Showing papers in "The Geographical Journal in 1983"
TL;DR: The Dictionary of Human Geography as mentioned in this paper is a collection of dictionaries of human geography, with a focus on the human geography of cities and their relationships with the surrounding areas, and includes:
Abstract: Preface to the Third Edition. >Acknowledgements. >List of Contributors. >Abbreviations in Human Geography. >The Dictionary of Human Geography. >Index.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle and climate is modeled by an atmospheric general circulation model and the effect of vegetation change on the near-surface hydro-climate.
Abstract: TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: I, ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES.- The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle and climate.- The atmospheric water vapour budget over Europe.- Remote sensing of atmospheric water content from satellites.- Comparison of water vapour data from Monex-79 and the Tiros-N satellite.- Atmospheric water distributions determined by the Seasat multi-channel microwave radiometer.- Variations of deuterium and oxygen-18 in continental precipitation and groundwater, and their causes.- TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS: II. SURFACE PROCESSES.- Monthly and areal patterns of mean global precipitation.- Comparison of rainfall rates derived from radar and Nimbus 5 microwave observations in the tropical Atlantic.- Evaporation models in the global water budget.- The use of long-term river level and discharge records in the study of climatic variations in the Federal Republic of Germany.- Plant and soil water storage in Arctic and boreal forest ecosystems.- Recent fluctuations of Alpine glaciers and their meteorological causes 1880-1980.- Radiometric chronology of some Himalayan glaciers.- SECULAR VARIABILITY: INTERACTIONS AND TELECONNECTIONS.- Recent rainfall fluctuations in Africa - Inter-hemispheric teleconnections.- Droughts and floods over India in summer monsoon seasons 1871-1980.- The heavy rainfall in China in 1980 and a comparison with earlier extremes.- Variability of rainfall over northern Australia.- Moisture variations associated with El Nino events.- Surges of tropical Pacific rainfall and tele-connections with extratropical circulation patterns.- Antarctic sea ice variations 1973-1980.- LONG-TERM CHANGES.- Late-glacial circulation over central North America revealed by aeolian features.- Fluctuations in closed-basin lakes as an indicator of post atmospheric circulation patterns.- Present-day and early-Holocene evaporation of Lake Chad.- Marine shorelines in estuaries as palaeoprecipi-tation indicators.- Monsoon rains of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Patterns, intensity and possible causes of changes.- Sea-level control of ice sheet disintegration.- A climate feedback mechanism involving oceanic upwelling, atmospheric CO2 and water vapour.- Illusions and problems in water-budget synthesis.- MODELLING AND PREDICTION.- The hydrological cycle as simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model.- Effects of soil moisture anomalies over Europe in summer.- Some simulation model results of the effect of vegetation change on the near-surface hydro-climate.- The concept of runoff in the global water budget.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a Politico-Historical Perspective of economic underdevelopment in the Settler and Non-Settler Colonies is presented, with a focus on the role of Indigenous labour.
Abstract: 1. Economic Underdevelopment: a Politico-Historical Perspective Part I: Investment Patterns in the Settler and Non-Settler Situations 2. Economic Underdevelopment and the Settler/ Nonsettle Dichotomy 3. Export Staples and their Contrasting Impact on Development - the Settler and the Nonsettler Regions 4. Economic Development in the Settler and the Nonsettler Colonies: Differences in Scope and Orientation 5. Settler Autonomy as a Basis of Growth Impulses 6. Settler Growth and the Repression of Indigenous Interests Part II: The Plantation System and Underdevelopment 7. Plantations and their Metropolitan Orientation 8. Problems of Labour Supply and the recourse to Migrant Labour: I. Labour Shortages and Non-availability of Indigenous Labour 9. Problems of Labour Supply and the recourse to Migrant Labour: II. The Response of the Indigenous Labour to the Plantation System 10. The Scale of Plantation Operations and Productive Efficiency - A Distorted Image 11. Plantations and Technological Stagnation 12. Labour Relations in Plantations Part III: Towards a Theory of Underdevelopment 13. The Framework and Mechanisms of Metropolitan Control 14. The Domination of Plantation Interests by Merchant Capital: Agency House-Plantation Relations 15. Merchant Capitalism and Underdevelopment 16. Plantations, Economic Dualism and the Colonial Mode of Production 17. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment
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TL;DR: A preliminary reconstruction of the geomorphological evolution and patterns of human occupation since c. 20 000 bp in the upper Inland Delta of the Niger River is presented in this article.
Abstract: A preliminary reconstruction is presented of the geomorphological evolution and patterns of human occupation since c. 20 000 bp in the upper Inland Delta of the Niger River. Field survey in 1977 focused on a 1100 km2 region in the hinterland of the historical town of Jenne, in which several ethnic groups today occupy a complex mosaic of landforms. The region has long been modelled by an active false-deltaic hydrology, with several interruptions by periods of dune erection. The paper examines questions of local structural instability, evidence of the presence until recent times of a vast lake ('Palaeo-Debo') and the problem of apparent avoidance of the region by Stone Age populations. During the Iron Age, however, density of rural villages far exceeded that of today and the size of the principal settlement of Jenne-jeno exceeded 12 ha by the second century AD. The recent decline in settlement density can in part be attributed to effects of fluctuations in the highly unpredictable climate and flood regime, as well as to political and social events affecting the entire Western Sudan.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the options available to the next planner in relation to the Chesil and Dungeness, and the differences between them are discussed in detail, e.g. in terms of their origins and changes of sea level.
Abstract: ACOASTLINE can be studied in several different ways, but whichever way is chosen it is a great help if the writer of any paper knows about a considerable length of coastline so that the part with which he is concerned can be assessed in relation to that on either side of it. This afternoon we are concerned with shingle coasts, and differences between, e.g. the Chesil Bank and Dungeness are profound. Mrs Eddison has been studying Dungeness and Romney Marsh in detail and her paper, which gave rise to this meeting, adds greatly to our knowledge of that complicated structure. Dr Carr has made himself an authority on the Chesil Bank. Both Dungeness and Chesil are no longer unspoiled features and their origins are not directly comparable. But now much greater account is paid to Flandrian changes of sea level, and this is perhaps the main factor which emphasizes the difference between those papers written in the last 20 years and those of earlier date. Gilbert, W. V. Lewis and Balchin all recognized changes of level in Dungeness, but were unable to relate them to recent work. Dr Jolliffe has given a somewhat different paper of much interest about the options available to the next planner. He considers the options in general and also in relation to the Chesil and Dungeness.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the concept of population geography and its application in population geography, and introduce the introduction to population geography in the context of urban areas. کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزش
Abstract: Introduction to population geography , Introduction to population geography , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the relationship between the functional needs for control of territory, notably demographic pressures on a sparse and fluctuating pastoral resource base, and the notions of community, government and sovereignty among both the settled and the nomads.
Abstract: Explanations of the differences between the traditional and modern notions of territory in the Gulf tend to emphasize the distinction between jus sanguinis andyus soli. The adequacy of such an explanation is examined in the context of South East Arabia with special attention being paid to the notions of territoriality amongst the nomads in whose dars the creation of modern boundaries has been most arbitrary. After examining basic notions of ownership and the means by which allodial rights and precedence in the exploitation of natural resources are established, the article continues by examining the relationship with the functional needs for control of territory, notably demographic pressures on a sparse and fluctuating pastoral resource base. Notions of community, government and sovereignty amongst both the settled and the nomads are then sketched and related to the growth of nascent states through shaykhly control of nodes that give access to marine and land resources. The article concludes that it is meaningless to divorce soli and sanguinis, since we are dealing with a society in which both are intimately linked in a common jus. Some of the rulers of the Gulf appear to be reverting to these notions to regulate territorial differences between them (since the withdrawal of the British presence a decade ago). Their agreements constitute as valid an 'international' law as the Western notions of territoriality which have led to ludicrous fragmentation of sovereign rights over resources in the region. There is little reason to suppose that, because these agreements do not produce 'demarcated boundaries' they are any more unstable than if they were to do so.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore and illustrate the use of the evidence contained in lake sediments for reconstructing the environmental changes of the most recent past, and the present is seen as an expression of processes and trends which can be dated, interpreted and often quantified from historical evidence.
Abstract: context for the conditions of the present. Instead the detailed reconstruction of a sequence of changes in the recent past is used in the direct interpretation and evaluation of contemporary problems, and the present is seen as an expression of processes and trends which can be dated, interpreted and often quantified from historical evidence. In the present paper, by considering the evidence contained in lake sediments we explore and illustrate the use of one of the most favourable contexts for reconstructing the environmental changes of the most recent past. The basic rationale underlying the study of recent lake sediments is set out briefly in Oldfield (1977) and more fully in Lerman (1979). Having chosen sediments and the lakes and watersheds from which they derive as our context for study, we need techniques which assist in the establishment of chronologies of sedimentation so that events can be dated and rates of change can be calculated. Moreover we need to develop methods of analysis using conservative and diagnostic products of environmental and ecological processes, whether these products are the chemical or magnetic characteristics of mineral material in the sediment, or the preserved remains of environmentally indicative or ecologically significant organisms. Finally there are now overwhelming arguments for using these methods in conjunction. This implies moving away from the traditional single profile?single technique approach to sediment studies, and applying instead a multidisciplinary approach to the whole lake and its catchment as they have changed through time. The text that follows is divided into three sections. Section I (F.O.) outlines some relatively new dating techniques, applicable to lake sediments; Section II (J.A.D.) considers the way in which lake sediments can be used to reconstruct the processes of erosion and nutrient loss from the catchment of the lake; and section III (R.W.B.) illustrates how the fossil diatom record within lake sediments can be interpreted in terms of the ecological history of the aquatic ecosystem and man's impact on it.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of urban systems research with particular reference to Europe is presented, including an examination of whether the clean break hypothesis (end of the historical rural-urban flow of population) can be applied to the present situation in Europe.
Abstract: The authors present a review of urban systems research with particular reference to Europe. Chapter 1 is an introductory overview of world urban systems research. Chapter 2 sets forth the objectives of this study including an examination of whether the clean break hypothesis (end of the historical rural-urban flow of population) can be applied to the present situation in Europe. In Chapter 3 problems of area definition data availability and comparison for the European countries in the study are discussed. In Chapters 4 and 5 the main aspects of urban growth and change in Europe are analyzed; in Chapter 6 the economic structure of selected urban systems is analyzed. In Chapter 7 some conclusions concerning European urban systems are presented