Showing papers in "Semiotica in 2006"
TL;DR: For instance, this paper judged the emotive intent of utterances spoken by male and female speakers of English, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Tagalog and found that emotional prosody is decoded by a combination of universal and culture-specific cues.
Abstract: Twenty English-speaking listeners judged the emotive intent of utterances spoken by male and female speakers of English, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Tagalog. The verbal content of utterances was neutral but prosodic elements conveyed each of four emotions: joy, anger, sadness, and fear. Identification accuracy was above chance performance levels for all emotions in all languages. Across languages, sadness and anger were more accurately recognized than joy and fear. Listeners showed an in-group advantage for decoding emotional prosody, with highest recognition rates for English utterances and lowest recognition rates for Japanese and Chinese utterances. Acoustic properties of stimuli were correlated with the intended emotion expressed. Our results support the view that emotional prosody is decoded by a combination of universal and culture-specific cues.
141 citations
TL;DR: From the perspective of Peircean biosemiotics, an account of genes as signs is developed, including a detailed analysis of two fundamental processes in the genetic information system (transcription and protein synthesis) that have not been made so far in this field of research.
Abstract: Terms loaded with informational connotations are often employed to refer to genes and their dynamics. Indeed, genes are usually perceived by biologists as basically ‘the carriers of hereditary information.’ Nevertheless, a number of researchers consider such talk as inadequate and ‘just metaphorical,’ thus expressing a skepticism about the use of the term ‘information’ and its derivatives in biology as a natural science. First, because the meaning of that term in biology is not as precise as it is, for instance, in the mathematical theory of communication. Second, because it seems to refer to a purported semantic property of genes without theoretically clarifying if any genuinely intrinsic semantics is involved. Biosemiotics, a field that attempts to analyze biological systems as semiotic systems, makes it possible to advance in the understanding of the concept of information in biology. From the perspective of Peircean biosemiotics, we develop here an account of genes as signs, including a detailed analysis of two fundamental processes in the genetic information system (transcription and protein synthesis) that have not been made so far in this field of research. Furthermore, we propose here an account of information based on Peircean semiotics and apply it to our analysis of transcription and protein synthesis.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the three kinds of hypoicons can better be understood in the context of Peirce's sixty-six classes of signs and discuss the consequences of those descriptions to the debate about the order of determination of the 10 trichotomies that form those classes.
Abstract: In his 1903 Syllabus, Charles S. Peirce makes a distinction between icons and iconic signs, or hypoicons, and briefly introduces a division of the latter into images, diagrams, and metaphors. Peirce scholars have tried to make better sense of those concepts by understanding iconic signs in the context of the ten classes of signs described in the same Syllabus. We will argue, however, that the three kinds of hypoicons can better be understood in the context of Peirce's sixty-six classes of signs. We analyze examples of hypoicons taken from the field of information design, describing them in the framework of the sixty-six classes, and discuss the consequences of those descriptions to the debate about the order of determination of the 10 trichotomies that form those classes.
36 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored the pragmatic foundations of unreliable narration (UN), a narrative technique highly popular in western literary texts, and developed a pragmatic model on the basis of theories of cooperation, such as the Gricean maxims, relevance theory, and politeness.
Abstract: This paper explores the pragmatic foundations of unreliable narration (UN), a narrative technique highly popular in western literary texts. It sets out by giving a critique of the competing theoretic frameworks of UN, namely the seminal Boothian concept and more recent constructivist approaches. It is argued that both frameworks neglect a pragmatic perspective as the most viable way for identifying and analysing UN. Such a pragmatic model is then developed on the basis of theories of cooperation, such as the Gricean maxims, relevance theory, and politeness. The emerging definition of UN treats a narrator as unreliable if he or she violates the cooperative principle without intending an implicature. This model is tested against three prototypical UNs: Christie's The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day, and Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart. These sample analyses yield a typology of UN: while pragmatic deviation is shown to be the intrinsic feature of the phenomenon, unreliable narrators vary according to their degree of intentionality. Finally, two recurring issues in the UN debate are briefly discussed: the existence of textual clues of UN, and the role of the reader in constructing unreliability.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Peirce's understanding of meaning is brought to bear on Heidegger's critique of mind, thereby articulating being-in-the-world in terms of semiosis.
Abstract: This essay brings Peirce's understanding of meaning to bear on Heidegger's critique of mind, thereby articulating being-in-the-world in terms of semiosis. Using ideas developed in 'The semiotic stance' (2005), it theorizes five interrelated semiotic processes - heeding affordances, wielding instruments, undertaking actions, performing roles, and filling identities - that constitute the key modes of non-linguistic and/or non-representational meaning in which human-beings are always already holistically implicated. It doing so, it theorizes what is meant by purchases, functions, purposes, statuses, and values (as well as providing a semiotically sophisticated account of 'material culture'). And it generalizes Anscombe's idea of 'acting under a description' to comporting within an interpretation.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that organic information and organic meaning are brought into existence by the molecular processes of copying and coding, which implies that, far from being metaphors, they are as real as the processes that produce them.
Abstract: Genes and proteins are molecular artifacts because they are manufactured by molecular machines that physically stick their subunits together in the order provided by external templates. This implies that all biological objects are artifacts, and therefore that 'life is artifact-making.' Natural objects can be completely accounted for by physical quantities, whereas artifacts require additional entities like sequences and codes, or equivalent entities like information and meaning. Here it is shown that organic information and organic meaning are brought into existence by the molecular processes of copying and coding, which implies that, far from being metaphors, they are as real as the processes that produce them. It is also shown that they can be defined by operative procedures that make them as objective and reproducible as physical quantities. The result is that organic information and organic meaning are a new type of fundamental natural entities that here are referred to as nominable entities because they can be specified only by naming their components in their natural order. Any organic code is a correspondence between the objects of two independent worlds (genes and proteins) which is established by molecules that belong to a third world (RNAs). The elementary act of organic coding is therefore a relationship between three objects that can be referred to as 'sign, meaning, and adaptor,' whereas the elementary act of cultural semiosis consists, according to Peirce, of 'sign, meaning, and interpretant.' It is underlined that 'organic semiosis' is implemented by codemakers and consists of objective organic reactions, whereas mental semiosis' is performed by interpreters and is a subjective process. This means that organic semiosis does not require the existence of a mind at the molecular level, and the organic codes are natural processes that are based on objective, reproducible, and fundamental natural entities.
26 citations
TL;DR: A social and semiotic theory of four seemingly human-specific and individual-centric capacities that, while essential for understanding modern social processes, are often confused and conflated is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Building on ideas developed in 'The semiotic stance' (2005), this essay outlines a social and semiotic theory of four seemingly human-specific and individual-centric capacities that, while essential for understanding modern social processes, are often confused and conflated. Loosely speaking, agency is a causal capacity: say, the relatively flexible wielding of means towards ends. Subjectivity is a representational capacity: say, the holding of intentional states such as belief and desire. Selfhood is a reflexive capacity: say, being the means and ends of one's own actions, or being the object of one's own beliefs and desires. And personhood is a sociopolitical capacity: say, rights and responsibilities attendant on being an agent, subject or set.
22 citations
TL;DR: The authors traces the comparative fortunes of the terms'semiology' and'semiotics' from their original appearance in English dictionaries in the 1800s through their adoption in the 1900s as focal points in discussions of signs that flourished after pioneering writings by Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure.
Abstract: This article traces the comparative fortunes of the terms 'semiology' and 'semiotics,' with the associated expressions 'science of signs' and 'doctrine of signs,' from their original appearance in English dictionaries in the 1800s through their adoption in the 1900s as focal points in discussions of signs that flourished after pioneering writings by Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure. The greater popularity of 'semiology' by mid-century was compromised by Thomas Sebeok's seminal proposal of signs at work among all animals, and Umberto Eco's work marked a 'tipping point' where the understanding associated with 'semiotics' came to prevail over the glottocentrism associated with 'semiology'.
22 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, Lotman describes metaphors and culture as semi-spheres or "semiotic spaces" and cultures in general are self-referential systems, which tend to define themselves and evince isomorphic semiotic spaces at mutually inclusive levels and metalevels.
Abstract: Yuri Lotman describes metaphors and culture as semiospheres or 'semiotic spaces.' This account of metaphors is self-referential insofar as it is itself expressed in the form of a metaphor. Moreover, according to Lotman, cultures in general are self-referential systems insofar as they tend to define themselves and evince isomorphic semiotic spaces at mutually inclusive levels and metalevels. Lotman describes semiospheres on the basis of dual-isms, levels, stratifications, and spatial opposites that exemplify the Tartu semiotician's theory of the duality of the discreteness of semiotic spaces and their verbal representations versus the continuity of physical space and of pictorial representation.
21 citations
TL;DR: The authors reread sections of Karl Marx's Capital, substituting the term'sign' wherever he used 'commodity' and showed that such a substitution yields statements that have close family relationship with the results of twentieth century scholarship in a variety of disciplines.
Abstract: In this article, I reread sections of Karl Marx's Capital, substituting the term 'sign' wherever he used 'commodity.' I show that such a substitution yields statements that have close family relationship with the results of twentieth century scholarship in a variety of disciplines. The question about the origin of such family resemblance can be found in the notion of substitution that occurs in trade and translation. The results of this rereading suggest that a theory of sign can be grounded in the notion of substitution, translation, and use rather than in the notion of reference and meaning. This approach thereby fundamentally depsychologizes our understanding and theories of the sign.
18 citations
TL;DR: The authors reviewed and extended the debate at the core of Language and Interaction, and pointed out the incompatibility of description and explanation, and proposed a theory based on three main sources: interpersonal dynamics, epistemic action, core-consciousness, and biosemiosis.
Abstract: Abstract The paper reviews and extends the debate at the core of Language and Interaction. Having endorsed John Gumperz's descriptions of contextualization, I consider how this is theorized. With his critics, I find the compelling accounts to be linked with inadequate explanation of events. Mistakenly, Gumperz invokes ‘cues’ or physical invariants. In fact, as Thibault suggests, the indexicality of talk is grounded in material practice. The incompatibility of description and explanation takes us to the limits of analysis. Rejecting appeal to ‘meaning potential,’ therefore, I turn to cognitive science. Stressing that much cognition is occurs beyond skin and skull, I posit that contextualization arises from interpersonal dynamics. Viewing it as unintended meaning that occurs between acting subjects, I endorse Sebeok's view that communication extends the sensorium. On this distributed view, I sketch a theory based on three main sources. By stressing interpersonal dynamics, I link Kirsh and Maglio's work on epistemic action, Damasio's theory of core-consciousness, and Barbieri's model of biosemiosis. This enables me to leave Gumperz's description intact by focusing — not on cues — but a subject's life history. During talk, we integrate vocal and visible dynamics with judgments arising from how experience impacts on our updating feeling-of-what-happens.
TL;DR: The authors advocates a multiculturalist approach to theoretical rearticulation of language and communication, arguing why this approach is needed and showing how it can be achieved by arguing why the multiculturalist theorist can construct a historically conscious and local-global-minded theory of culture-specific discourse.
Abstract: The present article advocates a multiculturalist approach to theoretical rearticulation of language and communication. It does so by arguing why this approach is needed and showing how it can be achieved. The first part of the essay takes up aculturalist tendencies in the case of discourse studies and examines their theoretical and political consequences. The second part proposes a multicultural-epistemological stance, i.e., a reflexive and critical position of meaning making in between Eastern and Western, North and South, and local and global regimes of knowledge/power. Finally, the article explicates how the multiculturalist theorist can construct a historically conscious and local-global-minded theory of culture-specific discourse.
TL;DR: This article provided an overview of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's theory of embodied cognition and argued that it is a useful, empirically responsible perspective for understanding the importance of metaphors and other cognitive models (e.g., frames, prototypes, metonymic models) in our thinking and understanding.
Abstract: Our goal for this paper is twofold. First, we will provide an overview of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's theory of embodied cognition and argue that it is a useful, 'empirically responsible' perspective for understanding the importance of metaphors and other cognitive models (e.g., frames, prototypes, metonymic models) in our thinking and understanding. Second, we will use and critically assess the value of the analytic tools provided by the theory in understanding the cognitive processes and models underlying our thoughts, beliefs, and actions. Specifically, we will use the concepts of metaphor, metonymy, frames, and prototypes as analytic tools to gain insight into the cognitive structures underlying the ideas and claims found in descriptions of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001.
TL;DR: Metaphor is founded in the logic of otherness and excess and involves a movement of displacement that leads sense outside the sphere of the same, the commonplace, plain meaning.
Abstract: Metaphor is founded in the logic of otherness and excess and involves a movement of displacement that leads sense outside the sphere of the same, the commonplace, plain meaning. The processes of metaphorization activate interpretive trajectories in the sign network that may be distant from each other, and favor the migration of sense through interpretive and translative processes among signs. Associations and interconnections are created in the sign network on the basis of similarity understood a la Peirce in terms of affinity and attraction. Such associations are not only of the analogical type but also of the homological. Metaphor is structural to the acquisition of knowledge, to inferential procedure; it is the place where sense is generated in human language systems. The capacity for metaphor is specifically human and is connected with the human primary modeling device, the human capacity for creativity, innovation, the play of musement.
TL;DR: In this paper, a semiotic analysis of metaphor is conducted from a semio-semiotic perspective, implementing, in particular, theoretical instruments as developed by Charles S Peirce according to which metaphor is a type of icon and is part of an interpretive route.
Abstract: This paper is part of ongoing research on metaphor conducted from a semiotic perspective, implementing, in particular, theoretical instruments as developed by Charles S Peirce According to Peirce, metaphor is a type of icon and, like all signs, is part of an interpretive route The specific object of analysis is metaphor as studied by Giambattista Vico, who recovers the connection between verbal language and the senses, that is, the body In his studies he refers to Aristotle, Galen, as well as to other philosophers According to Vico metaphor is a fundamental and primal instrument of thought, a concept developed by Du Marsais and Rousseau Particularly important is the Vichian concept of poetic logic
TL;DR: This article developed a characterization of nominal compounds on frame-schematic and construction-grammatical grounds, based on assumptions about cognitive processing long since known within cognitive linguistics, but it criticizes certain linguistic applications of Fauconnier and Turner's theory of conceptual integration.
Abstract: The paper develops a characterization of nominal compounds. The analysis is carried out on frame-schematic and construction-grammatical grounds. It rests on assumptions about cognitive processing long since known within cognitive linguistics, but it criticizes certain linguistic applications of Fau- connier and Turner's theory of conceptual integration, which historically is a reelaboration of Lakoand Johnson's theory of metaphor. The first section sums up two classical approaches in the analysis of nom- inal compounds; it comments on their inadequacies, and how these have been assessed by Fauconnier and Turner; next, it sketches out the way these two authors and other scholars in blending theory have traditionally ana- lyzed nominal compounds in terms of conceptual integration, and finally one of the major drawbacks of this approach is identified: namely, its lim- ited descriptive import. In the following section, the authors unfold their own semantic analysis. A non-trivial and non-standard compositional theory is proposed, likely to capture the general way in which semantic parts of a compound configure into a semantic whole. Hereafter the authors proceed to a summary survey of how this scaolding is actually instantiated or processed cognitively. A crucial dierence between processing of literal and metaphorical com- pounds is established. Thus, the approach has a double scope: it aims at characterizing both the semantics of compounds and the way the semantics is cognitively accessed.
TL;DR: This article investigated how C. S. Peirce's theory of metaphor can provide us with an insight into concept formation, and found that metaphor is important to P. S., not as a poetical adornment but as a special branch of abduction and as a basic esthetic element that pushes science forward towards the esthetic ideal: growth in concrete reasonableness.
Abstract: We investigate how C. S. Peirce's theory of metaphor can provide us with an insight into concept formation. It is interesting that Peirce does not write much about the metaphor; still his suggestion that the basic mechanism of metaphor is that of parallelism is very interesting. This seems to suggest that metaphor is important to Peirce however, not as a poetical adornment but as a special branch of abduction and as a basic esthetic element that pushes science forward towards the esthetic ideal: growth in concrete reasonableness.
Abstract: The present paper discusses various suggestions for a philosophical framework for a transdisciplinary information science or a semiotic doctrine. These are: the mechanical materialistic, the pan-informational, the Luhmanian second order cybernetic approach, Peircian biosemiotics and finally, the pan-semiotic approach. The limitations of each are analyzed. The conclusion is that we will not have to choose between a cyberneticinformational and a semiotic approach. A combination of a Peircian-based biosemiotics with autopoiesis theory, second order cybernetics, and information science is suggested in a five-levelled cybersemiotic framework. The five levels are 1) a level of Firstness, 2) a level of mechanical matter, energy, and force as Secondness, 3) a cybernetic and thermodynamic level of information, 4) a level of sign games and 5) a level of conscious language games. These levels are then used to differentiate levels of information systems, sign and language games in human communication. In our model, Maturana and Varela's description of the logic of the living as autopoietic is accepted and expanded with Luhmann's generalization of the concept of autopoiesis to also cover psychological and socio-communicative systems. Adding a Peircian concept of semiosis to Luhmann's theory in the framework of biosemiotics enables us to view the interplay of mind and body as a sign play. I have in a previous publication (see list of references) suggested the term 'sign play' pertaining to exosemiotics processes between animals in the same species by stretching Wittgenstein's language game concept into the animal world of signs. A new concept of intrasemiotics designates the semiosis of the interpenetration between the biological and psychological autopoietic systems as Luhmann defines them in his theory. I am suggesting a cybersemiotic model to combine these approaches, defining various concepts like thought-semiotics, phenosemiotic and intrasemiotics, combining them with the already known concepts of exosemiotics, ecosemiotics, and endosemiotics into a new view of self-organizing semiotic processes in living systems. Thus a new semiotic level of description is generated, where mind-body interactions can be understood on the same description level. This is the direction suggested to work in to create a broad philosophy of information, cognitive, and communication science that makes it possible for us to see the different approaches not as mutually exclusive, but rather as mutually complementary in accepting an ontology where reality do have structures and processes, but the foundation is hyper. complex and therefore not to be reduced by any knowledge system.
TL;DR: In this article, Peirce's categories delineating the semiosic process, his concept of signs incessantly becoming other signs, and his insight regarding abduction are brought to bear on these theories of metaphor and creativity, leading to the conclusion that both theories are a matter of overdetermined Firstness becoming under-determined Thirdness through nonlinear, emergent interdependent, interrelated interaction between signs and their makers and takers.
Abstract: We are all to a greater or lesser degree creative, and metaphor making is one of the most common channels along which the creative process flows. Three general theories of metaphor - comparison, substitution, and interaction - and three theories of creativity - mechanicism, organicism, and contextualism or holism - surface in the following pages. Peirce's categories delineating the semiosic process, his concept of signs incessantly becoming other signs, and his insight regarding abduction, are brought to bear on these theories of metaphor and creativity, leading to the conclusion that both theories are a matter of overdetermined Firstness becoming under-determined Thirdness through nonlinear, emergent interdependent, interrelated interaction between signs and their makers and takers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the semiotic stance is used to account for the key features of human-specific modes of intentionality (or "theory of mind".), as well as the key dimensions along which culture specific modes of intentions may vary (or 'ethnopsychologies').
Abstract: 'Mental states' are retheorized from the standpoint of social statuses (qua commitments and entitlements to signify and interpret in particular ways) and speech acts (qua signs with propositional contents). Using ideas developed in 'The semiotic stance' (2005a), it theorizes five interrelated semiotic processes that are usually understood in a psychological idiom: memories, perceptions, beliefs, intentions, and plans. It uses this theory to account for the key features of human-specific modes of intentionality (or 'theory of mind'.), as well as the key dimensions along which culture-specific modes of intentionality may vary (or 'ethnopsychologies'). And it theorizes 'emotion' in terms of a framework that bridges the distinction between social constructions and natural kinds.
TL;DR: The authors investigates the question of how we ascribe meaning to artefacts (understood in its broadest sense, also including brands) through an ongoing negotiating process between an utterer and an interpreter.
Abstract: The article investigates the question of how we ascribe meaning to artefacts (understood in its broadest sense, also including brands). The short answer is that meaning is ascribed to brands and artefact through an ongoing negotiating process between an utterer and an interpreter. This means that semeiosis is communication in its broadest sense. The negotiation process between utterer and interpreter aims at creating an interpreting habit - a common consent on which upon the meaning of the artefact rests.
TL;DR: In this paper, the linguistic limitations of the autistic individual suggest a congruent status of mind with the archaic people of the Upper Paleolithic, which could indicate language in its infancy.
Abstract: The exquisite quality of the Upper Paleolithic paintings is brought into relation with the artistic talents of the autistic savant. The linguistic limitations of the autistic individual suggest a congruent status of mind with the archaic people of the Upper Paleolithic, which could indicate language in its infancy. This notion is examined in terms of archaeological, paleontological, art historical, neurological, semiotic, and cognitive views on language evolution.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize ideas about structures, physical entities, mental phenomena, and symbolic relations, and argue that the non-material can emerge from the material, and then the nonmaterial may mediate the production of material entities.
Abstract: This paper attempts to understand the coexistence of the material and nonmaterial aspects of our lives. By synthesizing ideas about structures, physical entities, mental phenomena, and symbolic relations, we argue that the nonmaterial can emerge from the material, and then the nonmaterial may mediate the production of material entities. Finally, this cycle is applied to notions of creativity and invention.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the correspondence between the triadic sign model proposed by Peirce and Saussure's signified model and found that Pece's object formally corresponds to Saussures signified.
Abstract: The correspondence between the triadic sign model proposed by Peirce and the dyadic sign model proposed by Saussure is examined. Traditionally, it has been thought that Peirce's interpretant corresponds to Saussure's signified and Saussure's model lacks Peirce's object. However, our analysis of the two most widely used computer programming paradigms suggests that Peirce's object formally corresponds to Saussure's signified, and that Saussure sign model is obtained when Peirce's interpretant is located outside of his model in the language system.
TL;DR: Serial Endosymbiotic Theory proved that the evolution of the eukaryotic super-kingdom was a merger of anchestral bacteria and so-called ‘junk DNA’ has higher order regulatory functions on genome architecture and protein coding DNA plays only the role of a structural vocabulary.
Abstract: Within the last decade, thousands of studies have described communication processes in and between organisms. Pragmatic philosophy of biology views communication processes as rule-governed sign-mediated interactions (rsi's). As sign-using individuals exhibit a relationship to following or not- following these rules, the rsi's of living individuals dier fundamentally from cause-and-eect reactions with and between non-living matter, which exclu- sively underlie natural laws. Umwelt thus becomes a term in investigating physiological influences on organisms that are not components of rsi's. Mit- welt is a term for the investigation of all rsi's of organisms. Living organ- isms are never solus ipse subjects of semioses, but share common sets of rules and signs. Life depends decisively on symbiotic communities. Serial Endosymbiotic Theory proved that the evolution of higher eukaryotic super- kingdom was a merger of anchestral bacteria. The integration of bacterial genomes into eukaryotic genomes was also a step from analog to symbolic genetic codes. Now we know, that so-called 'junk DNA' has higher order regulatory functions on genome architecture and protein coding DNA plays only the role of a structural vocabulary.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the evolution of a photographic narrative constructed in the Israeli media, focusing on the case of the "lynch in Ramallah" photograph, an image of upheld bloodstained hands of young Palestinian photographed immediately following the lynching of two IDF soldiers, that was first published on 13 October, 2000.
Abstract: The intention of this paper is to describe the evolution of a photographic narrative constructed in the Israeli media. The analysis will focus on the case of the ‘lynch in Ramallah’ photograph, an image of upheld bloodstained hands of young Palestinian photographed immediately following the lynching of two IDF soldiers, that was first published on 13 October, 2000. The paper will provide an account of several processes involved in the production and consumption of photographs in contemporary violent conflicts: First, a detailed semiotic description of the characteristics of the lynch image will demonstrate how it became a metonymic representation of the enemy and, thereafter, a defining reference for the ongoing conflict. Second, an account of the reproduction and distribution of the image will illustrate the way in which it’s communicative mode changed through several visual processes, and how these changes function in the image contest. Third, an analysis of the role of national institutions in the constructed
TL;DR: The role of connotations in visual artworks should be as important as it is in systems of verbal information as mentioned in this paper, and developed connotative structures are found in visual artwork.
Abstract: In art connotations spread denotative structures. Correspondingly, the role of connotations in visual artworks should be as important as it is in systems of verbal information. Hence, developed connotative structures are found in visual artwork. Connotations of visual artworks are based on fundamental codes and develop their basic text. Representamens of denotations and connotations are interrelated and organized in system-structural formations of signals. Text of a visual artwork directs the actualization of connotations on the basis of its principal meanings and communicative structure. Connotations form semantic fields corresponding to basic meanings and text of artworks. These connotations, hidden from direct perception, are discussed with respect to the works of Vrubel.
TL;DR: The debates on live television were intended to be a forum for political discussion and rhetoric that would involve the live spectators and the mass viewing public in 2004 U.S. presidential election as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The battle for the U.S. presidency filled the television screens of North American viewers in 2004. The candidates, Senator John Kerry and President George W. Bush, battled for supremacy during the campaign, which included three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate between Senator John Edwards and Vice president Dick Cheney. The debates on live television were intended to be a forum for political discussion and rhetoric that would involve the live spectators and the mass viewing public. The format, process, and delivery of each candidate's speeches/rebuttals were constructed in advance by the knowledgeable campaign experts and public relation teams that carefully advise the candidates on what to say, not to say, what to wear, and what expressions to reveal. The candidate in his preparation process becomes what is hoped will be a well-oiled machine that is able to respond at the precise moment, and with the best response and most influential expression.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a Mythic Algebra, which models mythology and storytelling with algebraic sets and provides a hierarchical range of functions which can also apply to language and symbolic processes.
Abstract: Mythic algebra was developed in a trio of papers in the Journal of Literary Semantics. It models mythology and storytelling with algebraic sets. Expanded into a proto-mathematical system, it provides a hierarchical range of functions which can also apply to language and symbolic processes. Its relation to the three basic 'laws of thought' of classical logic is analyzed. Correspondences are also found with the Peircean division of a sign into icon, index, and symbol. Further applications are made to metaphor and irony.
TL;DR: The authors presented a systematized view on the contemporary understanding of metaphor essence and structure, reviews various classifications of metaphor, and discusses cognate'similarity-based' phenomena in natural language.
Abstract: The article aspires to present a systematized view on the contemporary understanding of metaphor essence and structure, reviews various classifications of metaphor, and discusses cognate 'similarity-based' phenomena in natural language. The opposing views on metaphor as a three- and two-component structure are reconciled in the article through the analysis of different kinds of metaphors. Three types of classifications of metaphor -semantic, structural and functional - are specified and reviewed. Finally, the article examines-the cognate phenomena, viz. metaphoric personification (prosopopoeia, pathetic fallacy, apostrophe), animalification, metaphoric antonomasia, metaphoric allusion, metaphoric periphrasis, synesthesia, allegory, and metaphoric symbolism.