Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1987"

TL;DR: A review of the development of family planning programs and their organization and management, as well as their impact can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the rationales and underlying purposes of these programs are varied and the degree of political and financial support ranges widely.

TL;DR: In this article, a framework of feminist concerns through which to view the potential acceptability of new contraceptive technologies and family planning service delivery systems is presented, drawing on knowledge of women's roles and status, particularly their power relations, in developing countries, acceptability and program research, and selected, more theoretical feminist perspectives.

TL;DR: The proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which socioeconomic and environmental variables operate to influence the rate of childbearing in a population as mentioned in this paper, i.e., the factors that lower the actual rate of reproduction to far below its potential maximum.

TL;DR: The accidental release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide manufacturing plant in Bhopal, India, killed at least 1,750 people, and probably as many as 2,500,1 while injuring 50,000 or more as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The Oosterschelde barrier as mentioned in this paper is a barrier-type of dam with gates which could be closed during severe storms, but which would be open at all other times.

TL;DR: A solution to the product liability crisis must be found, however, if contraceptive development, testing and marketing of new contraceptives in the United States is to continue as mentioned in this paper, and the initiation of World Bank funding for contraceptive research.

TL;DR: The most notable benefits of contraceptive use are some protection conferred by the Pill against ovarian and endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian retention cysts, and iron deficiency anemia.

TL;DR: The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) began to study the competitive standing of US industries in 1978, and no one had a very clear idea of how to do this as discussed by the authors, while economists tended to rely on output-side indicators such as trade balances and market shares, employment and profit levels.

TL;DR: The pharmaceutical industry has progressively discounted the development of new contraceptives as mentioned in this paper, and the factors that led to this withdrawal now threaten the introduction of new contraceptive methods, such as the need for increased funds and manpower to complete successful projects, increasing numbers of organizations competing for a relatively limited pool of resources, increased requirements of regulatory agencies, difficulty in obtaining product liability insurance, and overt public and political opposition to the developing of family planning methods.

TL;DR: In this paper, the status, trends and issues of law as it affects the availability of contraceptives are examined, focusing on some specific issues of contraceptive distribution that are of particular importance in developing countries.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a heuristic growth analysis approach for setting aside the peripheral and enabling the analyst to focus on key points in order to grasp the essential points and, in the process, make the subject under investigation simpler and therefore more manageable.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that research must be targeted strategically to utilize very scarce resources well, and knowledge bridges must be constructed from research into the economy in a way that may be quite inappropriate in advanced nations.

TL;DR: The Water-Solar Oasis concept is proposed in this paper, which is an acronymn for W ater resources, E conomy/energy/engineering, A griculture/aquaculture, L and/light-solar radiation, T echnology/transportation, and H ealth/human care/housing.

TL;DR: The authors discusses the main rationale for government interest in the provision of contraceptive technology through voluntary family planning programs in less developed countries: that of enhancing economic development, and concludes that the possible need for government to set the stage for success in performing these functions by acting as an engineer of social change.

TL;DR: In this article, a report for the Roundtable of European Industrialists (ERT), Missing Links, which was published in December 1984, and a study commissioned jointly by the ERT and the Commission of the European Communities and carried out with the assisstance of the consulting firm TELESIS, Paris, was made public in March 1986.

TL;DR: The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) as mentioned in this paper has two components in New Delhi, India, and Trieste, Italy, and it has four major functions: to perform research of importance to the Third World; train scientific personnel from developing countries; to be a conduit for the international transfer of scientific and technical information; and to be the focal point of a network of affiliated national and regional R&D centers.

TL;DR: The Global Infrastructure Fund (GIF) is a series of highly ambitious "engineers' dreams" or "super-projects, designed for multinational infrastructure building, mainly on the part of the Third World as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: Bulgaria is now committed to expanding its energy base through nuclear power, to maintaining a leadership position in Eastern Europe in the development and production of microcomputers and associated software, and to improving the international competitiveness of its industrial products, including machine tools and industrial robots as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: A good doomsday prediction must combine scientific, moral and political considerations as mentioned in this paper, and the story it tells must be plausible, probable and consequential; it must allow for the knowledge of an oncoming catastrophe; and the predictor must be seen as reliable and authoritative.

TL;DR: The planning and design phase of macro-projects such as the proposed colonization of the moon, should involve the measuring and monitoring of key variables of living as well as nonliving systems as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In the dry lands of the earth, where one-sixth of the world's population lives, a vicious cycle is imposed: overpopulation, coupled with occasional droughts, results in overexploitation of the land and in everincreasing malnutrition and famine as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The United States should seek additional protection for such technologies through negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as discussed by the authors, which is the principal international conventions for trade.

TL;DR: Few new contraceptives will have made a major impact on the market by the year 2000, and only in Europe will there be a free choice and a market economy for contraceptives.

TL;DR: Out of this partnership base came the Copper-T intrauterine devices, used by over 30 million women worldwide, and the long-acting subdermal contraceptive system—NORPLANT® implants—that is in use in many countries.

TL;DR: The cultural setting in which people live influences how they view contraceptives and, ultimately, what method they decide to use as discussed by the authors, and it is imperative that organizations conducting contraceptive research and development take cultural factors into account so that they can design methods that will have broad appeal.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors view diffusion as encompassing three processes: the acceptance of the idea and practice of contraception by consumers; the establishment of the institutions or programs to provide services; and the development of technical capability in research and development and in the production of contraceptives.

TL;DR: Use of family planning has the potential to produce reductions of 10–20% in infant and child mortality and a larger impact on maternal mortality is possible through fertility reduction with decreased exposure to the risks of pregnancy.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the cultural and social structural underpinnings of fertility patterns are rooted in a society's culture and social structure and in the economics of childbearing that is thereby set up.