Showing papers in "The Journal of Physiology in 1901"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis of Stricker's work, with only two original experiments, which they call D6presseur (nerf) in Richet's Dictionnaire de Physiologie.
Abstract: in Centralbl. f. Physiol. p. 801. 1887. (31) Bowditch and Warren. This Journal, vii. p. 416. 1886. (50) Bradford. This Journal, x. p. 387. 1889. (7) Cossy. Archives de Physiologie, p. 832. 1876. Consists of analysis of Stricker's work, with only two original experiments. (45) Cy on. Article " D6presseur (nerf) " in Richet's Dictionnaire de Physiologie. Paris. 1900. (41) DIastre et Morat. Recherches exper. sur le systZme nerveux vasomoteur. Paris. 1884. (32) Dogiel. Anat. Anzeiger, XII. p. 140. 1896. Also Internat. Journal of Anat. and Physiology, XIV. p. 73, 1897, and xv. p. 345. 1898. Some of D)ogiel's figures are reproduced in Schafer's Essentials of Histology, 5th ed. pp. 106 and 108. (30) Dziedziul. Militiirarztl. Journal (Russian). 1880. Abstract by Nawrocki in Hofmann and Schwalbe's Jahresbericht. 1880. (4) Gartner. Wiener klin. Wochenschrift, p. 980. 1889. Abstract in Centralbl. f. Physiol. p. 761. 1889. (48) Gaskell. Arb. a. d. physiol. Anst. zu Leipzig. 1876. (58) Gaskell. This Journal, iii. 1880. (56) Gaskell. Proc. Physiol. Soc. Jan. 17, 1887. This 'Journal,
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TL;DR: In the following pages I give an account of the inquiry into the mode of action of supra-renal extract, although the conclusion on the main point is still provisional.
Abstract: IN the course of an investigation upon the action of various poisons upon nerve-cells I had occasion to inject supra-renal extract. The results seemed to me to make it desirable to inquire more nearly into the mode of action of the extract. In the following pages I give an account of the inquiry, although the conclusion on the main point is still provisional. My observations, unless otherwise mentioned, were nmade upon cats. The animals were in all cases anwsthetized, first with chloroform or ether and then with A.C.E. mixture. After a few preliminary trials, boiled extracts after the manner of Oliver and Schafer were made. The supra-renal bodies were taken a short time after death' and dried in a desiccator, the glands of each animal being kept separate. When required for use a portion of the dried substance was ground with sand, and then with *75 p.c. salt solution, a drop of acetic acid added and the mixture boiled and filtered. The proportion of dried gland to salt solution was in all cases 1:100, i.e. a 1 p.c. extract of dried gland was used. Dogs' supra-renal bodies were employed in nearly all cases; a few experiments with those of the cat gave no difference in result. Having obtained the effects described in this Paper with the 1 p.c. extracts of dried glands, the experiments were repeated with Burroughs and Wel lco me's supra-renal tabloids and sirnilar effects obtained. As a rule an extract of one tabloid in six c.c. of salt solution was used, this corresponds to about 1 1 to 1-3 p.c. extract of the dried gland. I shall refer to this extract as (T. 1 in 6). Occasionally stronger solutions were employed, viz. one tabloid to three c.c., and one tabloid to one c.e. of salt solution. The solutions were prepared in the manner given for the dried glands, except that they were not ground with sand. I quote as
165 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the Adamkiewicz reaction is in no sense a furfurol reaction, and therefore that there is no evidence for the current conception of its dependence upon carbohydrate groups in the proteid molecule.
Abstract: I. IN a recent paper' we showed that the colour reaction of proteids described by Adamkiewicz is obtained only when glyoxylic acid is present in the acetic acid employed. From the observations described in the paper referred to it follows that the Adamkiewicz reaction is in no sense a furfurol reaction, and therefore that there is no evidence for the current conception of its dependence upon carbohydrate aroups in the proteid molecule. It becomes of interest therefore to know the nature of the molecular groups actually responsible for the colour reaction2. That such groups are present intact in some substance or substances to be found among the simpler products of proteid hydrolysis, is suggested by the fact that a glyoxylic reaction may be obtained during the progress of an acid hydrolysis long after the biuret reaction ceases to be given. It may also be displayed with great intensity after the influence of strong trypsin has reduced the biuret-yielding substances to a minimumn. The reaction, too, may be obtained in acid alcohol extracts from the products of tryptic digestion which show no biuret reaction whatever. We endeavoured therefore to separate suich a substance from the products of proteolysis, and have finally succeeded in preparing a beautifully
133 citations
TL;DR: It was for long regarded as impossible that an adult creature so high in the animal kingdom as a dog could live for any considerable time after being deprived of both cerebral hemispheres, but Professor Goltz succeeded however in performing this operation, and in keeping his "brainless dog" alive for more than eighteen months.
Abstract: IT was for long regarded as impossible that an adult creature so high in the animal kingdom as a dog could live for any considerable time after being deprived of both cerebral hemispheres. Professor Goltz succeeded however in performing this operation, and in keeping his \"brainless dog\" alive for more than eighteen months. He first removed the left hemisphere by two separate operations in June and November 1889, and afterwards the right in June 1890. The basal part of each temporal lobe was allowed to remain lest the optic tracts should be injured in their removal. The animal was finally killed in December 1891. His physiological condition has been already described very thoroughly by Goltzl; but no complete anatomical examination of the nervous system has yet been published. I am indebted to Professor Edinger for kindly placing this valuable material at my disposal. He has himself not found the time required for a detailed examination of it, but be has described its appearance when uncut, and used sections of the series to illustrate his paper on \"The Importance of the Cerebral Cortex\" read before the Twelfth Congress of Internal Medicine. He has also published a description of the tractus strio thalamicus from it in the Verhandlungen der Antomischen Gesellschaft, 1894, and it was in it that the true origin of the taenia thalami was first discovered by him. In the post-mortem examination the dura was found very much thickened and firmly adherent to the scar tissue around it, but it could be removed from the surface of the brain without injury to the latter.
55 citations
TL;DR: Until the point of action of nicotine is definitely knoWn, some of the conclusions as to the automatic and reflex action of nerve-cells based upon its effects must in large part be only tentative.
Abstract: IN the earlier accounts by Dickinson and myself upon the action of nicotine upon the sympathetic system, we spoke of it as first stimulating and then paralysing the nerve-cells of the ganglia, since at that time we held the common view that the axis cylinder of a nerve-fibre which excited a nerve-cell was continuous with it. Later, in consequence of the work of Golgi, Ram.n y CajaJ, v. Kolliker, Dogiel, and others, which satisfied most histologists that nerve-fibres are not continuous with nerve-cells, but form endings in close connection with them, it seemed probable that nicotine acted on these nerve-endings and not directly on the nerve-cells. And this view has been taken not only by myself, but also by such other observers as have interested themselves in the question'. The matter has a certain importance, for until the point of action of nicotine is definitely knoWn, some of the conclusions as to the automatic and reflex action of nerve-cells based upon its effects must in large part be only tentative. I may say a word or two with regard to the view of Apathy and of Bethe on the conduction of impulses through nerve-cells, a view deduced chiefly from histological observations on invertebrates3. If I
44 citations
TL;DR: The object of the present note is to confirm the correctness of those of Cohnheim, and to further insist upon the fact that secretory transport of fluid is also capable of demonstration in exsected and surviving tissue containing glandular apparatus.
Abstract: IN a recent paper Otto Cohnheiml has described experiments with the \"surviving\" small intestine of the cat, proving the possibility of absorption of ftiuid introduced into the lumen under conditions exclusive of osmotic or hydrostatic transfer, and with estimation of the \" soakage \" error by weighing before and after the experiment. I published a short account of some experiments demonstratiDg the same thing in 1892' with the exsected intestine of the rabbit, though Dr Cohnheim was not aware of the existence of my paper at the time he wrote. It is the object of the present note, while recalling my earlier experiments to memory, to confirm the correctness of those of Cohnheim, and to further insist upon the fact that secretory transport of fluid is also capable of demonstration in exsected and surviving tissue containing glandular apparatus. I have repeated Cohnheim's experiment thus:-A cat is decapitated, the issuing blood collected, and defibrinated. The abdomen is opened, the small intestine removed, and placed in a bath of 9 0/0 salt solution at body temperature. A suitable length of intestinie is taken (usually half the total), washed out with the warm saline from a burette, and an observation tube (subsequently provided with a scale) tied in at one end. The defibrinated blood is diluted with *9 0/ salt solution at body temnperature, and after filling in a measured volume through the end of the intestine opposite to that provided with the observation tube this end is closed and the viscus plunged into a beaker filled with the same warm diluted blood with which the lumen has been filled. Beaker and contained viscus and dilute blood are removed to a thermostat at 400 C. provided with a glass door for observation and oxygen gas is bubbled through the fluid in the beaker. The experiment is ready in about twenty minutes after decapitation.
43 citations
TL;DR: The colorimetric method of determining the relative percentages of haemoglobin in different samples of blood has hitherto suffered from the disadvantage that there has been no satisfactory means of preparing a permanent and at the same titne definite standard of colour for making the comparisons.
Abstract: COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF H.AEMOGLOBIN. BY JOHN HALDANE, M.D., F.R.S. (One Figure in Text.) [From the Physiological Laboratory, Oxford.] THE colorimetric method of determining the relative percentages of haemoglobin in different samples of blood has hitherto suffered from the disadvantage that there has been no satisfactory means of preparing a permanent and at the same titne definite standard of colour for making the comparisons. Some time ago Hoppe-Seyler, introduced the plan of using as a standard a solution of pure oxy-hemoglobin ofknown strength. He also drew attention to the fact that although such a solution soon decomposes when left exposed to the air, yet strong solutions of either reduced haemoglobin or CO-ha3moglobin, when kept sealed up, may be preserved indefinitely without showing signs of spectroscopic change, and may be opened and diluted when required for use with a colorimeter. In a later paper2 he described a special colorimeter, for which a dilute solution of CO-haemoglobin is made as required from a stronger standard solution which has been kept sealed up. Dilute solutionis of CO-haemoglobin are stated to be unstable. Onaccount of the difficulty in preparing perfectly pure solutions of haemoglobin Hoppe-Seyler's method is not verv satisfactory, besides being too complicated for ordinary work. Solutions artificially coloured of the same tint as dilute oxy-hsemoglobin of a certain strength have been adopted in some heemoglobinometers, the simplest and most convenient of which is the instrument of Gowers3, where a mixture of picric acid and carnilinate of ammonia is employed to give the standard tint. In the instruments of v. Fleischl and Oliver coloured glass of variable depth of tint is substituted for the coloured liqiuid. There are two serious defects connected with the use of artificially coloured solutions and tinted glass. The first is the difficulty in standardising a given coloured solution or piece of coloured glass to correspond with a definite strength of haemoglobin solution. The second is that although with a certain strength of solution or thickness
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TL;DR: The object of the research was to try to clear up some disputed points with regard to the posterior longitudinal bundle and Deiters' nucleus.
Abstract: THE work of which an account is given in the following paper was carried ouit in the laboratory of the Physiology Department of Edinburgh University. The object of the research was to try to clear up some disputed points with regard to the posterior longitudinal bundle and Deiters' nucleus. Much work has already been done with reference to this bundle, and very different views have been expressed with relation to the source, destination, and functions of its component fibres. It has been described as merely commissural between different motor nuclei, from the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord to the ocular nuclei (Obersteiner (4), Schwalbe (3')); as sensory in function, conveying afferent fibres from the cord to the ocular and hypoglossal nuclei (Kolliker (16), Tsch ermak(38)); and as a motor strand conveying impulses from higher to lower levels (van Gebuchten (12,13), Held (14)). Ramon y Caj al(26) has described fibres running to it from Deiters' and froin various sensory nuclei of the medulla oblongata. With these general statements in regard to this bundle we will pass to an examination of the rnaterial prepared during this research, the views of other observers being considered in the discussion of the results obtained. (1) Operative methods and preparation of material. The experiments herein described consisted in the establishment of a circumscribed lesion, either in the posterior longitudinal bundle itself, or in Deiters' nucleus, and the examination of the resulting degenerations. The operative procedure was the same in all the experiments. In each case
26 citations
TL;DR: The experiment referred to is that of Chauveau and Kaufmann on the horsel and showed an altogether insignificant metabolic increase during the activity of the gland.
Abstract: Historical. Though numerous experiments have been performed with the object of inferring the metabolic processes of the submaxillary gland by histological, thermometric, electrical, and chemical methods, only one direct attempt has been published to measure the metabolism by the respiratory exchange of the gland. The experiment referred to is that of Chauveau and Kaufmann on the horsel. It showed an altogether insignificant metabolic increase during the activity of the gland. The figures given are as follows:
TL;DR: A comparison of Galvanotaxis and Chemotaxis with respect to changes in concentration of the media and ciliary action under the influence of chemical and electrical stimuli shows clear differences in response to these stimuli.
Abstract: I. Historical and Introductory. II. Note on the species chiefly used for experiment and their distribution in the frog's intestine, p. 295. III. Comparison of Galvanotaxis and Chemotaxis, p. 299. IV. Ciliary action under the influence of chemical and electrical stimuli, p. 335. V. Modification of Galvanotaxis by changes in concentration of the media, p. 345. VI. Summary and theoretical consideration of results, p. 351.
TL;DR: It is found that when a solution of maltose is introduced into an uninjured loop of dog's intestine, previously washed out with warm saline, the fluid remaining in the gut after a quarter of an hour, a convenient period for absorption experiments with solutions, contains little and sometimes no glucose.
Abstract: IN some previous experiments upon intestinal absorption, the sugar employed has been glucose, a sugar probably only formed in small amount in normal digestion, and it therefore appears necessary to determine whether its use instead of that of the main carbohydrate end-product of intestinal digestion, viz. maltose, occasions any differences of note. The mass of the maltose of pancreatic digestion appears to be hydrolysed before reaching the blood, though some disaccharide (isomaltose ?) according to Pavy and Siaul and others is also present in that fluid. Furthermore the seat of hydrolysis is certainly chiefly located between the inner surface of the gut lumen and that of the capillaries of the villi, the blood of which carries off the absorbed sugars, for though the succus entericus contains a ferment hydrolysing maltose as well as a diastase2 the hydrolysis of maltose introduced in solution into the lumen of the gut is of slight extent and may indeed escape analytical detection over the periods of time required for absorption experiments. One finds that when a solution of maltose is introduced into an uninjured loop of dog's intestine, previously washed out with warm saline, the fluid remaining in the gut after a quarter of an hour, a convenient period for absorption experiments with solutions, contains little and sometimes no glucose.
TL;DR: In examining, in the macaque, the skin distribution of the sensory spinal roots I employed for the most part mechanical stimuli, and determining the delimitation of a root-field by the method of " remaining aesthesia " confined myself to the simple issue of absence or presence of sensory response.
Abstract: FOR information regarding disturbances of sensation the evidence obtainable from animals is gathered under obvious disadvantages. The first attempt at experimental discrimiiination of disturbance of the qualities of skin sensatioin in animals seems to have been Schiff's1 notable description of a dissociative paraesthesia consequent on transection (i) of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, (ii) of the whole cross area of the cord except the dorsal columns. The dissociation noted was that of \" pain \" from \" touch.\" There seetns to ensue in limited areas a similar kind of dissociation after severance of dorsal spinal nerve-roots in monkey. In examining, in the macaque, the skin distribution of the sensory spinal roots I employed2 for the most part mechanical stimuli. A point of skin was touched or pinched lightly or more severely with fine forceps. In determining the delimitation of a root-field by the method of \" remaining aesthesia \" I confined myself to the simple issue of absence or presence of sensory response. Every response that seemed obviously sensory, no matter what the nature of the skin stimuluis, was included; the field delimited was termed simply the field of aesthesia or of response.
TL;DR: The presumption being that any departure from the Bell-Magendie law of the conduction of impulses will be associated with a corresponding exception to the Wallerian law of degeneration, the degeneration method has been given most attention.
Abstract: EXPERIMENTS made with the object of determining whether efferent fibres exist in the dorsal spinal nerve-roots of the frog have given contradictory results in the hands of different observers. On the one hand Steinach (1) finds that spinal nerves send viscero-motor fibres to the cesophagus, stomach and intestine solely by the dorsal roots, and to the rectum and bladder in part by the dorsal roots. On the other hand, Horton-Smith (2) found no evidence for the presence of viscero-motor fibres in the dorsal roots: but in a small percentage of cases he found that motor fibres to certain skeletal muscles were contained in the 7th, 8th or 9th dorsal root of one side. Wana (8), working under Steinach, has been able to observe this effect on skeletal muscles, though the number of cases in which it occurred was relatively smaller than in Horton-Smith's experiments. The above observations were all made by the method of stimulation, and it seemed better to attack the question by another method of experiment than simply to add to the tale of conflicting evidence. The presumption being that any departure from the Bell-Magendie law of the conduction of impulses will be associated with a corresponding exception to the Wallerian law of degeneration, I have given most attention to the degeneration method, though some experiments have also been made by the old method of stimulation. The results on certain points seem to be decisive, but I have been unable, for lack of time, to carry out the observations as fully as I had hoped.
TL;DR: It is pointed out that on " dissolving " caseinogen in an alkali such as ammonia or caustic potash the salt of the alkaline baseammonium or potassium case inogenate is formed.
Abstract: IT has been already pointed out by Hammarsten, Soldner and other investigators that the precipitate which forms in separated milk on acidulation is free acid caseinogen, that the precipitate obtained by half saturation with ammonium sulphate, by addition of alcohol or by admixture with any finely powdered substance such as animal charcoal, is a salt of caseinogen, and that on \" dissolving \" caseinogen in an alkali such as ammonia or caustic potash the salt of the alkaline baseammonium or potassium caseinogenate is formed. This nomenclature, based on these facts, I adopt here.
TL;DR: PAGE Introduction ..95 I. Ritter's Tetanus. Methods. Results.
Abstract: PAGE Introduction ..95 I. Artificial Tetanus. Methods. Response to double excitations varying in number from 50 to over 500 per second .97 Inquiry as to which of the following conditions modify the response to excitations of high frequency: Mode of excitation. Temperature. Keeping in salt solution. Tension. Alteration of the strength of the stimuli .126 Comparison of the results obtained with those obtained by other investigators by means of (a) the physiological rheoseope, (b) the muscle-sound .135 Discussion of the nature of the response of muscle to its normal stimulus. 138 II. Ritter's Tetanus. Method. Results. Comparison with the results obtained by other investigators .141 III. The Strychnine-Spasm. Different types of the electrical response. Distinction between the two kinds of rhythm observable. Frequent absence of the rhythm of muscular origin. Comparison of the results with those obtained by other investigators. Value of the recording method for the elucidation of the nature of voluntary contraction . . 146 IV. The Veratrine-Spasm. Uniformity of the response. Its significanoe. 152 Summary ..154 Explanation of Plates. 157
TL;DR: Observations have been made from time to time over a period of many years and mainly on the hearts of cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and rats', though in some instances the Hearts of nmen and oxen have been examined.
Abstract: THOUGH the occurrence of rigor mortis with the general features of that condition-acidity, &c.-in the mammalian heart has been long known, little seems to have been ascertained as to its exact characters, its order of development, relative intensity, and duration in the different parts of the heart, the conditions which influence it, &c. My observations have been made from time to time over a period of many years and mainly on the hearts of cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and rats', though in some instances the hearts of nmen and oxen have been examined. Methods. In many instances the heart has been exposed prior to death and the development of rigor (after death induced in various ways) directly observed; in other cases the thorax has not beeni opened till some time after death. Means have always been taken to prevent accidental escape of blood from the vascular system. The amount of blood in the various chambers of the organ has often been determined by weighing the clots extracted from each cavity, or when it was desired to determine the amounts of blood in the right and left sides respectively before coagulation had occurred the great vessels were
TL;DR: Pavy has proposed to use a hot solution of sodium sulphate for coagulating proteid before estimating sugar and preliminary experiments having shown that on full saturation with NaSO4 at 34° C. all proteids are precipitated, the next step obviously was to dispense with the use of the hydrated salt.
Abstract: SULPHATE of sodium in its hydrated form, Na2SO4 +10 H20, has been used for the precipitation of proteids in a very perfunctory way; for the precipitation of serumalbumin, after the globulin had been precipitated with magnesium sulphate, of lactalbumini, and of some phytalbumoses (ricin, abrin, robin)2. Pavy has proposed to use a hot solution of sodium sulphate for coagulating proteid before estimating sugar 3. The reason why, in spite of its many valuable properties, the use of this salt in physiological chemistry has never been very general, rests chiefly in its insufficient solubility in water at ordinary temperatures, in its consequent insufficient precipitating power, and in the unsatisfactory way it has of running together into big lumps which soon get coated with precipitated proteid and which then dissolve with extreme difficulty. These inconveniences may be obviated and disadvantages turned to account if proper use be made of some peculiarities the salt possesses in its physical behaviour. The solubility of sodium sulphate increases from 00C. to about 150 very slowly, and then rises with great rapidity and reaches its maximlum at 340 C. The hydrated salt, Na2SO, + 10 H20, exists in solution as such only up to 340 C. and thence begins to dissociate, passing into the anhydrous condition; as its solubility is then smaller than that of the former, a concentrated solution begins to separate anhydrous salt beyond 340, which separation continues increasing up to 1030 when the solution begins to boil. Preliminary experiments having shown that on full saturation with NaSO4 at 34° C. all proteids are precipitated, the next step obviously was to dispense with the use of the hydrated salt, which, containing
TL;DR: Edkins concluded that metacaseini is a body closely allied to (coagulated) casein or tyrein, for it could be separated out as a clot by the addition of sodium chloride, and after purification and re-solution was apparently unacted on any further by rennet.
Abstract: IT was found by Sir William Roberts' that if milk be allowed to digest with extract of pancreas, it sooner or' later acquires the property of yielding a coagullum on boiling. The time of onset of this so-called 'metacasein reaction' depends on the amount of ferment present, and Roberts founded a method for the estimation of the proteolytic activity of pancreatic extracts uipon it. More recent research, however, seems on tlhe whole to indicate that this nmetacasein reaction is brought about by the rennet fermnent, rather than the tryptic. Thus Edkins2 concluded that metacaseini is a body closely allied to (coagulated) casein or tyrein, for it could be separated out as a clot by the addition of sodium chloride, and after purification and re-solution was apparently unacted on any further by rennet. Also whey proteid seemed to be present when the metacasein appeared. However Edkins, and also Halliburton and Brodie3, noticed that Kiihne's purified trypsin would bring about the metacasein reaction, but would not give a true clotting of milk.
TL;DR: It is proved that the passage of the haemoglobin and of the electrolytes out of the corpuscles when the electrical conductivity of blood after the addition of one or other of these salts in known amount is proved.
Abstract: THE question whether the so-called vital peculiarities of cells, and in particular their power of selecting certain substances from the liquids with which they are in contact and of rejecting, others, depend upon a certain physical structuire or chemical composition of the cell-envelope or cell-substance, is of such high and general importance that all facts which throw light upon it ought to be recorded. I have made a series of experiments with the view of determining whether \" vital\" or physico-chemical conditions are at the bottom of some of the very peculiar actions of the coloured corpuscles. I have chosen these especially because the coloured corpuscles are probably in their physiological relations among the simplest of all cells, and, in addition, offer, in several respects, considerable advantages as test objects. Since in regard to all the peculiarities which I wished to investigate previous experiments' have revealed no essential difference between the nucleated and non-nucleated corpuscles, I have preferred to start with the latter. The researches of Hedin2, Eykman3, and others have shown that the permeability of the blood-corpuscles is very different for different substances, either naturally existingr in the plasma or artificially added to it. For example, NH4C1 is readily taken up by the corpuscles, NaCI with difficulty or not at all. I have been able4 fully to confirm this difference in the behaviour of NH4C1 and NaCl by measuiring the electrical conductivity of blood after the addition of one or other of these salts in known amount. I have further proved that the passage of the haemoglobin and of the electrolytes out of the corpuscles when
TL;DR: Investigations are intended as a resutmd of certain investigations, involving a large number of experiments, performed during the last six months, which it is hoped may help to throw some further light on the Chemistry of Muscle, both voluntary and involuntary.
Abstract: THE following is intended as a resutmd of certain investigations, involving a large number of experiments, performed during the last six months, which it is hoped may help to throw some further light on the Chemistry of Muscle, both voluntary and involuntary. Our preliminary cotmmunication' dealt chiefly with the chemistry of unstriped muscle, but we have since found it desirable to extend the inquiry so as to include striped muscle as well as unstriped, and other methods than purely chemical. Halliburton2 sums up our knowledge of the chemistry of involuntary muscle as follows: \" Our chemical knowledge of involuntary mutscle is of a fragmentary nature. Like voluntary muscle, the heart becomes rapidly rigid after death, and simultaneously acid3. Both paramyosinogen and myosinogen are present in the muscle cells of the heart, and myosin is the result of coagulation. In the stomach and uterus, rigor has been observed, but in other forms of plain muscle it is difficult to recognise. A proteid coagulating at 36°C. has been obtained from all kinds of unstriped muscle. In a muscular tumour of the uterus, Kossel4 found the one coagulating at 45° C. (paramyosinogen) to be absent. \"The reaction of unstriped muscle is normally alkaline5; Lehmann6 found small quantities of lactic acid in the muscular substance of the
TL;DR: It is my contention that the substance chiefly responsible for the fall of blood-pressure in extracts of brain and sympathetic ganglia is cholin.
Abstract: SCHAFER and Moore, appear to have been the first who noticed that an extract of brain, when injected into the circulation, produces a fall of blood-pressure. Mott and J2 suggested that this was probably due to cholin, especially as both cholin and brain extract produce a remarkable increase of the splenic waves. We were still further strengthened in this view by the work of Gulewitsch' which appeared about the same time. This observer found cholin by chemical tests in extracts of fresh ox brain, and natuirally found more after the lecithin had been broken down by a process of previous saponification. Gulewitsch further found other basic substances in his extracts which were not identified; neurine however was absent. Other workers at the same or allied subjects are:-I. Ott4, who has shown that extracts of spinal cord produce a lowering of blood-pressure; Clegborn5, who finds that extracts of sympathetic ganglia have a similar action; Schafer and S. Vincent6, who find that extracts of the nervous portion of the pituitary body contain both a pressor and depressor substance; Howell7, who has also worked at the pituitary; Hunt8, who agrees with my contention that the substance chiefly responsible for the fall of blood-pressure in extracts of brain and sympathetic ganglia is cholin.
TL;DR: The action of enzymes from different sources on zymogens and the effect of keeping the gland tissue before extraction are studied.
Abstract: PAGE The development of ferment activity in kept extracts 270 The change in stability of the trypsin in kept extracts 283 The action of enzymes on zymogens . . . . . 288 The action of enzymes from different sources on zymogens 295 The effect of keeping the gland tissue before extraction 300 The influence of acids on enzyme formation. . . . 305 The influence of products of digestion on enzyme formation 312 The influence of dissolved gases on enzyme formation 314 Practical conclusions .. .316 Summary .. .320