Showing papers in "Parenting: Science and Practice in 2011"
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analytic review of the research on affect and parenting in nonclinical samples was provided. But the authors did not consider the effect of gender on the association between parent affect and parent behavior.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The goal of the present investigation was to provide a meta-analytic review of the research on affect and parenting in nonclinical samples. Design. The authors conducted analyses on the overall mean effect size for 63 studies (k = 18,211). Affect was coded as either positive or negative, and parenting behavior was coded as either supportive-positive or harsh-negative. Moderators included definition of affect, time frame of measurement, reporter, child age, and parent gender. Results. The authors' analyses support the association between parental affect and parenting behavior, and this relation was consistent across types of affect and parenting, as well as gender of parent. Significant methodological moderators of these relations include time frame match and reporter match. Child age moderated the relation between negative affect and supportive-positive parenting, but not harsh-negative parenting. Last, both negative and positive affect showed specificity in their association with pare...
113 citations
TL;DR: Although mothers and fathers did not differ in any attribution, mothers reported more progressive parenting attitudes and modernity of childrearing attitudes thandid fathers, and fathers reported more authoritarian attitudes than did mothers.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. This article used the Parenting Across Cultures Project to evaluate similarities and differences in mean levels and relative agreement between mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes in parenting in 9 countries. Design. Mothers and fathers reported their perceptions of causes of successes and failures in caregiving and their progressive versus authoritarian childrearing attitudes. Gender and cultural similarities and differences in parents' attributions and attitudes in 9 countries were analyzed: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Results. Although mothers and fathers did not differ in any attribution, mothers reported more progressive parenting attitudes and modernity of childrearing attitudes than did fathers, and fathers reported more authoritarian attitudes than did mothers. Country differences also emerged in all attributions and attitudes that were examined. Mothers' and fathers' attributions and their attitud...
112 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes and found that mothers reported attitudes that were more progressive than did fathers.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. Design. Interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers in 177 Italian families from Rome and Naples. Results. Fathers' attributions reflected higher perceived control over failure than did mothers' attributions, whereas mothers reported attitudes that were more progressive than did fathers. Only the difference in progressive attitudes remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. Site differences emerged for 4 of the 7 attributions and attitudes examined; 3 remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. The authors found medium effect sizes for concordance between parents in the same family for authoritarian attitudes and moder...
72 citations
TL;DR: Controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias, there was a significant gender difference in modernity of attitudes, with mothers exhibiting higher levels of modernity than fathers.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. This article investigates the mean level and within-family similarities and differences in Filipino mothers' and fathers' attributions about success and failure in caregiving situations, and their progressive and authoritarian parenting attitudes. Design. Mothers and fathers in 95 families in metropolitan Manila in the Philippines completed interviews. Results. Controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias, there was a significant gender difference in modernity of attitudes, with mothers exhibiting higher levels of modernity than fathers. There was a strong correlation in mothers' and fathers' authoritarian attitudes and moderate correlations in modernity of attitudes. There were neither parent gender effects nor concordance in the attributions of mothers and fathers. Conclusions. Cultural explanations are presented to account for the findings, specifically the sociocultural values that foster traditional attitudes favoring parental authority and child ...
58 citations
TL;DR: This article examined mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes related to parenting in China and found significant correlations between mothers" and fathers" attributions regarding uncontrollable success, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective The present study examined mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes related to parenting in China Design Interviews were conducted with 241 pairs of parents to obtain maternal and paternal reports of attributions regarding successes and failures in parent–child interactions and on progressive versus authoritarian attitudes about parenting Results Mothers' mean levels of attributions and attitudes did not differ significantly from fathers' mean levels of attributions and attitudes The authors found significant correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding uncontrollable success, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes Conclusions Supporting the cultural evolutionary view that drastic social changes bring about nonconforming and individualistic behavioral tendencies, these findings rectify and expand the existing literature portraying Chinese parenting as uniformly Confucian and traditional
57 citations
TL;DR: The Parenting Across Cultures Project (PAAP) as discussed by the authors investigated similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes in nine countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS This Introduction describes the conceptual rationale, the general methods of the Parenting Across Cultures Project, and the analytic plan adopted in the articles in this special issue. Each article that follows this Introduction describes the parenting context and mothers' and fathers' attributions for successes and failures in caregiving and progressive versus authoritarian childrearing attitudes in each of nine countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Results in each article address questions of similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes and how highly mothers' attributions and attitudes are correlated with fathers' attributions and attitudes within a national group. The special issue concludes with an article that draws connections among the findings across the nine countries and outlines implications of similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' parenting attributions and a...
51 citations
TL;DR: Many aspects of parents' psychological functioning play a role in determining specific parenting practices, including personality disorder symptoms, and some evidence emerged that psychopathology in one parent was associated with less overreactivity in the other.
Abstract: Objective . This study investigated associations among different types of parental psychopathology and several specific parenting practices. Design . Mothers (n = 182) and fathers (n = 126) of preschool-aged children with behavior problems completed questionnaires assessing parental psychopathology and parenting practices and participated in observed parent–child interactions. Results . Maternal depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and several different personality disorder traits were related to maternal negativity, laxness, and lack of warmth. Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and borderline personality disorder symptoms predicted mothers' parenting practices, even when statistically controlling for other types of psychopathology. For fathers, those same symptoms, dependent and avoidant symptoms, and substance abuse symptoms were associated with self-reported lax parenting. Some evidence emerged that psychopathology in one parent was associated with less overreactivity in the other. Conclusions . Many a...
50 citations
TL;DR: Although parental expressivity and parenting styles are related constructs, their unique relations to child's adjustment suggest that they should be examined as distinct processes, some of the socialization functions of parentalexpressivity found in Western countries can be generalized to Chinese families.
Abstract: Objectives . Parents from different cultures differ in how frequently they express emotions. However, the generalizability of the relations between parental expressivity and child adjustment in non-Western cultures has not been extensively studied. The authors investigated prospective relations between parental expressivity within the family (positive, negative dominant, and negative submissive expressivity) and Chinese children's psychological adjustment, above and beyond parenting styles. Design . The study used 2 waves (3.8 years apart) of longitudinal data from a sample (n = 425) of children in Beijing (mean ages = 7.7 years at T1 and 11.6 years at T2). Parental expressivity and parenting styles were self-reported. To reduce the potential measurement overlap, items that tap parental expression of emotions toward the child were removed from the parenting style measure. The authors measured children's adjustment with parents', teachers', and peers' or children's reports. Results . Consistent with findin...
44 citations
TL;DR: Heterotypic stability from 1 to 13 years was partially or fully mediated by the same constructs at 4.5 years, whereas dyadic behaviors were somewhat less stable and child behaviors showed evidence of homotypic and heterotypic instability.
Abstract: Objective. This study examined homotypic stability in mother–child interactions, applying similar rating scales of mother–child interactions at 1 and 4.5 years, and heterotypic stability from 1 to 13 years and 4.5 to 13 years, using conceptually similar but not identical rating scales at age 13. Design. The authors coded videotaped mother–child interactions in 202 families when children were 1, 4.5, and 13 years of age during age-appropriate and developmentally salient structured tasks for relationship quality. Results. Multiple regression analyses controlled for the effects of child birth order and gender as well as maternal age and education. Maternal and dyadic, but not child, interaction qualities at 1 year significantly predicted similar or equivalent constructs at 4.5 and 13 years. Heterotypic stability from 1 to 13 years was partially or fully mediated by the same constructs at 4.5 years. Conclusions. Maternal behaviors showed a pattern of homotypic and heterotypic stability, whereas dyadic behavio...
42 citations
TL;DR: Examination of mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between U.S. mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes elucidates ways that parent gender and ethnicity relate to attributions.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE.: The present study examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between U.S. mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. DESIGN.: Interviews were conducted with both mothers and fathers in 139 European American, Latin American, and African American families. RESULTS.: Interactions between parent gender and ethnicity emerged for adult-controlled failure and perceived control over failure. Fathers reported higher adult-controlled failure and child-controlled failure attributions than did mothers, whereas mothers reported attitudes that were more progressive and modern than did fathers; these differences remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. Ethnic differences emerged for five of the seven attributions and attitudes examined; four remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. Medium effect sizes were found for concordance between parents in the same family for attributions regarding uncontrollable success, child-controlled failure, progressive attitudes, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. CONCLUSIONS.: This work elucidates ways that parent gender and ethnicity relate to attributions regarding U.S. parents' successes and failures in caregiving situations and to their progressive versus authoritarian parenting attitudes.
42 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that mothers' knowledge of what is upsetting and what is comforting to their children predicts their children's coping, empathy, and concern for others, and to an extent their empathy.
Abstract: SYNOPOSIS Objective. The authors aimed to determine whether mothers' knowledge of what is upsetting and what is comforting to their children predicts their children's coping, empathy, and concern for others. Design. One hundred forty 10- to 12-year-old children were asked to identify distressing events as well as what they found comforting, and their mothers were asked to say how they thought their children would respond. Children were assessed for coping and empathy, and teachers were asked to report on children's prosocial behavior in the classroom. Results. Mothers' accuracy about what distressed their children predicted the children's coping and, to an extent, their empathy. Accuracy about comforting interventions predicted coping and prosocial behavior for children prone to distress. Conclusion. Mothers' knowledge of how their children think and feel makes it easier for them to socialize their children effectively.
TL;DR: In this article, the mediating and moderating role of attachment was investigated with bootstrapping analyses and found that power assertive discipline tended to be associated with higher internalizing problems only when early adolescents reported high levels of attachment security.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. To increase understanding of the link between power assertive discipline and internalizing problems in adolescence, the present study investigated the role of attachment. Design. For this purpose, 514 families (mothers, fathers, and adolescents ranging in age from 10 to 18 years) completed questionnaires measuring power assertive discipline, attachment, and internalizing problems. Power assertive discipline was measured with multiple informants. The mediating and moderating role of attachment was investigated with bootstrapping analyses. Results. Complete mediation was found in the entire group and independent of parents' gender. Analyses for separate age groups confirmed the mediating role of attachment. Power assertive discipline tended to be linked with higher internalizing problems only when early adolescents reported high levels of attachment security. Conclusion. Power assertive discipline is associated with internalizing problems and less secure attachment, and attachment explai...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested family contextual experiences and mother and child attributes as correlates and antecedents of mothers' psychologically controlling behavior with their early adolescents, and found that the predictor variables explained 14% of the variance in age 11 adolescents' reported psychological control.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. This study tests family contextual experiences and mother and child attributes as correlates and antecedents of mothers' psychologically controlling behavior with their early adolescents. Design. During in-home interviews, 218 early adolescents and their mothers reported their perceptions of the mothers' psychological control. Mothers and adolescents also reported relevant personal attributes. Results. Correlations show the expected patterns of associations between the predictor sets and psychological control at ages 11 and 12. Cross-sectional regression analyses show that the age 11 predictor variables explained 14% of the variance in age 11 adolescent-reported psychological control. Child attributes were the only unique predictors of psychological control. In contrast, the predictors accounted for 15% of the variance in mother-reported psychological control with both contextual factors and mother attributes explaining unique variance in psychological control. Evidence of longitudinal...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined differences and similarities between Kenyan mothers and fathers in attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes and found that mothers were more likely to make attributions about adult-controlled failure in care-giving situations than were fathers.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined differences and similarities between Kenyan mothers and fathers in attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. Design. Interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers in 100 2-parent families in Kenya. Results. Mothers were more likely to make attributions regarding adult-controlled failure in caregiving situations than were fathers, but mothers and fathers did not differ on attributions regarding uncontrollable success, child-controlled failure, or authoritarian or progressive attitudes. Moderate to large correlations between mothers and fathers were found in terms of attributions regarding uncontrollable success, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes. Conclusions. Kenyan mothers and fathers hold similar attributions for success and failures in caregiving situations as well as parenting attitudes.
TL;DR: Reflecting bidirectional relations, mothers' behavioral control strategies were associated with youths' reduced exposure to nonsectarian and sectarian antisocial behavior over time, whereas psychological control was not related to reduced exposure.
Abstract: Objective . The authors examined bidirectional relations between youth exposure to sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behavior and mothers' efforts to control youths' exposure to community violence in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Design . Mother-child dyads (N = 773) were interviewed in their homes twice over 2 years regarding youths' exposure to sectarian and nonsectarian community antisocial behavior and mothers' use of control strategies, including behavioral and psychological control. Results . Youths' exposure to nonsectarian antisocial behavior was related to increases in mothers' use of behavioral and psychological control strategies over time, controlling for earlier levels of these constructs. Reflecting bidirectional relations, mothers' behavioral control strategies were associated with youths' reduced exposure to nonsectarian and sectarian antisocial behavior over time, whereas psychological control was not related to reduced exposure. Conclusion . Only nonsectarian community violence was asso...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes in Jordan.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes in Jordan. Design. Interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers in 112 families. Results. There were no significant main effects of gender on any of the constructs of interest. Mothers and fathers reported similar levels of attributions regarding uncontrollable success, adult-controlled failure, and child-controlled failure in the same family. Regarding attitudes, mothers and fathers reported greater progressive attitudes than authoritarian attitudes. The authors found large, significant correlations for concordance between parents in the same family on all 7 attributions and attitudes examined; all remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. The authors found significant positive co...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. DESIGN: Interviews were conducted with both mothers and fathers in 77 Swedish families. RESULTS: Fathers reported higher adult-controlled failure and child-controlled failure attributions than did mothers; these differences remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. Significant positive correlations were found for mothers' and fathers' progressive attitudes, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in Sweden fathers are more likely to attribute failures in caregiving situations both to themselves and to children than are mothers and that there is moderate concordance between fathers and mothers within the same family in progressive and authoritarian parenting attitudes.
TL;DR: High similarities between Thai mothers and fathers in their attributions and attitudes related to parenting are suggested, suggesting high similarities between mothers' and fathers' perceived control over failure, authoritarian attitudes, progressive attitudes, and modernity of attitudes.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes. Design. Interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers in 88 Thai families. Results. Mothers and fathers did not differ in mean levels of attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations or in authoritarian or progressive attitudes. Mothers' and fathers' perceived control over failure, authoritarian attitudes, progressive attitudes, and modernity of attitudes were significantly correlated. Conclusions. This work suggests high similarities between Thai mothers and fathers in their attributions and attitudes related to parenting.
TL;DR: This article examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes in 108 Colombian families.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined mean level similarities and differences as well as correlations between mothers' and fathers' attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. Design. Interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers in 108 Colombian families. Results. Fathers reported higher uncontrollable success attributions and higher authoritarian attitudes than did mothers, whereas mothers reported higher modernity of attitudes than did fathers; only the gender differences related to parental attitudes remained significant after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. The authors found medium effect sizes for concordance between parents in the same family for attributions regarding uncontrollable success and progressive attitudes after controlling for parents' age, education, and possible social desirability bias. Conclusions. This work elucidates ways that parent gender relat...