Showing papers in "Pacific Affairs in 1995"

Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture.

Abstract: PrefaceWhen and Where I Enter?Is Yellow Black or White?Recentering WomenFamily Album historyPerils of the Body and MindMargin as MainstreamBibliographyIndex

Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping.

Abstract: Less than twenty years after Mao Zedong's death, Maoism has been all but abandoned in China. The late Chairman's austere, egalitarian ethos has been thoroughly revised and revamped to suite the purposes of a new breed of marketized Marxists. In this book relating these changes, the author provides a comprehensive guide to the intricate theatre of post-Mao Chinese politics. He tells the intriguing story of an escalating inter-generational clash of ideas and values between the aging, orthodox socialist revolutionaries of the Maoist era and their younger, more pragmatic followers. Over the long run, aided by actuarial laws, the young reformers prevailed, and Maoism was laid to rest. The reform process was far from smooth or steady, however; on at least one occasion the process was halted amid a deadly hail of machine gun-fire. Penetrating the dense fog of interpersonal and intergenerational rivalry and intrigue in Beijing, Baum analyzes the anatomy of the reformers' ultimate victory, reconstructing the major twists and turns of the reform process, with its periodic, alternating phases of liberal relaxation and conservative retrenchment. Tracing these fluctuations directly to China's "paramount leader," Deng Xiaoping, Baum observes that Deng personally embodied both tendencies. Paradoxically, Deng was at once the chief architect of China's market reforms and the master planner of the brutal Tiananmen massacre. In analyzing Deng's ambivalence, the book shows how he shaped the fierce infighting among China's contending political factions and how this gave the reform process its familiar start-and-stop pattern.

The evolution of policy behind Taiwan's development success

Abstract: Some Background on Taiwan Fiscal Policy Monetary Reform Population Policy and Family Planning Manpower Policies Export Processing Zones Development of Science and Technology Cross-Strait Policy An Integrated View of Policy Evolution on Taiwan Final Reflections Appendix: Policy Matrix and Statistical Tables.

Land, custom and practice in the South Pacific.

Abstract: List of figures List of tables Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Land use and tenure: some comparisons R. Gerard Ward and Elizabeth Kingdon 2. Land tenure in the Pacific Islands R. Gerard Ward and Elizabeth Kingdon 3. Breathing spaces: customary land tenure in Vanuatu Margaret Rodman 4. From corporate to individual land tenure in Western Samoa J. Tim O'Meara 5. Right and privilege in Tongan land tenure Kerry James 6. Land, law and custom: diverging realities in Fiji R. Gerard Ward 7. Beyond the breathing space Antony Hooper and R. Gerard Ward Bibliography Index.

The Politics of Democratization : Generalizing East Asian Experiences

Abstract: Introduction (Edward Friedman.) Theoretical Overview Democratization: Generalizing the East Asian Experience (E. Friedman.) Japan Democratization, Peace, and Economic Development in Occupied Japan, 19451952 (Masanori Nakamura.) Japans Foreign Policy and Asian Democratization (David Arase.) New Directions in Japanese Foreign Policy: Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in AsiaODA Perspective (Yasunobu Sato.) Korea Making Democracy: Generalizing the South Korean Case (Tun-jen Cheng and Eun Mee Kim.) Uncertain Promise: Democratic Consolidation in South Korea (Heng Lee.) Hong Kong Decolonization Without Democracy: The Birth of Pluralistic Politics in Hong Kong (Ming K. Chan.) Taiwan Toward Peaceful Resolution of Mainland-Taiwan Conflicts: The Promise of Democratization (Hung-mao Tien.) Political Liberalization and the Farmers Movement in Taiwan (Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao.) China Problems of Democratic Reform in China (Su Shaozhi.) Social and Cultural Prerequisites of Democratization: Generalizing from China (Stephen Manning.) Conclusion (E. Friedman.).

Asian visions of authority : religion and the modern states of East and Southeast Asia

Abstract: Emerging from a conference on Communities in Question: Religion and Authority in East and Southeast Asia, held in Hua Hin, Thailand, May 1989, this volume examines some of the tensions and conflicts between states and religious communities over the scope of religious views of the communities, the

Indian communities in Southeast Asia

Abstract: In ""Indian Communities in Southeast Asia"", thirty-one scholars provide an analytical commentary on the contemporary position of ethnic Indians in Southeast Asia. The book is the outcome of a ten-year project undertaken by the editors at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. It is multi-disciplinary in focus and multi-faceted in approach, providing a comprehensive account of the way people originating from the Indian subcontinent have integrated themselves in the various Southeast Asian countires. The study provides insights into understanding how Indians, an intra-ethnically diverse immigrant group, have intermingled in Southeast Asia, a region that itself is ethnically diverse.

Rising Gender Inequality in Vietnam Since Reunification

Abstract: Two general schools of thought offer contrasting visions concerning which kinds of social systems may best ameliorate social inequalities based on class, race, or gender. The modernization perspective holds that development results in the creation of laws, institutions, and opportunities that are conducive to the erosion of such inequalities. The opposing Marxian viewpoint maintains that inequality is rooted in private ownership, the elimination of which requires a complete transformation in the social relations of production. In regard to gender inequality, the latter socialist vision has long been favored by feminists as offering the better agenda for social advancement. Revolutionary socialist movements offered promises of social advances for women and openly sought their support, and the receipt of such support was often pivotal in the establishment of such regimes. Despite some evidence that revolutionary socialist states may have ameliorated social inequality, the current consensus is that gender inequality may be entrenched in various ways that transcend political economy. Recent commentators have noted the unpaid "promissory notes" issued to women by socialist regimes and have analyzed their default under the rubric of "women in the transition to socialism."' However, by the end of the 1980s this political context had changed considerably. After becoming disillusioned with the shared poverty that resulted from the inefficiencies inherent in socialist agricultural and industrial production, many societies in the ex-socialist bloc (including those

Guangdong : survey of a province undergoing rapid change

Abstract: This volume addresses the processes, outcomes and meanings of the rapidity of physical and socioeconomic transformation in Guangdong across a wide spectrum of subjects. Undertaken almost exclusively by academics in Hong Kong, this book-length study of Guangdong is a major contribution in our quest for a better understanding of China's modemization and development programmes through its multifaceted experimentation in the southerly province.

The Other Taiwan : 1945 to the present

Abstract: Racism has existed throughout the world for centuries and has been at the root of innumerable conflicts and human tragedies, including war, genocide, slavery, bigotry, and discrimination. Defined broadly, racism has had many forms and effects, from caste prejudice in India and mass extermination in Tasmania to slavery in the Americas and the Holocaust in Europe. Put simply, racism has been one of the overriding forces in world history for more than a millennium. This book provides a global perspective of racism in its myriad forms. Consisting of twelve parts and fifty-one articles, it focuses on racism worldwide over the past thousand years. It includes three types of articles: original documents, scholarly essays, and journalistic accounts.

Industrial structures and the development of small and medium enterprise linkages : examples from East Asia

Abstract: The industrial sector program of the Economic Development Institute's (EDI's) Finance Private Sector Development Division focuses on the process of industrial change (adjustment, restructuring) and its role in economic development. The training curriculum is presented within a framework that allows discussion of the role of the state in facilitating this change, and organizes the subject into modules that can then be grouped according to the needs of the participants. The modules review the effect on industrial performance of financial, fiscal, trade, regulatory, and specific industrial policies; how changes in the global economy can affect sector or subsector performance and how a country may in turn adapt its policies; the required institutional framework and infrastructure, including supporting infrastructure such as entrepreneurship, management capabilities, and technology; and the social dimensions of industrial change. Specialized training activities draw from the framework and include the role of the financial sector in facilitating industrial change, subsector and enterprise restructuring, public enterprise reform, privatization, industrial pollution abatement, and the effect of market structure on competition and on small enterprise development. The framework as applied to small and medium enterprise development and industrial structure is presented in this volume.

Japan and the Asian Development Bank

Abstract: THIS PAPER studies Japan's policies in the Asian Development Bank 1(ADB) . Japan has enjoyed a dominant position in the ADB, different from other international organizations of which it is a member. Japan has been a major donor and assumed top managerial positions since the bank was founded in August 1966. The ADB was the first international institution created and led by Japanese. This case thus provides a glimpse of Japan's behavior as a dominant power in international institutions. My central question is whether Japan's power position in the ADB explains its policies, that is, whetherJapan is motivated by concerns for its relative influence, gains and ranking. In order to answer this question, this paper analyzes Japan's policies in three periods: (1) 1962-1972, (2) 1972-1986, and (3) since 1986, following a brief introduction to the ADB. Power analysis explains Japan's strategies towards the ADB in the period from 1962-72. But it does not provide adequate explanations forJapan's actions from 1972-86. Japan adopted a more passive stance and received fewer tangible gains despite its greater financial power and its significant institutional advantages. Power analysis gives some answers for Japan's increasing assertiveness since 1986, but does not account for Japan's decreasing interest in tangible economic gains. My main argument is that Japan's puzzling behavior can be explained by institutionalist arguments. A close connection between the ADB and the Japanese Ministry of Finance has not only offered the Japanese officials dealing with the ADB options for influencing bank policies from behind the scenes but also made them identify with the ADB. This paper offers a view ofJapan that is contrary to conventional wisdom ofJapanese foreign policy, which portraysJapan as shirking international responsibilities and interested only in economic gains. It shows that

The Transformation of Interest Politics in India

Abstract: T HE PROLIFERATION OF INTEREST GROUPS and the explosion of group advocacy in the United States and other liberal democracies in the 1980s has led to a renewed attention to the comparative study of interest politics. Among the major questions at issue is the relationship between political, social and economic change and group formation, proliferation, organizational maintenance and group action. Interest group theory suggests that groups proliferate during periods of rapid change. As India approaches its first half century of independence, a study of changes in its interest group system provides an excellent opportunity to attempt to assess the impact of systemic change on interest group development and behavior.' In the decades since independence and especially since 1980, India has experienced an accelerated process of economic, social and political change. The Indian rate of economic growth has increased, literacy rates have risen sharply, the pace of urbanization has quickened and most importantly the size of its middle class has increased significantly. These economic and social changes have been accompanied by striking political and policy changes that include the decline of party, heightened pressure for decentralization and fundamental alteration of India's past model of planned development. These changes have begun to alter the nature and conduct of interest politics in India. India has experienced an increase in the mobilization, proliferation and transformation of groups and significant changes in interest group roles, styles and strategies. As a result the Indian system of state-dominated pluralism in which autonomous groups were overshadowed by an omnipresent state2 is eroding as interest politics have

The South China Sea Disputes: Implications of China's Earlier Territorial Settlements

Abstract: ALT HOUGH final conclusions would be premature, the approach Beiing has adopted toward the South China Sea territorial disputes appears to follow the same tack taken in earlier disputes. Over the course of this particular dispute, China has used military force to occupy disputed territory, but at the same time Beijing has indicated a willingness to seek a peaceful settlement and has participated in conferences that have explored alternative solutions, including joint development of the region's natural resources. In the meantime, however, China is holding firm to its sovereignty claim and continues to develop its military capabilities. While the PRC has occupied several islands in the Paracels (Xisha) since the 1970s, Beijing has stationed naval forces on Woody Island, the largest island in the group, since 1991; and Chinese officials have confirmed recent satellite reconnaissance that shows a 2,600-metre runway on the island.' Beijing also seeks to acquire an aircraft carrier and other capabilities that will enhance its ability to project force into the region. A recent government publication, Military Secrets, declared "it is a top priority for China to have air support for the possible battle in the Spratly Islands." Further, there is a report that an airstrip is under construction on one of the Beijing-occupied islands in the Spratlys.2 Although the actual capability to project force into the region has not yet been fully realized, Beijing's intentions to acquire the capability are a significant development. The military buildup in the South China Sea does not necessarily indicate that Beijing will use force to occupy more islands, but rather that Beijing seeks to enhance its military presence to augment its bargaining leverage in future negotiations. It can also be argued that China's behav-

Women and Political Participation in China

Abstract: X s she viewed the coming collapse of the "really existing socialist" tates of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Maxine Molyneux cautioned that there would likely be both gains and losses for women. The state's retreat from its self-designated role as "emancipator of women" and its replacement by market forces, civil society and new ideological configurations placed social groups such as women, who had benefitted from state-sponsored affirmative action policies, in an unpredictable and vulnerable position. At the same time, women would no longer be restrained in forming their own organizations to challenge the limited conceptions of citizenship defined under the old state structures.' Early returns suggest, however, that women are being doubly disadvantaged. While the receding state offers little protection, the new groups moving into the vacuum left by the Communist party are redefining women's roles along idealized pre-Communist lines. One of the earliest visible signs that the transition from communism might be detrimental for women appeared in the political arena. In the interests of democratization, obligatory quotas which had guaranteed women a given percentage of the seats in (powerless) legislative bodies were removed, leading to a rapid decline in the number of women holding political office. Moreover, it has been difficult to promote women's rights in the former Eastern bloc countries because such rights have been so closely tied to official women's federations or women's leagues. In their role as transmission belts these had faithfully carried out party policies toward women, which included the prevention of any independent feminist movement. Since women in Communist party positions had no real political power but were merely filling a quota creating the illusion of equality and women's federations were viewed as being under the control of "women who were making a career of communism," when the

Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness.

Abstract: Sihanouk: Prince of Light, prince of darkness is the first full-length English-language account of one of the most remarkable and controversial Asian leaders of the 20th century. This critical, unauthorised biography, gives due credit to the achievements of Norodom Sihanouk but also looks behind the myths of his claims to have ruled a 'fairytale kingdom' that was an 'oasis of peace'. In 1941 Norodom Sihanouk ascended the Cambodian throne, supported by the French with the intent that he be their puppet king. Milton Osborne traces the complete background leading to this event, and then follows Sihanouk's remarkable growth to political maturity: his transformation from a dilettante king to a vigorous and sometimes ruthless politician. Fully acknowledging his remarkable energy, the book shows how the early years of Sihanouk's successes turned sour as, unwilling to share responsibility, he gradually alienated politicians on both the left and the right. Convinced that he alone knew what was best for Cambodia, his repression of dissent became more vicious and led finally to his overthrow in 1970. Then, while Pol Pot's tyranny gripped Cambodia, Sihanouk languished as a prisoner and an exile in Phnom Penh and Peking. In the 1990s Norodom Sihanouk emerged from exile to take an increasingly active role in the new leadership of his country, culminating in 1993 with his ascension, once more, to the Cambodian throne.

Rural Non-Agricultural Development in Post-Reform China: Growth, Development Patterns, and Issues

Abstract: BEFORE 1979, central planning and government regulations bound the Chinese peasants tightly to the land, and cultivation, particularly grain production, had priority over all other activities. Non-agricultural activities, when they were permitted to develop, were viewed not primarily as a way of changing the rural economy but as a way of supporting agriculture by providing it with modern material inputs (e.g., fertilizer, electric power, agricultural implements). Thus, during the Cultural Revolution decade, the government promoted the development of rural industries to achieve local self-sufficiency in the industrial inputs needed by agriculture but discouraged if not prohibited the development of other non-agricultural activities, even when they were organized collectively. In consequence, while there was considerable growth in the rural non-agricultural sector prior to 1978, it was also economically inefficient in the sense that much of the expansion was in the producer goods industries where rural China did not have a long-term comparative advantage. In the early 1980s, as part of a new rural development strategy, the government's policy towards rural non-agricultural development changed. The new policy was described by the slogan "leave the land but not the countryside, enter the factory but not the city (ii tu bu 1i xiang, jin chang bu jin cheng)" -i.e., peasants would remain in the countryside but

Developing the Information Industry in Taiwan: Entrepreneurial State, Guerrilla Capitalists, and Accommodative Technologists

Abstract: HE RAPID GROWTH of the East Asian newly industrialized countries l(NICs) South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore during the 1960s and 1970s drew considerable academic interest and lively policy debates. By adopting export-led industrialization (ELI) development strategies, these NICs greatly benefitted from the remarkable expansion of world trade during the heyday of the Bretton Woods system, and rose to become major exporters of labor-intensive manufactured products (e.g., textiles and electronics). However, starting from the early 1980s, these NICs gradually (and perhaps irreversibly) lost their traditional competitive advantage in laborintensive products, and thus had to discover new sources of growth.2 Key economic decision-makers reached the conclusion that to regain competitiveness in the world economy, the export-oriented economic structures of these NICs must be upgraded that is, to become more technologyand skill-intensive. These NICs thus began to develop the so-called high-tech industries. In particular, information technology (IT) has been entrusted to play a central role in this new strategy.

Non-agricultural employment in India : trends and prospects

Abstract: Foreword - V M Dandekar Non-Agricultural Employment in India - Pravin Visaria and Rakesh Basant Problems and Perspective Labour Use in Rural India - A Vaidyanathan A Study of Spatial and Temporal Variations The Sectoral Distribution of Workers in India, 1961-1991 - Pravin Visaria Rural Non-Agricultural Employment in India - Rakesh Basant and B L Kumar A Review of Available Evidence Determinants of Rural Non-Agricultural Employment - D Jayaraj Changes in the Structure of Rural Workforce in Uttar Pradesh - Ajit Kumar Singh A Temporal and Regional Study Employment Diversification in an Agriculturally Developed Region - Rakesh Basant and Harish Joshi Some Evidence from Rural Kheda, Gujarat Some Aspects of Non-Agricultural Employment in Rural India - S Mahendra Dev Evidence at a Disaggregate Level Inter-Regional Variations in Non-Agricultural Employment in Rural India - Jeemol Unni An Exploratory Analysis A Regional Model of Rural Non-Farm Activity - Vibhooti Shukla An Empirical Application to Maharashtra

The Painter's Practice: How Artists Lived and Worked in Traditional China

Abstract: Preface 1 Adjusting Our Image of the Chinese Artist 2 The Painter's Livelihood 3 The Painter's Studio 4 The Painter's Hand Notes Bibliography (Works in English) Illustrations Index