth and metabolism in plants. It is essential for flower and fruit formation. (Wikipedia, 2007). Ahmed (1997) found that fertilize Nigella sativa plants with triple calcium super phosphate (48, 96, 142) P2O5 ha -1 caused a significant increase in fixed and volatile percentage and decrease carbohydrate content of the herb of nigella. Hammo and Vol. (36) No. (2) 2008 (ISSN 1815-316X) Mesopotamia J. of Agric. Al-Atrakchii (2006) on Nigella sativa found that increase ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Received / 13 / 10 / 2007 accepted /30 /1/2008 fertilizer levels of nitrogen and phosphorus to 240 kg N and 220 kg P2O5 ha -1 causes significant increases in seeds contains of volatile oil, phosphorus except total carbohydrate which decreased in the first season and phosphorus and humidity in the second season. Hand pinching (the removal of the apical bud of the main shoot) is a common floricultural practice (Ecke and Matkin, 1976) designed to encourage auxiliary shoot development and increasing flower number for display purposes (Love, 1975; Larson, 1980). Al-khatony (2003) on nigella sativa obtained that protein, and phosphorus decreased significantly when pinched while total carbohydrate and ash increased. Seed rate is the key factor determining effecting the yield and yield components. Toncer and Kizil (2004) found that sowing Nigella plant with seed rate (10, 20, 30, 40 & 50) kg ha under semi arid conditions in Diyarbakir significantly affected plant height, number of branch per plant, number of capsule per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield but did not affected essential oil and fatty oil rate. Naghdi et al. (2000) obtained that planting space and seasonal variation have significant effect on quality and rows of 50 cm apart quantity yield of thyme plant when cultivated in rows of 50 cm apart with inter row spacing of 15, 30, and 45cm, maximum yields of dry and wet herbage, volatile oil and thymol were obtained in 15 cm. Because of the high response of nigella plant to high level of nitrogen and phosphorus (240 N kg, 220 kg P2O5 ha ) as shown in previous study (Hammo and Al-Atrakchii (2006) this study were done to clarify the influence of very high levels of fertilizers, seed rate sowing, and pinching on vegetative growth and seed yield of it. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was conducted during the season 2005-2006 in Singar / Mosul city to investigate the effects of some agricultural factors on vegetative growth and seed yield of Nigella sativa L. Seeds of Nigella sativa were obtained from the herbal market in Mosul, Iraq. The crop was sowed at 10 October 2005 in seed rate Sowing 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 g/plot (10 m area) by hand within 3, 4, 5, 6 rows for each seed rate respectively, pinch and with out pinch plants were fertilized with two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer very high level (320 N, 300 P2O5) kg ha , and high level (280 N, 260 P2O5) kg ha . All plants received 60 kg ha potassium fertilizers as potassium sulfate. Weeds were controlled by hand and all agriculture practices were done as needed. Harvesting was done on 15 June 2005 manually by pulling the dry plants out of the soil. Fixed oil percentage in seeds was calculated after extraction with Soxhlet Extraction Method (A O A C, 1980), volatile oil was determined by Modified Clevenger Method which described by Ranganna (1985)، Protein determine with MicroKjeldahl Method (A O A C, 1980) while phosphorus determine by Matt (1975) by use of Spectrophotometer which was also used to determine the total carbohydrate (Herbert et al. 1971). Humidity percentage determine by toloin which named Immiscible solvent distillation method which described by Ranganna (1985) . Ash percentage was determines with methods describe by Ranganna (1985).All Vol. (36) No. (2) 2008 (ISSN 1815-316X) Mesopotamia J. of Agric. data obtained were analyzed and compared statistically at a significance level of 5%, by using SAS program (SAS, 1989-1996). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fixed oil percentage: Data presented in table (1) appear that very high level of fertilizer (320 N, 300 P2O5)kg ha -1 lead to significantly increased in fixed oil percentage when compared with high level of fertilizer (280 N, 260 P2O5)kg ha 1 and the percentage reached 41.52%, 40.79%, respectively. This may be refer to nitrogen which plant require in large amounts and its role in almost all plant metabolic processes so its effect on promotes rapid growth, increases leaf size and quality, hastens crop maturity, and promotes fruit and seed development. Or may be related to phosphorus which aids in root development, flower initiation, and seed and fruit development (Tucker, 1999; Uchida, 2000). Pinching causes significantly increased in this character 41.65% when compared with non pinching 40.66%, these results are in agreement with those which found by Cavins (2003), and Abdullah (2006). Although 0.8 g/10m of seed rate sowing hadn't any difference in fixed oil percentage 41.49% when compared with 1.2, 1.0g/10m 41.70%, 41.20 respectively they differ significantly with the rate 0.6 g/10m . These results are in agreement with Hammo and Al-Atrakchii (2006) and the reason may be related to increase the exposure area to sun shin so increasing dry speed which turns effect on Table (1): Effect of very high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, pinching, and Seed rate sowing on fixed oil percentage of Nigella sativa L. seeds. Fertilizer Pinch Seed sowing rate g/10m Fertilizer Fertilizer Levels 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 × pinch effect Very High Pinch 40.98d-f 42.73ab 42.24bc 43.53a 42.37a 41.52a Without 40.72e-g 41.74b-e 40.19f-h 40.06f-h 40.68b High Pinch 41.64c-e 39.60h 41.55c-e 40.95d-f 40.94b 40.79b Without 40.11f-h 41.90b-d 40.84d-g 39.75gh 40.65b Fertilizer × Very High 40.85cd 42.23a 41.21bc 41.79ab Pinch effect Seed rate sowing High 40.88cd 40.75cd 41.20bc 40.35d Pinch × Pinch 41.31b 41.16bc 41.89ab 42.24a 41.65 a Seed rate sowing Without 40.41d 41.82ab 40.52cd 39.91d 40.66 b Seed rate sowing 40.86b 41.49a 41.20ab 41.07ab Each means in row for one or interactions factors with different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test. the elements absorption then decreases fixed oil percentage. All dual and triple interaction between factors levels have a significant influence on this character and the highest percentage 43.53% cm obtained in pinching plants fertilized with very high level of nitrogen and phosphorus and sowing at seed rate 1.2 g/10m Vol. (36) No. (2) 2008 (ISSN 1815-316X) Mesopotamia J. of Agric. while the lowest 39.60% for pinched plant fertilized with high level and sowing at 0.8 g/10m. Volatile oil percentage: very high level of fertilizer in table (2) showed significant increased in volatile oil percentage 0.923% when compared with high level 0.856%. The reason may be refer to nitrate and phosphate availability which promote some metabolic processes such as cell division, cell enlargement and causes lateral root formation, elongation, promotes aerial vegetative growth, increases the top/root ratio, essential for fruit and seed formation so affects both yield and quality characteristics of vegetable production (Bates and Lynch, 1996; George, 2000; Okeno, 2002 ), also very high Phosphorus is important in plant bioenergetics as a component of ATP during photosynthesis Since ATP can be used for the biosynthesis of many plant bimolecular, also its use to modify the activity of various e

PROPAGATION OF GARDENIA ROOT STOCK Gardenia thunbergia L.F. By Stem Cuttings

Abstract: This study was conducted in greenhouse of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University. The aim of this work is to study the effect of two planting dates, December and March after treated the cuttings with IBA+NAA mixture at 0+0 (control), 1000+1000 and 2000+1000 mg.l in quick-dip method for 10 seconds, in addition to wounding the cuttings base or without. The results of this investigation were showed that planting date had a great effect on rooting ability, planting cuttings in March gave higher rooting percentage 58.89%, and best results of all rooting characters studied. Wounded cuttings gave higher values of rooting percentage 58.11% and all other characters. On the other hand, cuttings treated with IBA+NAA mixture at 2000+1000 mg.l gave 58.33% rooting percentage, 3.91 roots per cutting, longest root length 7.98cm, 1.58 shoots number and 1.25cm shoot length. In general, wounding apical cuttings taken in March and treated with 2000+1000mg.l IBA+NAA mixture proved most effective treatment in rooted Gardenia thunbergia cuttings. INTRODUCTION The plant which widespread in Iraqian gardens was Cap-Jasmine Gardenia jasminoides (Albaili, 1967), that made a great foundation in Landscape, with glossy, dark green foliage. It was effectively used as either focus or background in the informal plantings and for tropical-theme landscape plantings. The plants do well in containers and suitable as well for hedges, low screens, mass plantings and ground covers. On the other hand, gardenia was a popular cut flower for the florist for use in corsage and flower arrangement (Ruppert and Bradshaw, 1994). Cape-jasmine faced many problems when cultured on root system, a root-knot nematodes were a major problem which caused a poor growth, shunted, chlorotic foliage, flower premature welting, low vigor and leaf or bloom loss in a mild stress (Kobayashi and Kaufman, 2006). But Mastalerz (1977) stated other problem, that low substrate temperature may reduce mineral absorption, thus an intervinal chlorosis occurs in the leaves of gardenias at substrate temperature below 19c for two weeks. The symptoms that develop most extensively in the young leaves were characteristics of an iron deficiency, because of the lack the ability to absorb iron ions. To solve that problems G. jasminoides grafted on G. thunbergia, this species was valuable due to its nematodes resistance, the vigor it imparts to species grafted on its roots and able to absorb iron ions at low temperatures. G. thunbergia was an evergreen shrub, 3m height, leaves elliptic, flowers wax, very fragrant, remain for one day. This species used only as a rootstock Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815 – 316X) Vol.( 36) No.(4) 2008 for G. Jasminoides (Bailey, 1969). Gardenia rootstock G. thunbergia propagated by seeds, when seedlings about15cm long or taller with stem diameter about the thickness of pencil they are ready to be grafted (Bradshaw, 2003). Received on 23/3/2008 Accepted 17/4/2008 Many investigators emphasized that the time of the year have a dramatic influence on rooting cuttings, with many plant species there is an optimal period of the year for rooting, thus by rooting cuttings during optimal periods were maximized the rooting process and speed up the production liners (Anand and Heberlein, 1975). Zarad and Saleh (1994) found that planting Coffea arabica cuttings in April gave significantly best results of rooting percentage 65.1% when treated with IBA at 2000mg.l compared with 40.8% in October. On the other physiological study Souidan et al. (1995) pointed to best planting date of Ficus elastica var. decora cuttings was February and March which coincided with higher content of total soluble sugars and phenolic compounds in buds and stems extract during the period from October to August. Rooting hormones are very necessary for easy to root and difficult to root plants for its role in improve the quality of root system developed, decrease rooting time and improve the percentage of cutting rooted (Salman 1988), countless studies have been done proving effectiveness of auxin treatment of cuttings. Both herbaceous and woody plants benefit from rooting hormone treatment. Even easy-to-root species may benefit from rooting hormones, in that the adventitious root produced will be hasten root initiation, increase the number and quality of roots and increase uniformity of rooting (Hartmann et al. 2002). In contrast, too much rooting hormone can hinder root growth, so care has been taken to find the right concentration to use (Ruchala, 2002). There are now several commercial synthetic forms of rooting hormones for nursery industry. These typically include IBA or NAA or a mixture of both (Blazich,

Effect of oak (quereus aegilops) leaves extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in rabbits

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of boiled extract of oak (Quercus aegilops) leaves on blood, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), High density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (LDL-C) and risk ratio in male rabbits, also to study the effect of treatment on the chemical composition of liver and thigh as well as the glycogen level . Rabbits (5-6 months old) were divided into two groups (6 rabbits each). Rabbits in the 1 group was treated daily for 28 days with oak leaves boiled extract (250 mg/kg. B. wt) orally. The 2 group treated with distilled water, served as control. Treatment caused a significant decrease in blood glucose, cholesterol, and LDL-C as compared with control values , risk factor also reduced significantly as compared with control , TG increased significantly as compared with control , treatment also causes a significant increase in liver and thigh glycogen concentrations as compared with control group , also a significant increase in dry matter % , ether extract % , crude protein % and ash % , and a significant decrease in carbohydrate % in both liver and thigh as compared with the control group . In a separate experiment, نیدفارلا ةعارز ةلجم ( ISSN 1815 – 316 X ) ا دلجمل ) ٣٦ ( ا ددعل ) ٣ ( ٢٠٠٨ the single dose of oak leaves boiled extract caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level at 3, 12 and 24 hrs after drenching as compared with pre drenching level . Results revealed that oak leaves boiled extract caused an improvement in lipid profile, and hypoglycemic effect continue significantly for 24 hrs. صملا ردا دuuمحم مuuساق سنوuuی ، يuuسوللآا ) . ١٩٩٧ . ( ةیبuuشخ تاuuتابنل يئاuuیمیكلا بuuیكرتلا يuuف ةیلuuصفلا تارuuیغتلا قارuuعلا لامuuش يuuف ةuuیوعر ةیبuuشعو ) . ةuuحورطأ هاروuuتكد . ( uuیلك تاuuباغلاو ةuuعارزلا ة . ةuuعماج لصوملا . و يuuلع ، يوارuuلا ل ح ، يتراuuف ) . ١٩٦٤ . ( قارuuعلا يuuف ةuuیبطلا تاuuتابنلا . ةuuعارزلا ةرازو . ةuuیریدم ةماعلا ةیعارزلا عیراشملاو ثوحبلا . ، جاحلا دمحا ، ھط و يلع دمحم ركاش ناحرف ) ١٩٨٠ .( ، رuشنلاو ةuعابطلل بتكلا راد ، ةیذغتلاو ءاذغلا زو يلاعلا میلعتلا ةرا يملعلا ثحبلاو – قارعلا ةیروھمج . دوuuuمحم ىuuuھتنم ، ناuuuطقلاو نیuuuسح ىuuuنم ، ریكناuuuجو سنوuuuی بئاuuuص ، نمحرuuuلا دuuuبع ) ٢٠٠٥ ( . ریثأuuuت روuuكذ مد يuuف ةuuیویحومیكلاو ةیجلuuسفلا بuuناوجلا ضuuعب يuuف طوuuلبلا قارولأ يuuلغملا صلختuuسملا ةیلحملا بنارلأا . نیدفارلا مولع ةلجم ١٦ ) ٦ : ( ٣٩ ٤٤ . Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A O A C) ( 1980 ) . Official Methods of Analysis , Washington , D C. Abdul-Rahman, S.Y., M.H Janker, and M.M. Alkatan (2001). Effect of Oak leaves extract on blood glucose and cholesterol in chickens. Raf. Jour. Sci., 12 (2), 5-9. Ahmed, T.Y., I. AL-Kayat, and, S. Mahmood (1994). Hypoglycemic activity of Olea europaea leaves. J. Educ. Sci. 15 : 54-61. Day, C. (1990). Hypoglycemic compounds from plants. Cited by in: Bailey CJ. Flatt PR (eds). New antidiabetic drugs. London. Smith Gordon : 267278. Day, C., T.,Cartwright, J. Provost, and C.J. Bailey (1990). Hypoglycemic effect of Mormordica charantic extracts. Planta Med. 56 : 426-429. Fernandez, de-Simon, B., Cadahia, E. Conde, and M.C. Garcia-Valligo, (1996). Low molecular weight phenolic compounds in spanish oak woods. J. Agric. Food. Chem. Washington. D.C. American Chemical Society. 44(6) : 1507-1511. Hasan , R.K, U. Ilknur , G. Murat ( 2001). Effects of providing dietary wood ( oak ) characoal to broiler and laying hens .Animal Feed Science and Technology .90: 213 – 226 . Gonzalez, M. A., Zarazuelo, M.J., Gamez, M.P Utrilla,. J. Jimenez, and I. Osuna (1992). Hypolycemic activity of olive leaf. Planta Med. 58 : 313315. Kaplan, A.L. and J.A. Pesce (1984). Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis and Correlation. C.V. Mosby. Company. Lupton, Au,c. J.Hoston,J.E Hollway, J.W.Warrington,BG.Waldrons, D.F.Thompson ,P.V Pfeiffer, F.A Qiek ( 1996 ). Animal performance and fleese characteristics of Angora goats maintained on western and نیدفارلا ةعارز ةلجم ( ISSN 1815 – 316 X ) ا دلجمل ) ٣٦ ( ا ددعل ) ٣ ( ٢٠٠٨ southern Texas rangeland . J. animSci. champagu, ill : American Society of Animal science .mar.74 (3); 545 – 550 . Mugola, E.N. (1988). The Use of Traditional Medicine for Diabetes. Cited by in : Wordbook of Diabetes in Practice. 13th IDS, Congress, Sydney, pp. 12-30. Plummer , D.T. (1978) An Introduction to practical biochemistry (2nd ed) McGraw – Hill . Book company (UK) Ltd. chapter 6 . Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie (1960). Principles and procedures of statics. McGraw-Hill Book. Co., Ine., New York.

Effect of kasnazan impoundment and wellwater in chemical properties of soil and plant

Abstract: Soil, plant, and water (Kasnazan impoundment and well water) samples were monthly collected from Kasnazan (10 Km north east of Erbil city) during August 2004 to February 2005. Chemical and statistical analysis indicated that the irrigation with well water resulted to decreases EC from 0.87 dS.m to 0.49 dS.m, because of leaching and dilution effects. Statistically there is a positive significant correlation (P< 0.05) between SAR value of well water and irrigated soil with it, whereas, a negative correlation of Mg concentrations observed between well water and soil irrigated with it. On the other hand, there was high content of Mg and low content of K for eucalyptus plant irrigated by well water in comparison to that irrigated with impoundment water. INTRODUCTION Water plays an important role in soil productivity and plant growth, and it is regarded as a limiting factor in plant growth. Much natural water contains impurities that make them directly harmful for plant. Plants vary in their tolerate to poor water qualities, so the soil regards as an important factor in limiting water suitability for irrigation (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). The quality of irrigation water is depended on salt content, the nature of salts present in solution and proportion of Na to Ca , Mg and other cations (Shirokova et al., 2000). Iraqi Kurdistan Region is rich in water resources like rivers, streams, spring, lake, and impoundment water. Many limnological and phycological studies were conducted in Kasnazan impoundment water a large lentic system within Erbil province (Rashhed, 1994; Al-Barazingy, 1995; Toma, 2000; Bapeer, 2004 and Goran, 2006), whereas, there is a shortage information about water quality for irrigation purposes. This study is the first attempt to reduce existing gap about Kasnazan water quality and its effect on each of soil’s ionic component and their effect on Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn), in addition to comparing it with the result of ground water of Kasnazan location. According to United State Salinity laboratory Staff (1954) Classified irrigation water to sixteen classes depending on dS. m at 25 °C and SAR as follows: Electrical Conductivity dS.m at 25 °C Water Classes 0