Showing papers in "The American Historical Review in 1973"

Politics, language and time : essays on political thought and history

Abstract: In his first essay, "Languages and Their Implications," J. G. A. Pocock announces the emergence of the history of political thought as a discipline apart from political philosophy. Traditionally, "history" of political thought has meant a chronological ordering of intellectual systems without attention to political languages; but it is through the study of those languages and of their changes, Pocock claims, that political thought will at last be studied historically. Pocock argues that the solution has already been approached by, first, the linguistic philosophers, with their emphasis on the importance of language study to understanding human thought, and, second, by Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," with its notion of controlling intellectual paradigms. Those paradigms within and through which the scientist organizes his intellectual enterprise may well be seen as analogous to the worlds of political discourse in which political problems are posed and political solutions are proffered. Using this notion of successive paradigms, Pocock demonstrates its effectiveness by analyzing a wide range of subjects, from ancient Chinese philosophy to Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Burke.

Popery and politics in England 1660-1688

Abstract: Introduction 1. The Catholic laity 2. England and Rome: the Catholic clergy 3. The penal laws and their enforcement 4. The development of the anti-Catholic tradition 5. The Restoration settlement and after 6. The French alliance and 'Catholicity' 7. York and Danby 8. The Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis 9. The Tory reaction 10. James II and the Church of England Men 11. James II and the Dissenters 12. James II and Rome 13. The missionary effort under James II 14. The opposition to James II.

The Historical Problem of Generations

Abstract: EACH GENERATION writes its own history of generations. Or perhaps, when contemporary generational differences force themselves on the consciousness of historians they rediscover significant age-specific relationships in the past. Given our recent past, the current preoccupation with past generations was predictable, but as is appropriate for historians we shall probably run somewhat behind events, flooding the market with histories of generations just when our present generational crisis has evaporated.' There is nothing wrong with this-our responsibility does not lie in being up-to-date but in the effective application of what has been a vague, ambiguous, and stretchable concept to the explanation of past events.

T. S. Kuhn's Theory of Science and Its Implications for History

Abstract: NOT SINCE THE PUBLICATION of R. G. Collingwood's Idea of History has a work of "theory'' won from historians the amount of interest recently accorded Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.' If historians are conventionally aloof from philosophy of history, they are even less attentive to philosophy of science-yet contemporary footnotes prove that Kuhn's theory of science speaks to, and for, historians asi few works of philosophy of history ever have. Even the revered Collingwood, for all his influence upon intellectual historians during the 1940S and 1950S, served to stop discussions as often as to advance them; a citation to Collingwood's profound but forbidding "Epilegomena"2 enabled historians to perform an act of calm defiance: "we historians are on to something basic and complicated about human experience, which you can read about in Collingwood, and if you can't understand what he says, well, that's your problem." This defiant use of Collingwood may have been appropriate in some cases, and Collingwood will presumably continue to serve historians in this way without coming down off the shelf he now shares with a more mobile junior partner. Kuhn, unlike Collingwood, is being read carefully by many practicing historians. Not since the time of Charles Beard has any guild historian attracted an audience among the academic intelligentsia as extensive as Kuhn's. Collingwood, too, was a historian, but he always remained the peculiar possession of historians and of a handful of philosophers; The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has become a major text for interdisciplinary discourse and has been acclaimed by the cognoscenti that reads Levi-

Politics and patricide in Freud's interpretation of dreams.

Abstract: It is a cheerful fantasy, very Viennese: political authority bends the knee to Eros and to dreams. "Where he makes a jest, a problem lies concealed." In The Interpretation of Dreams, published two years before his jocular announcement, Freud had laid down his first principle of understanding the problems of dreams: "A dream is the fulfillment of a wish." At the time of writing, in 1902, he was collecting material to demonstrate that the same rule held true for jokes. "Sometimes," he added, "the jest brings the solution of the problem to light as well. "2

Classics or charity? : the dilemma of the 18th century grammar school

Abstract: Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this classics or charity the dilemma of the 18th century grammar school. This is a kind of book that you need now. Besides, it can be your favorite book to read after having this book. Do you ask why? Well, this is a book that has different characteristic with others. You may not need to know who the author is, how well-known the work is. As wise word, never judge the words from who speaks, but make the words as your good value to your life.

A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711

Abstract: THE SUFFERING OF THE JEWS in Visigothic Spain during the seventh century has traditionally occupied an important place in the history of the persecution of Jews. Scholars generally agree that the Jews who dwelled in Spain during the last century or so of Visigothic rule were subjected to severe legislation that at times was aimed at limiting their freedom, curtailing their economic capabilities, and ultimately reducing them to slavery. The alleged union of the Church and the Visigothic monarchy under Reccared in 589 is regarded by many as the key event that made possible a century and a quarter of persecution of Jews in Spain. As recently as 1960 Bernhard Blumenkranz maintained that 589 marks the starting point of the most tragic episode in Jewish history during the early Middle Agqs. Father Aloysius Ziegler, writing a generation earlier, and E. A. Thompson, in 1969, tend to blame the Visigothic kings for masterminding this lengthy anti-Jewish policy but admit that the Church was not an unwilling partner. Felix Dahn and U. R. Burke in the nineteenth century placed the initiative with the Church and drew conclusions similar to those arrived at by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century. Solomon Katz concludes, "Whether more blame attached to the kings than to the councils is a moot point.... for a century and a quarter kings and bishops united in an effort to convert the Jews of Spain or to drive them from the kingdom."' Scholars have differed over the motives for this policy as well as over its sources. Katz tends to consider those monarchs who pursued anti-Jewish policies religious fanatics. Ziegler unhesitatingly characterizes the kings as "fanatically zealous" and seems to believe also that some of them strove to attain an "ideal of religious unity." Yet he also considers it "quite possible that a basic motive of the kings in their persecution of the Jews was avarice." Ziegler's latter observation may have stimulated James Parkes, who,

Libellus de diversis ordinibus et professionibus qui sunt in aecclesia

Abstract: Introduction Libellus de Diversis Ordinibus et Professionibus qui Sunt in Aecclesia Indexes

Class and ideology in the nineteenth century

Abstract: First published in 1972, this collection of essays by R. S. Neale focuses on authority, and the responses and challenges to it made by men and women throughout the nineteenth century. Employing a more sociologically-minded approach to history and specifically using a ‘five-class’ model, the book explores features of class and ideology in Britain and its Empire. It includes a range of case studies such as the Bath radicals, the members of executive councils in the Australian colonies, and the social strata in the women’s movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This book will be of interest to those studying Victorian history and sociology.

The American peace movement and social reform, 1898-1918

Abstract: The history of the peace movement in the United States was one of dramatic change: in the mid-IKWs it consisted of a few provincial societies; by 1912 it had become eminently respectable and listed among its members an impressive number of the nation's leaders; by 1918 it was once again weak and remote from those who formulated national policy. Along with these fluctuations went equally substantial changes of leadership and purpose that, as C. Roland Marchand emphasizes, reflected the motives of the various reform groups that successively joined and dominated the movement. Most of those who joined were not devoted solely to the cause of world peace, but saw in the programs of the movement a chance for the fulfillment of their own mare immediately relevant goals. Consequently the story of the peace movement reflects the concerns of such groups as the international lawyers who wanted a world court of arbitration as an alternative to war, the business leaders who believed that international economic stability would be endangered by war, and the labor unions who felt that the working class suffered most in war.Originally published in 1973.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The Encounter of Two Societies: Western Conquerors and Byzantines in the Peloponnesus after the Fourth Crusade

Abstract: THE SECOND HALF of the eleventh century witnessed the turning of the tide in the history of the eastern Mediterranean. The Norman conquest of Byzantine Italy and Muslim Sicily and the growing activity of Western merchants in the Byzantine Empire, the Muslim Levant, and Egypt provide two facets of the same phenomenon: together they may be considered as the initial thrust of a rejuvenated 'West, announcing its imminent military, economic, and demographic expansion eastward. The Crusades were part and parcel of this general phenomenon of Western or Latin expansion, yet they have made a particular imprint in its framework. They brotught to Byzantine and Mtuslim territories the establishment of permanent Latin rule imposed by conquest, resting tupon a Latin elite, and reinforced by immigration from the West. The initial phase of conquest is tied to the First Crusade, which enabled the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Latin states of Tripoli, Antioch, and Edessa; Byzantine Cyprus was captured by Richard I of England almost by accident in 1i 91. A second wave of conquest came in the wake of the Foturth Crusade, wlhen 'Western knights, the Venetian state, and several adventurers acting in their owvn behalf imposed their rule on Byzantine territories. Finally, Catalans conquered the duchy of Athens in 1311, and Genoese the island of Chios in 1346. As a restult of conquest relations between the Latins and the population of these areas underwent a major change. Commercial activity of Western merchants in Byzantium or Muslim cotuntries in earlier years had called for purely economic and social intercourse with local inhabitants. Temporary or even permanent residence had no bearing on their position as aliens, a status that was further emphasized by their enjoyment of commercial and judicial privileges. But conquest, whether gradual or abrulpt,