Showing papers in "Psyche in 1990"

A comparison of ground and canopy leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in a neotropical montane forest

Abstract: The most conspicuous habitat discontinuity in forests is that between ground and canopy. These two microhabitats support strikingly distinct biotic communities. Among ants, species that nest in the ground or in leaf litter are typically in different genera from arboreal species, which nest in or on plants, the two groups exhibiting divergent morphologies which reflect their respective nesting habits (Wheeler 1910, Wilson 1959). The arboreal microhabitat is clearly three-dimensional (Richards 1983) and has inspired investigations of vertical stratification among arboreal taxa, including birds (Pearson 1971, Terborgh |980), mammals (Harrison 1962), and flying insects (Bates 1944, Sutton et al. 1983). Arboreal ants exhibit vertical stratification, some species being restricted to high canopy, others to forest understory (Wilson 1959). The ground microhabitat is generally considered to be a twodimensional layer of soil and leaf litter, home to an ant community very distinct from the arboreal community. In many tropical forests, however, large amounts of leaf litter and other organic material accumulate in the canopy, imparting a three-dimensional structure to dead organic matter. The \"crown humus\" (Jenik 1973) consists of litter intercepted from overstory tree branches and from abscissed epiphyte tissues. Accumulations of crown humus are particularly pronounced in montane forests (Nadkarni 1984; P6cs 1976, 1980).

Food Level and Life History Characteristics in a Pholcid Spider (Holocnemus Pluchei)

Abstract: It is often assumed that food intake rate is an important determinant of other behaviors. For example, much of the foraging behavior literature assumes animals attempt to maximize food intake rate (e.g., Stephens and Krebs 1986). When possible one should document effects of food level on important life history characteristics, rather than simply assuming its importance to the animal. As part of a larger study on the evolution of grouping behavior, we report herein the effects of food level on development time, number of instars, and body size in the pholcid spider, Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli). Vollrath (1987) reviewed the literature on the relationship between food intake and development time in spiders, and concluded that, in general, growth rate is greatly affected by amount of food. For example, stadia (intermolt intervals) decrease under conditions of high food level in several species (Turnbull 1962, 1965; Vollrath 1987; Miyashita 1968). However, a correlation between food intake and growth rate is not always found: in Tegenaria atrica, food level above a minimum level had no effect on stadia (Browning 1941). A shorter development time provides obvious evolutionary advantages. In some species, an early-maturing female may be able to lay additional clutches of eggs in a season (Vollrath 1987); many spiders are iteroparous (e.g. Bristowe 1958, Jackson 1978). A fastdeveloping male may have a better chance of finding, guarding, and ultimately mating with an immature female, especially in species that are not continuously breeding (Robinson and Robinson 1973, Lubin 1986); this may be particularly important as several spider

A social wasp's nest from the Cretaceous period, Utah, USA, and its biogeographical significance.

Abstract: Nearly a half century ago, Brown (1941a) described celliforma favosites, a fossil wasp nest recovered in 1936 from undifferentiated Cretaceous deposits of Utah, USA (37' 20'N, 133O 40'W). Bequaert and Carpenter (1941), authorities on social wasps and insect fossils, respectively, disputed the identity of this specimen. Likely due to the sterling reputation Bequaert and Carpenter each had earned among their peers, Brown's opinion has been ignored by later workers reviewing the fossil record of social insects (eg. Burnham 1978). The purpose of my note is to argue Celliforma favosites is indeed a legitimate fossil of a social wasp's nest. Such status increases the known age of social behavior in wasps from Oligocene to at least 63 million years.

The Effect of Clutch Size and Ant Attendance on Egg Guarding by Entylia Bactriana (Homoptera: Membracidae)

Abstract: Subsocial behavior is postovipositional parental care that promotes the development and survival of offspring. Subsociality is particularly common in the Membracidae (Homoptera) in which the females of many species guard eggs and nymphs from predators and parasites (Eickwort 198 1, Hinton 198 1, Tallamy and Wood 1986, Eberhard 1986). A number of treehopper species also interact with ant mutualists. Treehoppers provide ants with a nutritional resource in the form of honeydew and ants provide treehoppers protection from natural enemies (Way 1963). Since the survival of offspring of many treehoppers is contingent upon protection by attendant ants (Hinton 1977, Wood 1977, 1979, 1982a, 1982b, McEvoy 1979, Fritz 1982, 1983, Bristow 1983, 1984) selection should favor females that increase the probability that their offspring will be located and tended by ants. A number of studies have documented the influence of ants on the maternal protection of young by subsocial treehoppers. For example, female Publilia recticulata Van Duzee desert nymphs after their offspring are located by ants. By transferring protection of offspring to ants, females may produce additional clutches (Bristow 1983, 1984). Similarly, tenure with nymphs is longer for P. concava females that are not ant attended (McEvoy 1979). In contrast, females of a closely related species, Entylia bactriana Germar, remain with eggs (Olmstead 1984) and nymphs (Wood 1977) longer when ant attended. However, none of the above studies examined the variation in protection of eggs and nymphs throughout the

A Large Male Competitive Advantage in a Lekking Fly, Hermetia Comstocki Williston (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Abstract: This paper describes the mating system of Hermetia comstocki Williston, a stratiomyid fly that, like many other members of the family (Waldbauer, 1984), appears to be a Batesian mimic, in this case of Polistes paper wasps (James, 1935). Little is known about this species other than it occurs in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas (Cole, 1970). In general, not much information exists on the mating behavior of stratiomyids. Females of one species, Inopus rubriceps, which is a pest of sugarcane, have been reported to fly to the lower leaves of the hostplant shortly after emerging; males rush to surround the female although presumably only one male copulates with the female, after which she leaves to oviposit and die (Hitchcock, 1976). In contrast to the scramble competition system exhibited by L rubriceps, I shall document that H. comstocki engages in territorial defense of landmark plants to which females travel to secure a mate. Furthermore, I present data on the role body size plays in the competition among males for possession of mating territories.

The Neotropical Orbweavers of the Genus Larinia (Araneae: Araneidae)

Abstract: This paper is one in a series of publications on Neotropical orbweavers (Levi 1968, 1971, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989a, 1989b, in press), made to facilitate identification of common American spiders. It is hoped that this information will also contribute to our knowledge of the phylogeny and relationships of orb-weaving spiders. Larinia consists of 30 to 40 species, the genus having world-wide distribution. In the 1970s, Grasshoff (1970a, b, c, 1971) revised the African and Indoaustralian species of Larinia, placing them into nine genera. Genera were distinguished by details of palpal structure, especially of the radix, (a projection of the tegulum, illustrated here in Fig. 41). Grasshoff (197 l) placed the American species Larinia directa in the genus Drexelia, this genus being distinguished by the internal structure of the epigynum: ducts that are wide on the outside and narrow toward the seminal receptacles (Levi 1975, fig. 9, 12). Levy (1986) also used Grasshoff’s genera in revising Larinia of Israel. Alternatively, Levi (1975), revising the Larinia of North America, placed all species in Larinia, as did Marusik (1986), with Larinia of the USSR and Tanikawa (1989), with Larinia of Japan. In the current paper, we use Larinia in this broad sense, including the nine genera into which Grasshoff split the genus. We do not follow Grasshoff, partly because of the difficulty in placing our species known only from one sex into his genera. Operationally, we consider Grasshoff’s genera to be species groups. Larinia has several synapomorphic characters, including an elongate abdomen, (in a family whose species usually have a spherical abdomen), the anterior median tubercle-like point of the abdomen, a white median ventral streak (also found in the unrelated araneid genera Eustala and Metepeira), and the structure of the epigyna and palpi (see below).

Zum Verhältnis von Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie. Wiederaufnahme einer Diskussion

Abstract: Der Autor stellt eine Langzeitstudie der Menninger Foundation (1952 bis 1982) vor, mit der die uber viele Jahre dominierende Hypothese uberpruft werden sollte, das Wirkungsweise und Heilerfolg bei aufdeckender Psychoanalyse und stutzender Psychotherapie sowohl in theoretischer wie auch in klinischer Hinsicht grundsatzlich unterschiedlich zu bewerten seien. Die Menninger-Studie hat ergeben, das analytische Behandlungen mehr stutzende Elemente enthalten als allgemein angenommen und das die Heilerfolge aller untersuchten Therapieverfahren eher auf den stutzenden als auf den aufdeckenden Elementen beruhen. In der Praxis kommt keines der Verfahren in reiner Form vor; eindeutige Kriterien dafur, welches Therapieverfahren fur welche Patientengruppe besonders geeignet sei, liesen sich nicht festmachen.

The effectiveness of the nest of a desert widow spider, Latrodectus revivensis, in predator deterrence.

Abstract: Most nocturnally-active arthropods rest during the day in concealed and protected locations. The nests or retreats of nocturnal spiders are often in vegetation or beneath stones. The widow spider Latrodectus revivensis of the Negev desert of Israel (Levy and Amitai 1983), builds a conspicuous, cone-shaped nest in bushes up to m high (Shulov 1948, Lubin et al. in prep.). The nest is attached by bridging threads to a horizontal capture platform, which in turn is attached to nearby stones or shrubs (Fig. 1). The most notable feature of the nest is the array of extraneous material, mainly arthropod carapaces, snail shells and feces, and dried plant material, placed on the outside. This material obscures the spider from view even in the early stages of nest construction when the dense silk layer of the upper portion of the cone (Fig. l) has not yet been laid down. There may be several functions of this layer of extraneous material, namely: (a) to shade the spider, and its eggs and young, from the high insolation experienced in the desert in summer, (b) to provide mechanical protection from predators by strengthening the nest, (c) to make the nest cryptic, (d) to obscure the spider from the gaze of predators. We have examined elsewhere (Lubin et al., in prep.) the function of the extraneous material on the nest in the regulation of temperature inside the nest. We found that this material plays a significant

Einige Parallelen zwischen den Ergebnissen der Säuglingsbeobachtung und klinischen Beobachtungen an Erwachsenen, besonders Borderline-Patienten und Patienten mit narzißtischen Persönlichkeitsstörung

Abstract: Damit die entwicklungspsychologischen Konzeptualisierungen der Psychoanalyse ausgeschopft werden konnen, mus die Kluft zwischen dem Wissen aus der experimentellen und beobachtenden Sauglingsforschung uber normale und pathologische Entwicklung einerseits und dem klinischen Wissen uber Patienten mit Borderline- und narzistischen Personlichkeitsstorungen andererseits uberbruckt werden. Zu diesem Schlus drangende empirische Befunde werden prasentiert.

Narcissism and object love. On the metapsychology of experience

Abstract: Die Autoren unterscheiden zwei fundamentale Weisen des Ich-Erlebens: die des Seins (being) und die des Tuns (doing). Diese Erlebnismodi betreffen sowohl Objekt- wie Selbstkonstellationen und werden dem Primar- (being) und Sekundarprozes (doing) zugeordnet. Sie bringen subjektive Ich-Erfahrungen hervor, die zugleich Determinante und Folge dessen sind, was klinisch und metapsychologisch als Narzismus und Objektliebe beschrieben wird. Die Einfuhrung dieser beiden Erlebnismodi soll es ermoglichen, kontroverse Themen in der psychoanalytischen Theorie zu bearbeiten und zu integrieren.

Die hochfrequente Langzeitanalyse und die psychoanalytische Praxis. Utopie und Realität

Abstract: Sowohl die Prognos-Studie zur Lage der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung in der BRD als auch die Auswertung von uber 1000 Antragen fur Ersatzkassenpatienten aus der Zeit von 1973 bis 1983 legen den Schlus nahe, das die hochfrequente Langzeitanalyse eher die Ausnahme als die Regel ist und fast ausschlieslich von einer kleinen Gruppe »privilegierter« Therapeuten ausgeubt wird. Was folgt daraus – so fragt der Autor – fur die Definition von Psychoanalyse und fur den Behandlungsalltag? Werden die Therapeuten z. B. fur eine Art der Therapie ausgebildet, die sie in der Praxis kaum oder gar nicht anwenden? Der Autor pladiert fur eine erneute Diskussion uber Theorie und Technik der Psychoanalyse, die diesen Fragen Rechnung tragt.

Slave marking by the slave-making ant, Harpagoxenus americanus (Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract: Colonies of the slave-making parasite Harpagoxenus americanus (Emery) raid nests of three host or \"slave\" species: Leptothorax ambiguus Emery, L. curvispinosus Mayr, and L. longispinosus Roger. The slavemakers attack a host-species target nest, cause the adults to flee, and carry the raided nest’s brood of pupae, larvae and eggs back to the slavemakers’ nest. Host-species workers which subsequently mature from captured brood become slaves, i.e. individuals which perform all the usual worker-ant functions for the slavemaker colony (Alloway 1979; Alloway & Del Rio Pesdao 1983; Wesson 1939, 1940). H. americanus raids are unusual among slave-making species in that very few target-colony adults are killed (Alloway 1979; Alloway & Del Rio Pesado 1983). This comparative bloodlessness of H. americanus raids can be viewed as an evolutionarily advanced means of husbanding a limited resource; and it may explain why H. americanus colonies are relatively abundant in most places where dense host-species populations occur, a situation which contrasts with the spotty, local distributions of other similar slave-making species (e.g.H. canadensis M. R. Smith and L. duloticus Wesson) that kill large numbers of adults in target nests and probably exterminate some raided colonies (Alloway 1979; Alloway & Del Rio Pesado 1983; Del Rio Pesado & Alloway 1983; Stuart & Alloway 1982, 1983; Wesson 1939, 1940). Nevertheless, the survival of their slaves’ parental colonies in close proximity to H. americanus nests poses a potential problem for the slavemaker. Alloway and Del Rio Pesado (1983) and Stuart (1985) have observed that host-species workers living in incipient H. americanus colonies (nests where the only adult slavemaker is an H. americanus queen) are often

Freuds Moses-Studie als Tagtraum

Abstract: Starting from a description of the Moses-manuscripts and an examination of certain peculiarities in the published text, the author interprets Freud's last book as a day-dream. She reads therein indications of a crisis precipitated by the Nazi persecution, which Freud mastered by day-dreaming and through self-analysis. Considering the Moses study in this way it becomes clear that Freud's late discoveries concerning archaic mechanisms of defense were essentially the outcome of self-analysis--as were his first insights into the laws of dreaming in the beginnings of psychoanalysis. In his old age, Freud took up this work again in dialogue with Arnold Zweig and Thomas Mann; it also led him to an immersion in the tora and the Philippson bible commentary, familiar to him from his childhood.

Die Rückgewinnung des Schamgefühls

Abstract: Mit Ruckgriff auf ein theoretisches Konzept von Bleger (»Regression auf die Ambiguitat«) werden Annaherung und Verstandnis fur Patienten gesucht, die unter Extrembedingungen (Verschwinden, Konzentrationslager, Folter) zu leiden hatten. Die Regression auf die Ambiguitat, die das Uberleben solcher Patienten ermoglicht hat und an die ubergrose Schamgefuhle gebunden sind, mus allmahlich aufgehoben werden, damit ein Anknupfen an alte, nicht korrupte Ich-Anteile und so eine Ruckgewinnung der ursprunglichen Scham sowie deren Bearbeitung moglich werden.

Predation on Cercopids and Material Use of the Spittle in Aphid-Tent Construction by Prairie ANTS

Abstract: In southern Wisconsin, Formica montana Emery, and the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.), share the same habitats, occurring together on plants in prairies and open fields. Very little is known about the interactions of cercopids and ants. One of the purposes of this study was to determine if ants are predators of immature spittlebugs. Cercopid (or spittlebug) nymphs appear to have few predators. In the nymphal stage, cercopids excrete a watery mixture which includes glycoproteins from the Malpighian tubules, the glands of Batelli, and the intestinal tract (Guilbeau, 1908; Licent, 1912; Cecil, 1930). Once air is pumped into it, this mixture forms the characteristic covering of spittle in which cercopids complete development (Weaver and King, 1954). The spittle covering is believed to protect cercopids from predators and parasites and from unfavorable microclimate conditions (Buckton, 1890; Jones, 1929; Whittaker, 1970). In the one study to test the hypothesis that spittle protects against predation, the significant finding was that more dead spittlebugs placed in the field were missing after 48 h if spittle was not applied to their dead bodies than if spittle was applied (Whittaker, 1970). The predators of the \"spittleless\" cercopids were not identified. A second purpose of this research was to document prairie ants' use of cercopid spittle in aphid-tent construction. F. montana tends honeydew-producing aphids for food (Henderson, et al., 1989). Aphid-tending F. montana aggressively attack most predators of honeydew-producing Homoptera, and they construct aphid-tents

Effect of Mite Infestation on the Anti-Predator Defenses of an Insect

Abstract: Mites ectoparasitic on insects extract body fluids from their hosts. In the extreme, the infestations can be lethal, as has been shown with some nymphal and adult insects (Young and Welbourn 1987) and insect eggs (Sharma et al. 1983), but they can also be less harmful. Many erythraeid mites gorge on an insect and drop off, leaving the host seemingly unaffected (Southcott 1961; Treat 1975). However, given that mites inevitably remove potentially essential nutrients from the host (Cheng 1973), even transient infestations should leave insects weakened or otherwise adversely affected. The question was whether sublethal infestations could be indirectly lethal, by decreasing the host’s ability to withstand secondary hazards. We here present data on the effect of erythraeid mite infestation on an homopteran insect, the flatid Ormenaria rufifascia. We show that while the infestations can be fatal, they are encumbering even when non-fatal, in that they impair the defenses used by the host against predation. The life cycle of Ormenaria ruftfascia has recently been described (Wilson and Tsai 1984). Our study was done with Ormenaria nymphs only, since these were the stages that we found to be miteinfested. The defenses of nymphal Ormenaria, which will be described in detail elsewhere, are twofold. One relates to the nymph’s production of wax, the other to its ability to leap. The wax production involves secretion of lengthy (presumably crystalline) filaments, which emerge as tufts from glandular openings on the abdomen. There are four primary tufts, two posteriorly-extending caudal tufts, and two posterolateral tufts (Fig. 1C). The nymphs live on the surface of palmetto fronds. By occasionally wiping their caudal filaments on the frond surface in their immediate surrounds, they create

Zoogeography of the Amiseginae and a remarkable new Chrysidid wasp from Chile (Hymenoptera)

Abstract: Members of the chrysidid subfamily Amiseginae are small, antlike wasps, with slender mandibles and a long needle-like ovipositor. Although hosts are known for only a few amisegine species, the morphology of the female mandibles, used to open the host egg, and the structure of the ovipositor are remarkably consistent throughout the subfamily, suggesting that all species probably parasitize walking stick eggs. Amisegines occur in most zoogeographic regions. In the Western Hemisphere they are found east of the 100th meridian in North America and as far south as northern Argentina. No amisegines were previously known from Chile. In the Eastern Hemisphere amisegines are not found north of Zimbabwe in Africa, nor in the palearctic except in Japan. This subfamily is widespread in the Oriental and Australian Regions.

Derealisierung und Wiederholung

Abstract: The psycho-technique of "derealization" helped the majority of the German population that had been loyal to the Hitler regime to escape from their historical responsibility in 1945. The derealization of an historical era of collective history and of the corresponding phases of their individual histories saved these people the work of self transformation and opened the way to an unwitting repetition. In the unending debates around Nazi war criminal and their accomplices, the paramount issue is to refuse the "normality" of this derealization.

Die Beschädigung der Psychoanalyse in der angelsächsischen Emigration und ihre Rückkehr nach Europa

Abstract: Parin skizziert die Entwicklung der Psychoanalyse seit den dreisiger Jahren; die Geschichte ihrer Erfolge ist zugleich die Geschichte ihres Verfalls.

Analyse und Analysieren im Spiegel einer empirischen Studie

Abstract: The authors compare two investigations--the findings of the prognostic study concerning psychotherapeutic service delivery in the FRG and a follow-up study carried out among the members of the German Psychoanalytic Association. The former showed that high-frequency long-term analysis is the exception rather than the rule, and the findings of the latter differ only slightly from this determination.

Der Wahn und die Träume in »Der Tod in Venedig«.Thomas Manns folgenreiche Freud-Lektüre im Jahr 1911

Abstract: The author shows by means of literary comparisons that in "Death in Venice" and The Magic Mountain, Mann was strongly influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis, in particular by the latter's work "Delusion and dreams in W. Jensen's 'Gradiva'."

Vermitteltes und reales Trauma in der Psychoanalyse von Kindern von Holocaust-Überlebenden

Abstract: Die Autorin untersucht die Auswirkungen der Retraumatisierung von Kindern von Holocaust-Uberlebenden, die durch unbewuste Identifizierung das Trauma der Eltern ubernommen haben. Das analytische Durcharbeiten des realen Traumas, so die These, bewirkt eine Abschwachung des vermittelten Traumas in der inneren psychischen Realitat und setzt Trauerprozesse in Gang, die eine Bewaltigung des realen und des vermittelten Traumas ermoglichen. Zur Illustration werden zwei Fallbeispiele angefuhrt.