Showing papers in "The Journal of Psychology in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the level of incentive and structure of remembering task on prospective remembering were investigated, and it was concluded that motivation ought to be regarded as a critical variable in the theoretical analysis of prospective remembering.
Abstract: Summary Prospective remembering involves the remembering of information which has implications for actions to be performed in the future. In this study, the effects of level of incentive and structure of remembering task—habitual vs. episodic—upon prospective remembering were investigated. Forty-eight male and female university students were asked to mail post cards to the E on specified dates. S s in the high incentive condition mailed cards fewer days late and remembered more often than S s in the low incentive condition. S s in the high incentive condition also were more likely to use an external cue strategy than a cognitive strategy to facilitate remembering. It is concluded that motivation ought to be regarded as a critical variable in the theoretical analysis of prospective remembering.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the hypothesis that the marital helping relationship acts as a moderator between the stress experienced by the marital partners and their resultant well-being and conclude that the spouse-wife helping relationship is an important moderator between experienced stress and individual wellbeing.
Abstract: Summary This study tests the hypothesis that the marital helping relationship acts as a moderator between the stress experienced by the marital partners and their resultant well-being. Ss were 189 husband-wife pairs. Each individual provided information about his or her life and job stress; satisfaction with spouse's helping efforts; satisfaction with job, marriage, and life; and mental and physical well-being. Measures of well-being were positively related to satisfaction with spouse's help and negatively related to amount of experienced stress. Satisfaction with spouse's help remained significantly related to the measures of well-being controlling for levels of experienced stress. Thus it was concluded that the husband-wife helping relationship is an important moderator between experienced stress and individual well-being.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was hypothesized that the exclusion of a neutral point will not significantly affect an individual's composite score on a Likert-type scale, but when dependent comparisons were made, taking into consideration the different scale arrangements and the number of response alternatives, significant differences emerged.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that the exclusion of a neutral point will not significantly affect an individual's composite score on a Likert-type scale. A sample of 200 undergraduates at Memphis State University was drawn from upper division sociology courses. Four unique arrangements of the Comrey and Newmeyer Radicalism-Conservatism scale (both forms A and B) were administered randomly with four and five response alternatives. A comparison of each S's composite score on form A with his composite score on form B for the entire sample showed no significant difference, thus confirming the null hypothesis. However, when dependent comparisons were made, taking into consideration the different scale arrangements and the number of response alternatives, significant differences emerged. These findings were contradicted by the independent comparisons which were made by holding form and position of scale administration constant. These polarized findings raise questions concerning the issue of awareness and sensit...
71 citations
TL;DR: Of the six traits measured by the CCTI, genetic factors were implicated in the etiology of five (sociability, emotionality, activity, attention span-persistence, and soothability).
Abstract: Temperament was assessed in 182 young children (91 pairs of twins, average age of 3.6 years) with use of the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). The CCTI represents a merger of dimensions suggested by two approaches to the study of the development of temperament: the New York Longitudinal Study and Buss and Plomin's temperament theory. Of the six traits measured by the CCTI, genetic factors were implicated in the etiology of five (sociability, emotionality, activity, attention span-persistence, and soothability). One trait, reaction to food, showed no genetic influence and indicated strong between-family environmental effects. A negative correlation between emotionality and soothability may also have a genetic basis. These results suggest that the development of certain personality traits--those that we include as temperament--are substantially influenced by heredity.
70 citations
TL;DR: Physically attractive persons, in comparison to their lesser attractive peers, were more likely to have internalized socially desirable personality characteristics and show resistance to peer pressure influences.
Abstract: Following a hypo-deductive theoretical rationale, the relationship between physical attributes, personality development, and susceptibility to peer pressure was assessed. Male and female college students (N = 181) responded to several personality measures previously reported as characteristics attributed to physical attractiveness and a new measure designed to assess peer pressure influences (Dilemmas Test for College Students). Peer-ratings and self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, body form, and general appearance were gathered. Physically attractive persons, in comparison to their lesser attractive peers, were more likely to have internalized socially desirable personality characteristics and show resistance to peer pressure influences. Further, some evidence suggested that attractiveness was related to the internalization of cognitive-social characteristics for males and cognitive-evaluative characteristics for females.
67 citations
TL;DR: MMPI Form R answer sheets of 222 successive black and white male inpatients referred for psychological testing in a VA general medical and surgical hospital were scored on the MacAndrew Alcoholism and the Cavior Heroin Addiction Scales.
Abstract: MMPI Form R answer sheets of 222 successive black and white male inpatients referred for psychological testing in a VA general medical and surgical hospital were scored on the MacAndrew Alcoholism and the Cavior Heroin Addiction Scales. The MacAndrew Scale with 74% accuracy provided a practical screening device for identifying alcoholics. It did not significantly differentiate patients with a history of drug abuse from patients with a history of alcoholism. The Cavior He Scale was not so valid a screening device for identifying drug addicted patients in our total population. Each scale in a special way seems to be measuring a "general addictive propensity."
60 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that an area specific model of self- Concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model, and that, as a group, students frequently have rather inaccurate academic self-concepts.
Abstract: Summary This study examined the correlations between academic achievement and factor specific, as well as global, measures of self-concept for 314 fourth and sixth grade boys and girls divided into grade level groups with and without Spanish surnames. The Primary Self-Concept Inventory was used to measure self-concept on six scales: physical size, emotional state, peer acceptance, helpfulness, success, and student-self. A global self-concept score was derived by totaling the scores on the six scales. Achievement was measured as total score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. The two specific measures of self-concept that were most reflective of school performance, success and student-self, tended to show low positive correlations with achievement. The remaining specific measures, as well as the global measure, tended to show no relationship to achievement. These results suggest that an area specific model of self-concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model. Further, the low corr...
42 citations
TL;DR: Findings lend support to the notion that using two divergent measures of religiosity does result in the formation of different profiles of the "religious" individual.
Abstract: The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy were administered to 120 male and female students in introductory psychology. Measures of anxiety, self-esteem, authoritarianism, and humanitarianism were also administered to the Ss in an effort to determine whether the two measures of religiosity would yield different personality and attitude profiles of the "religious" individual. A significant positive correlation was found between authoritarianism and the Thouless Test and between humanitarianism and the Study of Values religious measure. All other correlations involving the two measures of religiosity were found to be nonsignificant. These findings lend support to the notion that using two divergent measures of religiosity does result in the formation of different profiles of the "religious" individual.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a revised paternal attitude research instrument (Father's PARI Q4) and the Marlowe-Crowne (MC) social desirability scale was used to measure the attitude of male college students.
Abstract: Summary Male college students (N # 387) completed a revised paternal attitude research instrument (Father's PARI Q4) and the Marlowe-Crowne (MC) social desirability scale A week later the same Ss were retested on the PARI Q4, this time with the Edwards social desirability scale The effects of acquiescence and opposition response bias sets were not significant on the Q4 scales; only the extreme set showed some significant effects Two major factors obtained through factor analysis were Paternal Dominance (F1) and Male Autonomy (F2) Factor scores showed some significant correlations with the response sets The test-retest reliabilities of Q4 scales were sufficiently high Neither the MC nor the Edwards scale significantly correlated with the Q4 scales
39 citations
TL;DR: Within a sample of 99 elderly white patients in two nursing homes, E used the Comfort when Touched Inventory to measure Ss' perception of comfort-discomfort from affective touching by white nurses, and investigated the relationship of inconsistencies in perception to sex, age, and care classification.
Abstract: Summary Within a sample of 99 elderly white patients in two nursing homes, E used the Comfort when Touched Inventory to measure Ss' perception of comfort-discomfort from affective touching by white nurses, and investigated the relationship of inconsistencies in perception to sex, age, and care classification. Results from alpha factor analysis with varimax rotation suggested that S would most likely perceive discomfort if an older male nurse affectively touched S; if a male nurse touched or held S's hand; or if a nurse, male or female, placed his/her arm around S's shoulders. Results from correlation procedures suggested that inconsistencies in perception were related only to sex; female Ss more than male Ss were likely to perceive discomfort from affective touching by nurses, especially if the nurse was a male.
39 citations
TL;DR: Firstborns, especially only children, were found significantly more frequently than in a sample of creative writers studied by Bliss, and increased frequency of firstborns was also suggested in a study of musical performers by Raychaudhuri.
Abstract: Summary Biographies of classical music composers were examined for family constellation information. Usable data were found for 80 composers. Firstborns, especially only children, were found significantly more frequently than in a sample of creative writers studied by Bliss. Increased frequency of firstborns was also suggested in a study of musical performers by Raychaudhuri. Classical music composition was seen as an ability more similar to usual academic pursuits than creative writing.
TL;DR: The visual angles between the perceived and physical locus of the target were increased as a function of retinal eccentricity due to refraction.
Abstract: Summary A target of 44 min of arc with luminance of 1.03 log cd/m2 of 50 msec duration was presented to the loci along each of nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior half retinal meridians covering the eccentricity between 10° and 50° in steps of 10° units. Two graduate students, serving as Ss, were instructed to point out the perceived locus where the target had appeared. The visual angles between the perceived and physical locus of the target were increased as a function of retinal eccentricity due to refraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was hypothesized that signature size is correlated positively with dominance, and scores on the dominance scale of the Personality Research Form and signatures from 245 male and female college students were obtained.
Abstract: Summary It was hypothesized that signature size is correlated positively with dominance. To test this hypothesis, scores on the dominance scale of the Personality Research Form and signatures from 245 male and female college students were obtained. Signature area in millimeters squared correlated .45 (p < .001) for the females and .07 (ns) for the males.
TL;DR: Comparison of performance between groups and within groups (e.g., males in elementary education) scored higher than the expected sex on a majority of the variables, and sex differences were observed within each of the courses.
Abstract: Summary This study investigated two questions: (a) Do individuals with distinct career orientations have different spatial reasoning abilities? (b) Is there a sex difference in the spatial reasoning abilities of people with a similar career orientation? A spatial visualization test was administered to university students enrolled in four different types of mathematics courses: calculus (n = 37), business statistics (n = 72), remedial mathematics (n = 58), and mathematics for elementary school teachers (n = 56). The examination covered four forms of spatial visualization. Comparisons of performance between groups and within groups (male vs. female) were made. The unexpected sex enrolled in the course (e.g., males in elementary education) scored higher than the expected sex on a majority of the variables. Sex differences were observed within each of the courses. On three of the four variables students in the calculus courses scored higher than students in the other courses.
TL;DR: This article showed that a female victim was more likely to receive help when associated with a high status car than when she was associated with low status one, due mainly to the responses of male rather than female Ss.
Abstract: Summary The results of studies of the effects of status on helping have varied when automobiles have been used to denote status. The present study (N = 60 men and women passersby) showed that a female victim was more likely to receive help when she was associated with a high status car than when she was associated with a low status one. This finding was due mainly to the responses of male rather than female Ss.
TL;DR: An investigation of the risky shift phenomenon revealed that an understanding of probability did not vitiate the shift toward greater risk, and age was shown to be functionally related to risk taking, the teen years showing greater proclivity for risk than later years.
Abstract: Summary Male and female college (n = 22) and high school (n = 18) students were presented information concerning probability and were also measured on the personality variables of independence of judgment, response set, Machiavellianism, and open-mindedness. An investigation of the risky shift phenomenon revealed that an understanding of probability did not vitiate the shift toward greater risk. Age was shown to be functionally related to risk taking, the teen years showing greater proclivity for risk than later years. Independence of judgment emerged as a powerful predictor of initial risk; Machiavellianism bore no relationship to risk taking. Both of these findings concerning personality variables were at odds with earlier work. An interpretation of contextual interaction was advanced as a possible explanation.
TL;DR: The Measure of Interpersonal Power (MIP) as mentioned in this paper is a perceptual measure of the power of another individual in dyadic relationships, containing 34 Likert-type scales, and was administered to 306 students at the University of Nebraska, who were instructed to assess the power in one of four communication contexts: acquaintance, friend, co-worker, family.
Abstract: Summary This paper reports recent efforts to develop a perceptual measure of the power of another individual in dyadic relationships. The Measure of Interpersonal Power (MIP), containing 34 Likert-type scales, was administered to 306 students at the University of Nebraska, who were instructed to assess the power of an individual in one of four communication contexts: acquaintance, friend, co-worker, family. A series of factor analyses yielded three stable factors---Positive Personal Power, Negative Personal Power, and Reward Power---accounting for 71 percent of the total variance. When a one factor solution was forced, the Positive and Negative Personal Power factors collapsed, as expected, with a reliability of .90 on the factor. The hypothesis that perceptions of interpersonal power would vary across communication contexts was supported.
TL;DR: It was suggested that a theoretically defensible selection of both personality variables and a risk assessment model may lead to greater personality-risk predictability.
Abstract: Summary One hundred seventy-eight male and female undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and indicated their risk preference assessed under the assumptions of Coombs' portfolio theory. Extraverts preferred higher risk significantly more than did introverts, and also showed significantly greater risk preference change as expected value increased. It was suggested that a theoretically defensible selection of both personality variables and a risk assessment model may lead to greater personality-risk predictability.
TL;DR: In a 3 x 2 between Ss design employing 54 male college students, one group of Ss was given neutral feedback by a confederate, and another group was insulted by a C, and it was speculated that anger might serve as a disinhibitor of responses suppressed by fear.
Abstract: In a 3 × 2 between S s design employing 54 male college students, one group of S s was given neutral feedback (neutral condition) by a confederate (C), and another group was insulted by a C (anger condition). Both of these groups were given an immediate opportunity to aggress against a second C. A third group was insulted by one C and given the opportunity to aggress against that same C one day later (revenge condition). S s were also told that the target either would or would not have the opportunity to retaliate (fear and no fear conditions). Fear significantly depressed aggression only in the revenge condition, and the revenge condition was the only feedback condition in which the level of aggressiveness was above that of the neutral condition (p < .05). It was speculated that anger might serve as a disinhibitor of responses suppressed by fear.
TL;DR: The validity of the College Self-Expression Scale (CSES), a commonly used measure of assertion, was investigated by relating performance on this scale to two overt behavioral criteria in 81 undergraduate students as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The validity of the College Self-Expression Scale (CSES), a commonly used measure of assertion, was investigated by relating performance on this scale to two overt behavioral criteria in 81 undergraduate students. Four groups were formed on the basis of S's sex and the sex of a confederate (C) acting as another S. Assertion in one of the situations was defined as truthful insistence on S's part that he had arrived for the experiment prior to the other person. In the other situation, assertion required S s to report the other's cheating behavior when it occurred. S s who asserted themselves on the first measure scored significantly (p < .02) higher on the CSES than those who did not. Female students were significantly more assertive (p < .05) on the CSES than males. In the criterion situation each sex was significantly more assertive toward members of the same than the opposite sex. The study supported the validity of the CSES and offers evidence of important sex interaction effects.
TL;DR: In this paper, 15 male and female undergraduate judges rated 15 historical and political figures from selected biographies, using a survey instrument originally developed to investigate currently active leader behavior, and six clusters were identified: I. Autocratic-Submissive; II. Trustworthy Subordinate; III. Clear Orderly Relationships; IV. Structured and Sensitive to External Influences; V. Satisfying Differential Power; VI. Equalitarian, Analytic, and Constrained.
Abstract: Summary Fifteen male and female undergraduate judges rated 15 historical and political figures from selected biographies, using a survey instrument originally developed to investigate currently active leader behavior. The instrument's rating scales were previously shown to possess adequate internal consistency reliability; the present study showed that their application to the rating of biographies resulted in good interrater profile agreement. Further confirmation came from a factor analysis of the judges' ratings. Six clusters were identified: I. Autocratic-Submissive; II. Trustworthy Subordinates; III. Clear Orderly Relationships; IV. Structured and Sensitive to External Influences; V. Satisfying Differential Power; VI. Equalitarian, Analytic, and Constrained. The method was judged suitable for further quantitative analysis of any desired segment of history for further understanding of the persons, situations, and behaviors displayed.
TL;DR: Questionnaire data from 595 male and female college students were used to test four hypotheses regarding interpersonal sources of anxiety, and suggested that level of self-esteem and absolute discrepancies between subjective public- esteem and self- esteem are important and relatively independent factors in anxiety.
Abstract: Questionnaire data from 595 male and female college students were used to test four hypotheses regarding interpersonal sources of anxiety--i.e., that high anxiety occurs as a function of (a) low subjective public-esteem (perceived negative appraisals of self by others); (b) low self-esteem; (c) discrepancies where subjective public-esteem is more negative than self-esteem; and (d) absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem, regardless of evaluative direction. The results suggested that level of self-esteem and absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem are important and relatively independent factors in anxiety.
TL;DR: In this paper, 28 male and female seventh grade students were administered three formal operations tasks in individual interviews (chemical combinations, bending rods, balance beam). Objective notes on task performances were made during the interviews and later categorized into Piagetian concrete and formal levels of intellectual development by two independent raters.
Abstract: Summary Twenty-eight male and female seventh grade students who ranged widely in mathematical ability were administered three formal operations tasks in individual interviews (chemical combinations, bending rods, balance beam). Objective notes on task performances were made during the interviews and later categorized into Piagetian concrete and formal levels of intellectual development by two independent raters. Responses on each task ranged from early concrete to fully formal operational. Correlation coefficients among performance on tasks ranged from .60 to .70. The tasks were found to have a very high degree of internal homogeneity (HR = .66). A principal components analysis yielded one factor which accounted for 76.6% of the variance. These results support the hypothesis that these tasks require use of the same or a unified set of cognitive parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the problems involved in the manner in which the construct of dominance has traditionally been assessed for human S s. They argue that previous studies which have relied on a single paper-and-pencil measure as the sole means of dominance assessment are open to question because of the problematical response characteristics of most frequently administered scales.
Abstract: Summary The following essay briefly outlines some problems involved in the manner in which the construct of dominance has traditionally been assessed for human S s. It is argued that previous studies which have relied on a single paper-and-pencil measure as the sole means of dominance assessment are open to question because of the problematical response characteristics of the most frequently administered scales. In the study described below, 62 male undergraduates were administered the Bernreuter Personality Inventory, the Gough 60 Point Dominance Scale, and the California Psychological Inventory, and then they participated in an experimental procedure designed to assess their relative dominance as manifested in eye contact behaviors. The results indicate that hypothesis-testing outcomes across previous studies may be differentially dependent upon the particular measure of dominance which was used. It is recommended that future researchers attempt to map multiple verbal methods of dominance assessment aga...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated Erikson's concept of ego identity as an indicator of intrapersonal and interpersonal psychological adjustment and found that those high in ego identity were rated as significantly higher on the measures of interpersonal adjustment than those low.
Abstract: Summary Forty-eight male and female college students participated in a study designed to evaluate further Erikson's concept of ego identity as an indicator of intrapersonal and interpersonal psychological adjustment. S's identity status was established with Marcia's rating system. Intrapersonal adjustment was defined by Genthner's Personal Responsibility scale, and interpersonal adjustment was defined by Carkhuff's levels of facilitation. Results indicated that Ss high in ego identity were rated as significantly higher on the measures of intrapersonal (p < .01) and interpersonal (p < .008) adjustment than Ss low in ego identity.
TL;DR: In this article, a group of 108 boys, aged 54-207 months, were estimated by subtracting each S's simple reaction time (RT) from his choice RT obtained in a task involving two alternative stimuli.
Abstract: Summary Speed of information processing was estimated in a group of 108 boys, aged 54–207 months, by subtracting each S's simple reaction time (RT) from his choice RT obtained in a task involving two alternative stimuli. The resulting quantity, namely the decision time (DT), was found to be related to age according to a reciprocal power-law function. The correlation coefficient between log DT and log age, which was equal to - .69, was highly significant (p < < .001). On the basis of the regression equation derived from these data, 5-year-olds took nearly three times longer than 17-year-olds to process one bit of information.
TL;DR: The relationship between lateral eye movements and selected individual characteristics was examined in a group of 81 right-handed adult males, finding that even the most consistent "left movers" and "right mo Moves" did not differ in the manner suggested by a model of eye-movement asymmetry based upon individual differences in cerebral function.
Abstract: Summary The relationship between lateral eye movements and selected individual characteristics was examined in a group of 81 right-handed adult males. Ss answered 20 verbal and 20 visuospatial questions in one of three experimental conditions while their eye movements were being recorded electrically. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict the proportion of eye movements to the right on the basis of spatial and verbal test scores, questionnaire responses concerning imagery and verbal processes, a self-report measure of values and interests, and choice of academic major. No significant relationships were found. Even the most consistent “left movers” and “right movers” did not differ in the manner suggested by a model of eye-movement asymmetry based upon individual differences in cerebral function.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of a study into the components of stress in organizations, including work load, organization structure and design, management responsibility, and communication and interpersonal interaction.
Abstract: This article reports the results of a study into the components of stress in organizations. For a sample of 113 Canadian, all male, upper-middle managers, the data were analyzed by item comparisons, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. Work Load was found to be a frequent source of stress for many managers. Factor analysis resulted in stress factors labelled Work Load, Organization Structure and Design, Management Responsibility, and Communication and Interpersonal Interaction. Cluster analysis yielded five groups of individuals with different stress frequency patterns. These groups were labelled Organization Centered, Achievement Centered, Ambiguity Centered, Equalization Centered, and Self-Actualization Centered. The study also revealed that, in this sample, managerial perceptions of stress were not significantly related to age, level of education, or type of industry.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared learning disabled children and normal achievers on measures of moral judgment and concluded that no group differences indicated no significant differences in behavior problems associated with the learning disabled.
Abstract: Summary In view of the link between learning disabilities and delinquency, the present study compared learning disabled children and normal achievers on measures of moral judgment. A group of 56 learning disabled and normal achieving 8- and 9-year-old boys were approximately equated on the variables of age, IQ, and socioeconomic status. Each child was then individually tested on six moral judgment stories. Results indicated no group differences. These findings are discussed in terms of behavior problems associated with the learning disabled.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed the Guttman scale to test the order of needs suggested by Maslow and provided the expected hierarchy with.94 coefficient of reproducibility.
Abstract: Summary This study employed the Guttman scale to test the order of needs suggested by Maslow. The job context was defined as the universe, and 10 items of this universe were categorized into five needs. Managers and professionals (N = 101) employed in an industrial organization in Israel responded to a Porter type questionnaire (NSQ). The responses were re-coded and dichotomized. A Guttman scale consisting of five needs according to Maslow's theory was obtained. The scale provided the expected hierarchy with .94 coefficient of reproducibility. The test of Maslow's theory by the Guttman scale provided that the needs are scalable, regarding the universe of the job context. The scale is offered as evidence that some kind of hierarchy exists. It is, however, concerned with only one aspect of the theory, the order, and with only one of the regions that the theory attempts to explain.