Showing papers in "Population Research and Policy Review in 1983"
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the post-1975 theoretical and empirical research on race and residential location in metropolitan areas of the United States and interrelated the main themes of recent research, focusing on the causes and consequences of racial residential segregation Racial prejudice and discrimination, black suburbanization, school segregation, labor market discrimination, and city/surburban environmental differentials.
Abstract: This article reviews the post-1975 theoretical and empirical research on race and residential location in metropolitan areas of the United States We interrelate the main themes of recent research, focusing on the causes and consequences of racial residential segregation Racial prejudice and discrimination, black suburbanization, school segregation, labor market discrimination, and city/surburban environmental differentials are among the issues examined
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and estimated a multivariate model of the determinants of national differences in family planning program effort (FPPE) and found that popular demand for family planning is helpful, but that policy makers must perceive the adverse consequences of high fertility and have the infrastructure necessary to develop an effective organized family planning programs.
Abstract: In light of recent research demonstrating a substantial impact of family planning programs on fertility, we develop and estimate a multivariate model of the determinants of national differences in family planning program effort (FPPE). The framework that guides the specification of this model identifies three broad classes of factors—those that create demand for family planning, those that facilitate the initiation and expansion of family planning programs, and finally those that encourage or inhibit program development. The results from multiple regression using 84 less developed countries indicate that demand for family planning, facilitating infrastructure, and certain demographic and geographic factors are important determinants of program effort. These results suggest that popular demand for family planning is helpful, but that policy makers must perceive the adverse consequences of high fertility and have the infrastructure necessary to develop an effective organized family planning program. Current U.S. policies relevant to reducing birth rates are discussed and found to reflect quite well research on determinants of fertility declines among LDCs. U.S. policy also balances the often competing claims of family planners and their opponents by encouraging support to both developmental projects as well as direct aid to family planning program activities.
14 citations
TL;DR: The overwhelming majority of governments have already adopted policies to affect rates and patterns of internal migration or the configuration of their rural and urban populations as discussed by the authors, however, recent reviews of these policies suggest they have only partially successful.
Abstract: Developed and developing nations are generally dissatisfied with the spatial distributions of their populations. Dissatisfaction is particularly acute on the part of developing nations which view their problems of population distribution as more serious than those of natural increase. The overwhelming majority of governments have already adopted policies to affect rates and patterns of internal migration or the configuration of their rural and urban populations. However, recent reviews of these policies suggest they have been only partially successful. Apparent policy deficiencies are reviewed and possible remedies suggested in regard to the need for intervention, the scope of policies, their objectives, instruments, and evaluation.
10 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the higher integration and assimilation of Italians in Switzerland than in Germany appears to be related to structural and demographic factors, not to the percentage of unskilled workers from Italy, intention to stay, the general social climate of the host societies, or even to political institutions such as trade unions.
Abstract: West Germany and Switzerland have in general pursued similar immigration policies with respect to alien labor. In spite of a convergence in official policy and a change from temporary migration to settlement in both countries, immigrant groups in West Germany and Switzerland have displayed different attitudes and rates of integration within the host societies. Even when narrowing our discussion to one national group, the Italians, we find substantial differences persist. These cannot be attributed to the percentage of unskilled workers from Italy, intention to stay, the general social climate of the host societies, or even to political institutions such as trade unions. Rather, the higher integration and assimilation of Italians in Switzerland than in Germany appears to be related to structural and demographic factors. Unless policy-makers are aware of the importance of these factors, it is unlikely that they can adequately respond to the complexity and diversity of the problems generated by foreign workers.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of migration from metropolitan areas to non-metropolitan areas and found no indication that this migration lengthens the aggregate distance that workers commute, but their numbers are offset by many more who end up closer to their jobs.
Abstract: This study questions the conventional wisdom about how commuting distances change when workers migrate from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas. It does not appear that decentralization yields a more energy-intensive configuration of residences and job locations: we find no indication that this migration lengthens the aggregate distance that workers commute. Some migrants do commute long distances, but their numbers are offset by many more who end up closer to their jobs. Our findings relate to two contrasting views ("sprawl" and "nucleation") of how workers are becoming repositioned in relation to their jobs as settlement patterns change; the latter view appears more realistic. We briefly discuss policy implications pertaining to alternative transportation modes for commuting, setting priority travel needs in an energy emergency, and telecommunications as a substitute for commuting.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the implications of this situation, with a particular emphasis on the provision of services for alcohol abusers, and propose a more parsimonious distribution of services but at the same time the need for services may increase in response to worsening conditions in urban areas.
Abstract: In the years of plenty, funds were available to experiment widely with different ways to offer services for urban dependents. Services sprang up everywhere, but the net effect in many cities was a piecemeal and largely ineffective delivery system. In the coming lean years, we can expect a more parsimonious distribution of services, but at the same time the need for services may increase in response to worsening conditions in urban areas. This paper considers the implications of this situation, with a particular emphasis on the provision of services for alcohol abusers.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the extremely wide variation among states in adolescent childbearing using indicators that represent high or low modernity, i.e., percent urban, percent fundamentalism, percent black, and region (South-non-South).
Abstract: The extremely wide variation among states in adolescent childbearing is examined using indicators that represent high or low modernity, i.e., percent urban, percent fundamentalism, percent black, and region (South-non-South); the intermediate variables of factors affecting exposure to intercourse (percent married females 15 to 19); and the deliberate fertility control factor of induced abortion (the state abortion-to-live birth ratio). Eighty-six percent of the variance among states in the 1974 teenage fertility rates (females 15 to 19) is explained, with region the most powerful single indicator of fertility, followed by percent married and state abortion ratio.
4 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the social, economic, demographic and locational characteristics of the clients of the Federal Housing Administration's mortgage insurance program and found that white homebuyers under the program are more likely to purchase suburban homes than nonwhite, however.
Abstract: This paper examines the social, economic, demographic and locational characteristics of the clients of the Federal Housing Administration's mortgage insurance program. The program has been accused of fostering the development of white middle class suburbs and nonwhite central cities. The data used in this analysis are from 1976 and 1977, and indicate that the mortgage insurance program is less suburb oriented than private financing of houses in the same price range. White homebuyers under the program are more likely to purchase suburban homes than nonwhite, however. This is a result of a variety of actors in the housing market of which the Federal Housing Administration is one. The paper concludes with comments on what kinds of people use the program and ways to ensure that the users benefit from the insurance.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a point-based rationing with a point system in Canada led to an increase in the skill level of the immigrants and a larger proportion of skilled workers in a cohort of immigrants tends to narrow the differences in earnings among skill groups in the native-born population.
Abstract: Current U.S. immigration policy places a heavy emphasis on kinship ties with a U.S. citizen or resident alien in rationing immigration visas. An alternative policy is to focus on the skills of visa applicants. Immigrants with higher levels of schooling and with skills that are more readily transferable to the U.S. labor market are more productive, as measured by their earnings. A larger proportion of skilled workers in a cohort of immigrants tends to narrow the differences in earnings among skill groups in the native-born population. This reduces income inequality and reduces the use of income transfers by the low-skilled native-born population. More highly-skilled immigrants also make less use of income-contingent transfers. A point-system would be necessary to combine the multidimensional aspects of skill. The adoption of skill-based rationing with a point system in Canada led to an increase in the skill level of the immigrants.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This chapter synthesizes what is known about prenatal nutritional care from the disciplines of adolescent medicine obstetrics and nutrition into a system adaptable to the prenatal care of pregnant adolescents.
Abstract: Nutritional care of the pregnant adolescent needs to focus on the health of the mother and infant and requires knowledge of the role of nutrients in physiologic processes and basic principles of adolescent growth and development. This chapter synthesizes what is known about prenatal nutritional care from the disciplines of adolescent medicine obstetrics and nutrition into a system adaptable to the prenatal care of pregnant adolescents. Nutritional assessment and intervention need to be an integral part of adolescent prenatal care. Pregnancy places the adolescent and her child at increased nutritional risk. Prior nutritional status reflected grossly in the prepregnancy weight and height and interpartum status measured as weight gain have been shown to be risk factors predicting the percentage of low birth weight infants. Prepregnancy nutritional status should be assessed and intrapartum weight gain should be closely monitored using a standard grid such as that provided by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council and shown in a figure. The nutritional role of fast foods junk foods and erratic or unconventional food habits among teenagers continues to be controversial. Before restrictions are attempted in food habits for the pregnant adolescent adjustment assessment is required. The energy protein vitamin and mineral needs of pregnant adolescents are discussed followed by an overview of the data on nutritional supplementation. For a long time it has been known that energy is a critical factor in malnutrition and that no amount of protein can result in an anabolic state if calories are inadequate. Since pregnancy is an anabolic event in all probability the same thing holds true. Recent work tends to support this thesis. The few studies that have concentrated on the energy needs of pregnant teenagers generally report that the teenagers frequently do not achieve the National Research Councils recommendations for caloric intake. Pregnant adolescents 11-14 years of age need 2500 kcal and pregnant teenagers 15-18 years old need 2400 kcal. On a weight basis 40 kcal/kg body weight/day is recommended. Most studies of the diets of pregnant teenagers in the US indicate that protein intake is usually adequate. In mixed US diets of adequate caloric intake vitamin supplements are unnecessary for the nonpregnant adolescent. Yet dietary surveys of adolescents have revealed caloric restrictions to be commonplace and in pregnant adolescents other nutrient intakes have been shown to be low. During pregnancy the daily requirement for many nutrients is increased. Iron and folacin discussed in detail cannot be adequately supplied by diet and should be supplemented. The remaining nutrients may be low in certain diets and require individual assessment. The Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) of many nutrients are higher for adolescents than for children or adults. These nutrients are discussed individually to emphasize their metabolic role signs of deficiency dietary sources and RDAs: fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E and vitamin K); water soluble vitamins (vitamin C thiamin riboflavin niacin vitamin B6 vitamin B12 and folacin); and minerals (iron calcium and sodium). The effect of nutritional supplementation on behavior has been difficult to establish.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.A.R. with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification.
Abstract: Degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.S.R. is assessed with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification. Such analysis reveals that the emphasis in the U.S.S.R. on women's participation in production as the key to sex equality ignores other dimensions of sex stratification which are not changed using this tactic. In particular, rural traditions of higher birth rates, more authoritarian families, greater religious emphasis, and male scorn for women have kept the status of rural women even lower than that of their urban counterparts. Additionally, the agrarian techno-economic base and lack of institutional supports for childcare and housework help perpetuate sex stratification. Increasing sex differentiation is probably in store for the Soviet Union, because official pronatalist policies are likely to be facilitated by expanding the service sector, which will further increase the division of labor in the market.
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of substantive law as a source of data concerning their areas of interest is illustrated with examples from recent law affecting the family and these examples are used to suggest a model of the relationship between the family as a unit, its members as individuals, and the larger society.
Abstract: The primary concern of the sociology of law properly has been the analysis of legal processes, professions, and institutions. Most sociologists who are not sociologists of law do not realize the usefulness of the substantive law as a source of data concerning their areas of interest. The utility of law as a source of data is illustrated with examples from recent law affecting the family. These examples are used to suggest a model of the relationship between the family as a unit, its members as individuals, and the larger society. In this model, the primary focus is on individuals but emphasis is given to the family as an important source of individual rights and expectations.
TL;DR: The most effective policy for the United States, if it wishes to curtail illegal immigration from nearby countries, is to manipulate foreign economic instruments to support their economic development as mentioned in this paper, and the Reagan administration's Caribbean Basin Initiative is responsive to this approach in its proposals for increased aid and trade and tax preferences for beneficiary countries.
Abstract: It is often suggested that the most effective policy for the United States, if it wishes to curtail illegal immigration from nearby countries, is to manipulate foreign economic instruments to support their economic development. The Reagan administration's Caribbean Basin Initiative is responsive to this approach in its proposals for increased aid and trade and tax preferences for beneficiary countries. Analysis of U.S. trade, investment, and aid relations with migrant-sending countries leads to the conclusion that these preferences could have a marginal impact on job creation in these countries, but there is no assurance that a modest rise in economic opportunity will lead to a decrease in emigration in the foreseeable future. In addition, preferential trade and tax treatment for some countries involves a departure from U.S. policy and would lead to a clamor for equal treatment by other countries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Court found that Mississippi's policy of refusing to admit males to its all-female School of Nursing was unconstitutional and could be interpreted by later courts to mean that single-sex educational facilities supported by the state are inherently unconstitutional as an illegal classification on the basis of sex.
Abstract: Under the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution, a state may not illegally discriminate against any person on the basis of his or her sex. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the Constitution, and it has had great difficulty determining the proper judicial standard for a determination of when sex discrimination is contitutionally allowable and when it is not. In education, the trend has been away from single-sex schools and in favor of co-educational schools. Before Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, decided in June, 1982, the Supreme Court had never decided a case involving the constitutionality of single-sex schools. In this case, the Court found that Mississippi's policy of refusing to admit males to its all-female School of Nursing was unconstitutional. This decision confirms the trend toward complete desegregation of single-sex schools and could be interpreted by later courts to mean that single-sex educational facilities supported by the state are inherently unconstitutional as an illegal classification on the basis of sex.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a tax and transfer payment system to regulate the employment of foreign nationals and to compensate domestic workers who are adversely affected economically by immigration, and they work out the economics of the tax and demonstrate that such a system could ideally remove all adverse economic effects of immigration.
Abstract: This paper briefly reviews the present state of U.S. immigration policy from an economic perspective. It contends that the present system confounds two independent dimensions of immigration policy—residence and employment. It argues that far too much attention is paid to who is admitted to the U.S. and far too little to what people do once they enter. The proposed policy is a system of taxes and transfer payments designed to regulate the employment of foreign nationals and to compensate domestic workers who are adversely affected economically. The paper works out the economics of the tax and demonstrates that such a system could ideally remove all adverse economic effects of immigration.