Showing papers in "The Open Biotechnology Journal in 2015"

Phytoremediation and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation in Soil and Treatment Wetlands: A Review

Abstract: Phytoremediation is a technology that is based on the combined action of plants and their associated microbial communities to degrade, remove, transform, or immobilize toxic compounds located in soils, sediments, and more recently in polluted ground water and wastewater in treatment wetlands. Phytoremediation could be used to treat different types of contaminants including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals and radionuclides in soil and water. The advantages of phytoremediation compared to conventional techniques are lower cost, low disruptiveness to the environment, public acceptance, and potentiality to remediate various pollutants. The use of plants in conjunction with plant associated bacteria (rhizosphere or endophytic) offers greater potential for bioremediation of organic compounds, and in some cases inorganic pollutants than using plants alone in bioremediation. The implementation of treatment wetlands for phytoremediation of wastewater or polluted water originating from various sources allows removing organic and inorganic pollutants from water in an environmentally friendly and economically feasible way. Presently, different processes of phytoremediation in treatment wetlands are less studied compared to phytoremediation of polluted soils. Further research is needed to advance the understanding of the pollutant removal mechanisms in treatment wetlands with vegetation, and how based on this information to improve treatment wetland design and operational parameters to achieve more efficient treatment processes. This review covers basic processes of phytoremediation with special emphasis on rhizoremediation and plant-microbe interactions in plant-assisted biodegradation in soil and treatment wetlands.

Alternating Magnetic Field Prior to Cutting Reduces Wound Responsesand Maintains Fruit Quality of Cut cucumis melo L. cv Hetao

Abstract: The quality of fruit targeted for human consumption is affected greatly by the methods used in processing. The objective of this study was to assess a method of treating cantaloupe melons to reduce the wound responses incurred by cutting while maintaining fruit quality. After being treated with an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at the strength of 2mT for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 min, Cucumis melo fruits were cut longitudinally into five pieces and stored at 5°C until analysis. The rates of decomposition, electrolyte leakage and respiration, were determined along with fruit firmness, soluble solids and titratable acids. Cutting the melons damaged the quality of fruits, as indicated by lower firmness soluble solids, higher electrolyte leakage, decomposition, respiration and titratable acids in cut slices compared to intact melons. Treatment with AMF before cutting influenced all parameters above, compared to untreated samples, and treatment with 2mT for 15 min resulted in reduced respiration rates, lower electrolyte leakage, delayed softening and decomposition, and reduced flows of soluble solids and titratable acid. Therefore, application of AMF treatment prior to cutting is beneficial for reducing wound responses and maintaining quality and flavor of cut Cucumis melo L. cv, which could provide a useful means to increase the market share of this popular fruit crop species.

Quantification of Lovastatin Produced by Monascus purpureus

Abstract: Development of a novel method for the quantification of lovastatin is an interesting problem in the analytical field. In the literature, many reports use spectrophotometric method for the quantification of lovastatin. However, the analysis of fermentation broth containing lovastatin appears to be inaccurate using spectrophotometric method. Hence, the estimation of lovastatin produced by Monascus purpureus and pure lovastatin was attempted by UV-visible spectrophotometer as well as HPLC. It was observed that the analogues and/or intermediates of lovastatin synthesized in the fermentation broth and the products of fermentation caused superimposition effect on the absorption spectrum. Phosphate is a medium constituent for the production of lovastatin by the organism which contributed significantly to the superimposition of absorption spectrum. On the other hand, HPLC analysis consistently gave reliable results for the estimation of lovastatin under all the experimental conditions studied.

Factors Governing Degradation of Phenol in Pharmaceutical Wastewater by White-rot Fungi: A Batch Study

Abstract: Phenol is a major contaminant in the industrial water effluent, including pharmaceutical wastewaters. Although several physic-chemical methods for removal of phenol exist, they are of high cost, low efficiency, and generate toxic by- products. Thus, there is a need to develop technologies for biological removal of phenol from wastewater. In this study, the degradation of phenol in pharmaceutical wastewater by monoculture of white-rot fungi was studied. The degradation rate of total phenol in batch flasks by four fungal monocultures of Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Irpex lacteus in synthetic medium was compared. The results showed that white-rot fungus T.Versicolor was the most effective of the species. Further selection tests of optimal conditions of biomass concentration, pH and temperature were done, indicating that optimal conditions of degradation are at pH 5-6, temperature 25 o C, and biomass inoculum 10% (v/v). Under optimal conditions, total phenol was reduced by 93%, concentration of total phenol decreasing from 420±12 mg/l to 29±1 mg/l in seven days, with T.Versicolor specie. This study suggested that biological treatment with fungi may effectively be used as a pre-treatment stage for removal of phenol before polishing wastewater with conventional biological methods.

Microbial, Urease Activities and Organic Matter Responses to Nitrogen Rate in Cultivated Soil

Abstract: Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important field management, this paper was to investigate the responses of microbial activity measured by microcalorimetric technique, urease activity and organic matter to proper nitrogen (N) fertilizer in cultivated system in the North China Plain. The microcalorimetry results showed that microorganisms under proper N fertilizer rate got the efficient metabolism. The maximum heat production (Pmax) of microcalorimetry parameter implied that increasing the N fertilizer rate, Pmax did not increase always but firstly increased than decreased. In addition, from soil urease activity and organic matter studies, high soil urease activity due to both N fertilizer rate and growth stage and these had light influence on soil organic matter. These results suggest that only proper amount of N fertilizer rate and suitable topdressing for a good wheat-growing environment.

In Vitro Assessment for Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus Helveticus and its Natural Glycopeptides Against Mastitis Causing Pathogens in Dairy Cat

Abstract: Probiotic lactic acid bacteria have a great potential to control bovine mastitis as well as they are favourable choice to treat many infectious diseases of human These bacteria are well known as having many properties which make them beneficial to control pathogenic microorganisms These include, the ability to adhere to cell, the reduction of pathogenic bacteria adherents, the co-aggregation, the production of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocin and etc, to be safe and non-pathogenic, which antagonize pathogenic microorganisms However, each strain must be well identified and characterized in vitro before using for disease treatment The aim of the present study was to screen three kind of test suspensions: TS1, TS2 and TS3, which contains probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus helveticus or its natural glycopeptides, and other natural immunomodulators, in order to investigate which content were the most effective in inhibiting several mastitis causing bacteria in dairy cattle: coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase- negative staphylococci S haemolyticus, S saprophyticus, S simulans, S vitulinus, and Gram-negative bacteria Citrobacter freundii and Serratia liquefaciens Test suspensions TS1, TS2 and TS3 were adjusted by pH 63, then tested in vitro by well diffusion assay to determine their antimicrobial effect against bacteria Furthermore haemolytic activity of applied test suspensions were determined In results TS1 (9-13 mm) and TS2 (10-15 mm) showed the inhibition effect on four of eight tested bacterial strains, whereas TS3 did not displayed any antimicrobial effect TS2 have a greatest antimicrobial activity as they resulted in the largest inhibition zones

Solid Phase Syntheses of Ferulic Acid Derivatives Acetyl Feruloyl Tyrosine and Acetyl Feruloyl Valyl Tyrosine

Abstract: Ferulic acid was used as a common drug for cardia-cerebrovascular disease and leukopenia, but the application of ferulic acid was inhibited by the poor absorption and stability. The improvement of these defects can be realized by modifying ferulic acid by amino acids, because the amido bond can increase the bioavailability and therapeutic effect of some drugs based on the peptide transporter system of mammalian which can transport the peptidyl drugs. The peptidyl derivatives of ferulic acid, namely acetyl feruloyl tyrosine and acetyl feruloyl valyl tyrosine, were synthesized using Fmoc solid-phase synthesis method. The synthesized ferulic acid amide derivatives were purified by RP-HPLC, and characterized by IR, 1 HNMR and ESI-MS. The results indicated that Fmoc solid phase synthesis was a convenient method for the amide bond modification of ferulic acid and the further property research on ferulic acid derivatives.

Correlation between Selenium and Heavy Metal Content in Camellia oleifera in Hainan, China

Abstract: Eighteen forests of Camellia oleifera in Hainan province, China were selected, to measure the contents of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pd) and arsenic (As) in soils, roots, leaves, and kernels, and analyze the correlation between the soil content and the corresponding content in the plant. It was found that the content of Se in soils ranged between 0.489 and 2.110 mg/kg, and higher than 1.0 mg/kg in 10 out of 18 forests. The average content of six heavy metals was low and fulfilled the requirements of soil environment for green-food production, except that the contents of Cr, Pb, and Cd exceeded standards in few regions. The content of Se in Camellia oleifera was relatively low. Only five regions showed detectable levels of Se in kernels, with the highest in Fuwen Town of Dingan county of 0.085 mg/kg. The contents of Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in roots of Camellia oleifera were higher than in leaves and kernels. The contents of Zn, Cr, and Pb were higher than that of Cd, As, and Hg. The As content in soil was significantly correlated with that in roots of Camellia oleifera. The soil Pd content was positively correlated with that in roots of Camellia oleifera. The Cr, Pd and Cd content in roots was positively correlated with that in leaves significantly. However, the Hg content in roots was positively correlated with that in kernels significantly. The Se content in roots of Camellia oleifera was negatively associated with that of the other six heavy metals, with a significant negative correlation between Se and As.

The Influence of Fermentation on the Content of Alkylresorcinols and Lignans in Plant Products

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) with bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus sakei and Pediococcus pentosaceus) on the content of alkylresorcinols (ARs) and lignans in plant products (barley bran, pea fiber, and lupine seeds). Lignans analysis was performed by HPLC-MS/MS, and alkylresorcinols content was evaluated by GC/MS. We found that with the experimentally tested LAB, under SSF conditions more organic acids were produced and in most cases a higher count of the LAB was found in SSF samples, compared to the SmF samples. The matairesinol content was increased by using fermentation (from 7.9 to 35.4 % in pea fiber, from 33.2 to 81.5 % in lupine seeds, and from 5.9 to 74.9 % in barley bran), and in most cases a higher content of matairesinol was found in the SSF samples. The content of secoisolariciresinol in the fermented samples was found to be higher, in comparison to the untreated samples. It was found that the total lignans content in the pea fiber had a strong correlation with the amylase activity (R=0.7908; P=0.0177). Our results suggested that the total ARs content in pea fiber, lupine seeds, and barley bran was 267 μg/g; 1757 μg/g, and 1488 μg/g, respectively, and by using the LAB fermentation, the ARs content was reduced by 40 to 73 %, by 10 to 77 %, and by 24 to 74 %, respectively. We conclude that by using the LAB fermentation, the concentration of lignans in plant products could be increased, but the ARs content could be reduced, and the proper conditions should be selected for the fermentation, in order to prevent possible losses of these biologically active compounds.

Screening and Characterization of a Mutant Fungal Aspartic Proteinase from Mucor pusillus

Abstract: In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to alter properties of Mucor pusillus rennet (MPR) in order to find a potential substitution of commercial chymosin. Mutant G186D/E13D screened from thousands of mutant showed a significant milk-clotting activity (MCA). Mutant G186D/E13D rennet was purified and characterized. The molecular weight was estimated to be 44 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The maximum enzyme activity was at a wide range of pH (5.0-7.0) and 60oC. The enzyme was inhibited by metal ions (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu + and Zn 2+ ), 1.10-Phenantrolin and pepstatin A. Further texture analysis of cheddar cheeses made by non-mutant rennet, mutant (G186D/E13D) rennet and commercial rennet suggested that the soluble nitrogen content and hardness of cheddar cheese made by chimeric mutant rennet was decreased without significantly change in flavor between these cheeses. The result implicated that, in some extent, the mutant rennet could decrease hydrolysis of protein during ripening of cheese, probably to be candidate for a useful milk coagulant.

New Test-system Based on the Evaluation of Yeast Cells Resistance to Dehydration-rehydration Stress

Abstract: A new test-system was developed for rapid evaluation of the cytoprotective potential of substances which can be included in cosmetics and health care compositions. It was evaluated by changes of the viability of yeast cells after dehydration/rehydration (D/R) treatment. To check the efficiency of proposed test system we studied the effects of water extracts of the natural peloid, which are used in balneotherapy procedures. It was revealed that the resistance to D/R of cells incubated in peloid water extracts (PWE) was significantly increased (by 30-38%) already after their short incubation in the solutions with low concentrations of the PWE. Meanwhile the membrane permeability was significantly decreased after incubation with PWE. The viability of yeast cells which were more sensitive to D/R stress was increased by PWE to larger extent than the viability of the cells that were initially more resistant to this stress. The positive effect PWE upon yeast cell viability after D/R treatment can be linked with the stabilisation of the cells' plasma membrane. The results obtained in this study indicate that this new test-system can be recommended as fast, simple and cost-efficient assay for the evaluation of various substances effects upon eukaryotic cells including also the ingredients for cosmetic products.

Microorganism Quantity and Enzyme Activities in Wheat Field Subjectedto Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate

Abstract: Field experiments are described involving nitrogen fertilizer in wheat field to research its effect on microbial quantity and enzyme activity. The results showed that 250 kg N hm -2 applied in wheat field (1) can increase bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes quantity by 39.9%, 56.7% and 70.5% compare to 0 kg N hm -2 . (2) Similarly, the activities of soil urease, catalase and FDA expressed 60.8%, 18.3% and 49.1% of the improvement variation compared to 0 kg N hm -2 , respectively. (3) Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Evenness index (E) reached the peak (H=0.37, E=0.33). Correlation analysis microbial quantity with enzyme activity indicated they were related to each other. These findings suggested that soil microbial quantity and enzyme activity were significantly influenced by nitrogen fertilizer and application of 250 kg N hm -2 in wheat field was the best.

Study of Intelligent Agricultural Cultivation Management Plan Model Basedon Geographic Information System

Abstract: Management plan model of agricultural planting information technology research and application of design system for agricultural production and digital has important theoretical and practical significance of agricultural planting The study concluded, extracted the relevant agricultural planting design theory and technology research based on the show, applying the system analysis principle and mathematical modeling technique, the construction and perfection of the cropping system, ecological regionalization, precision farming and productivity of quantitative analysis of the agricultural planting management knowledge model, by using the technology of software component, with GIS as spatial information management platform, the establishment of the digital system design based on GIS and model plant The system has reali- zed the design of cropping system of regional cropping information standardization management and different levels of for the realization of crop planting design, quantitative and digital laid the foundation

Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy for Investigation of Pink Water Remediation by Pine Bark

Abstract: In the process of demilitarization of explosives, army ammunition plants generate a waste stream known as pink water. The principal component of the wastewater is the nitro-aromatic compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Although the persistence of TNT when dissolved in surface water is very limited due to its susceptibility to photo- and biotransformation, discharge of pink water to the environment has been prohibited in Sweden, the U.S. and many other countries for decades because of the toxicity of the compound and its metabolites to various ecological receptors.The most frequently used method for treatment of pink water in Sweden today is adsorption on activated carbon, which as well as being costly, creates a sludge that must be incinerated off site.In many countries, the timber industry residue pine bark is discarded and has no high value application. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the potential of pine bark for the removal of TNT from contaminated water such as pink water. Several batch studies and a column experiment were conducted. Acetonitrile extraction of pine bark and 16S rRNA sequencing for analysis of the indigenous bacterial community of pine bark were used to investigate its performance in the treatment of pink water.The results show that pine bark has great potential as an adsorbent medium for TNT from contaminated pink water. Simultaneous use of biotransformation and adsorption methods was shown to be an improvement over adsorption alone for the removal of TNT from contaminated water bodies. Pine bark showed higher affinity towards the amino metabolites of TNT than for TNT itself. Molecular analysis of the indigenous microbial community of pine bark and chemical analysis of its acetonitrile extracts provided evidence for its ability to biotransform TNT and its metabolites. The efficiency of the transformation was enhanced by the addition of glucose and/or inoculum.Overall, this work demonstrates the versatility of this organic industrial residue with respect to pink water treatment. Not only does it have a high affinity towards TNT and its amino metabolites, but its native microbial community even in the absence of external inoculation can also be taken advantage of, opening new possibilities for remediation of pink water.

Response Surface Optimized Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of TotalFlavonoids from QingLi Cao and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities

Abstract: An ultrasound-assisted extraction technique was used to extract the total flavonoids from QingLi Cao. The optimal conditions were ethanol concentration 59.20%, liquid-to-solid ratio 31.15 mL/g, extraction time 57.42 min and extraction temperature 58.57°C, which were determined using response surface methodology. The antioxidant activities including reducing power, ABTS+, DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical were evaluated, suggested significant antioxidant activities.

On the Recognition, Measurement and Disclosure of Forest Biological Assets

Abstract: By analyzing the recognition, measurement and disclosure of forest biological assets, this paper aims to further enhance the recognition, measurement and disclosure levels of forest biological assets and also regulate the recognition, measurement and disclosure processes of forest biological assets. This paper both refers to the relevant provisions of the "Accounting Standards for Enterprises No. 5-Biological Assets" and uses cost measurement methods such as replacement cost method. The recognition, measurement and disclosure analysis of forest biological assets can help grasp the specific value of forest biological assets from another perspective. This will not only be able to improve the credibility of forestry enterprises, but also guarantee the reliability of forest biological assets.

Use of Alkali-activated Aluminosilicatematerialto Enhancebiogas Production from Acidic Whey

Abstract: The effect of the addition of novel alkali-activated material (AAM) granules to provide additional buffering capacity, pH stability and increased methane yields in batch scale anaerobic digestion was investigated.The experiments were carried out with 20%, 30% and 40% of acidic whey in 500 ml batch reactors by a single addition of AAM granules (diameter from 2 to 8 mm) at 37 ± 0.5 o C during 30 days. Presence of the AAM in the batch reactors allowedto maintain optimal pH, thus increasingthe yield and rate of methane formation from acid whey.

Analysis of the Ecological Sensitivity of Pengyang County Based on Key Factors

Abstract: Through selecting key factors such as gradient, exposure, erosive channel, soil erosion and vegetation coverage, the paper establishes the factor index system for the evaluation of the ecological system of Pengyang County, determines the weight of evaluation factors, makes analysis on key ecological factors, sets up the comprehensive sensitivity evaluation model of the ecological system, and obtains the ecological sensitivity grade, area, and spatial distribution of the study area through GIS spatial analysis function, factor superposition method, and analytic hierarchy process. The findings are as follows: the zone extremely sensitive to the ecology covers 82956.47 hm 2 , accounting for 32.98%. Landforms in the area usually include steep slopes with rich vegetation, and high ecological value, erosive channels, and zones affected by erosive channels, all of which are under the key protection; the zone moderately sensitive to the ecology cover 104613.69 hm 2 , accounting for 41.59%. Landforms in the area usually include forestlands of gentle relief and diversified plants. A good many factors should be taken into consideration in the development of the areas; the zone slightly sensitive to the ecology covers 63965.53 hm 2 , accounting for 25.43%. Landforms in the area are usually of low elevation and flat, mainly ordinary greenbelt with singular vegetation, sections with poor vegetation, and farmlands. The area is resistant to human disturbance and able to go through development and construction of the specific intensity. The lands can be developed for a variety of purposes, but attention should be paid to the development intensity.

The Growth Study of Perinereis aibuhitensis in Airlift Recirculating AquacultureSystem

Abstract: It was important to sustainable development of aquaculture industry used biological method and biotechnology to treat the waste of aquaculture. In this paper, an airlift recirculating aquaculture system was designed and polychaete worms was cultured in it. According to the different food level experiment, the growth of Perinereis aibuhitensis was tested in each system which marked M1,M2,M3,M4 and M5 throughout the percent of weight from 0,6%,12%,18% and 24%. The water parameters also were tested. The results showed that : In the M3 groups, production of P.aibuhitensis is the highest as 2.36 g/m 2 ,other groups was negative production. Feded on the residual feeds and feces of flounder fish,worms mean weight was increased,the maximum in M4 was 1.570g and maximal was 0.986g in M3 in the 40 days.The results could give a novel method to biological utilizated the waste of aquaculture.

Partial Characterization of an Acidic Protease from Rhizopus stoloniferRN-11

Abstract: This paper explored the characterization of an acidic protease purified from the broth of a 72 h cultivated Rhizopus stolonifer RN-11. The molecular weight of the purified acid protease was approximate to 70Kda according to the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The optimal temperature and pH for its catalytic activity were 2.5 and 50 ℃, respectively. The enzyme was quite stable at pH 2.0-4.0 with the optimum temperature range of 40-50℃. The acid protease was acti- vated by Na + 、K + 、Mn 2+ 、Cu 2+ 、Ca 2+ ,but inhibited by Zn 2+ 、Li 2+ 、Fe 2+ at 5 mmol/L concentration, and not affected by Mg 2+ . Based on our data, we propose that it might represent a new type of acidic protease produced by Rhizopus stolo- nifer RN-11.

Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Soybean Saponins from LowtemperatureSoybean Meal by MTEH

Abstract: The research aimed at developing an optimal procedure for the extraction of soybean saponins from low- temperature soybean meal with microwave treatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis (MTEH), and studied the antioxidant activity of soybean saponins. The result showed that the optimal parameters of microwave treatment, determined with the orthogonal array design methods, was the medium fire of microwave power, 1.5 min of microwave time, 80% of ethanol, 1:25 ratio of material to water; the optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis, determined with the response surface experiments, was 50 minutes of hydrolysis time, 51℃ of hydrolysis temperature, 1.5% dosage of cellulase, with which the optimal extraction ratio of the soybean saponins reached 0.916%. The saponins extracted from soybean meal had the ability of antioxidant activity and the effect of scavenging superoxide anion radicals (SAR) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).

High-Yield Laccase-Producing Strains Constructed by Protoplast FusionBetween Bacterium and Fungus

Abstract: The construction of high-yield laccase-producing fusant was achieved by inter-kingdom protoplast fusion between Pleurotus ostreatus and Escherichia coli. The optimized protoplasts formation and regeneration conditions demonstrated that with the presence of 1.5% cellulase +1.0% snailase and 0.6M mannitol at 30℃ for 3h. The fusants were screened by different characters between two parental strains and further identified by laccase activity. We obtain one of the genetically stable fusants, Strain F. The fusant F could produce the highest yield of laccase, about 22% higher than that of the parental strain. The results suggest protoplast fusion technique may be considered as a promising technique in environmental pollution control.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Drip Tape Layout for Irrigation of Sugarcane in Latosol

Abstract: A laboratory soil column experiment was first conducted to analyze water movement in latosol of sugarcane field under drip irrigation from single-point source at different emitter discharge rates. Next, a mathematical model of soil water movement under drip irrigation from single-point source was built using Hydrus-3D, which could accurately simulate the shape of the wetted soil volume and the distribution of volumetric water content in the experiment. Further, a Hydrus-3D model of soil water movement under drip irrigation from double-point source was built and then used to analyze the effects of critical parameters on irrigation uniformity. Results showed that emitter spacing affected irrigation uniformity greatly, but emitter discharge rate did not. According to the irrigation uniformity, project cost and operational management patterns, appropriate drip tape parameters for irrigation of sugarcane in latosol were determined: emitter discharge rate 1.38 L/h, emitter spacing 30 cm, and single-emitter irrigation volume 9.0 L.

The Growth and Plankton Changes of Intensive Ecological AquacultureModel of Pseudosciaena crocea

Abstract: The growth of Pseudosciaena crocea and changes of plankton was studied under intensive ecological aquacul- ture model that didn't change water. The result indicated that: the growth rate of Pseudosciaena crocea was significantly higher than that in cage culture (p<0.05), the essential amino acids, flavor amino acid and total amino acids of Pseudo- sciaena crocea were significantly higher than that in cage culture(p<0.05), the PUFA and DHA、EPA of Pseudosciaena crocea were also significantly higher than that in cage culture(p<0.05). Plankton biomass of aquaculture water increased with cultivation time. The diversity of phytoplankton was better in the early stage, the diversity index and evenness index decreased in the later stage, the diversity of phytoplankton was poor in the end of the experiment. The diversity of zoo- plankton was better, there was little change in the diversity index and evenness index of zooplankton, the zooplankton was in an equilibrium state.

The Synthesis and Applied Research of Modified Quaternary Ammonium Salt and Tea Saponin

Abstract: Tea saponin of functional ingredients extracted from camellia meal, is China's unique natural functional molecules. With silicone oil containing hydrogen and unsaturated polyether silicon hydrogenation reaction, and then esterification with tea saponin, and the tertiary amine hydrochloride reaction of tea saponin was modified organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt and its conversion rate reached 95%, 90% and 90%, respectively. Discussed the tea saponin in tea saponin modified silicone adjusting agent and quaternary ammonium salt content on the properties of shampoo, used in shampoo, optimum dosage of 0.1 to 0.4% (mass fraction). And tea saponin and quaternary ammonium salt content on the properties of shampoo, it turns out that when n (tea): n (quaternary ammonium salt) = 2.5 ~ 3.5:1, regulate the best performance of shampoo.

Application of Pretreatment, Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation for Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Maize Silage

Abstract: Bacteria produce hydrogen during anaerobic dark digestion of carbon rich natural resources including renewable cellulosic materials. The purpose of this work was to study the impact of maize silage pretreatment with Trichoderma fungi, bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula and/ or biostimulation with humic acids and an additional inorganic nitrogen source on the fermentative hydrogen production in laboratory batch assay. Experiments were carried out with and without Trichoderma asperellum pretreated silage. The selected bacterial inocula consisted of Clostridium, Enterobacter and Tissierella species, with or without Bacillus mycoides. Headspace gas composition, the amount of dry particulate matter, chemical oxygen demand and concentration of volatile fatty acids in liquid were determined. Bacterial communities were studied with fluorescence in situ hibridization. The predominant cultivable microbial species were isolated and identified. The study demonstrated a significant increase of hydrogen production from maize silage by indigenous bacteria after pretreatment with Trichoderma in comparison with silage untreated with Trichoderma. From tested factors, pretreatment, biostimulation with additional nutrients (ammonium nitrate and/ or humic acids) and bioaugmentation with defined bacterial inocula, pretreatment demonstrated significant improvement of hydrogen production from maize silage. Thereby, aerobic treatment with Trichoderma could be recommended for the pretreatment of silage for the purpose of fermentative production of hydrogen.

Free Triplet Conjecture and Equivalence Classes Derived Using Group Theory

Abstract: All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids and there are 4 kinds of nucleotides in the amino acids. Three consecutive nucleotides on the gene which are called triplet codon are used to code an amino acid, and 64 triplet codons compose genetic code table. Central dogma (DNA-RNA-protein) has been acknowledged, but the process and mechanism of mRNA passing through the nuclear membrane still requires further investigation. For these two problems above, we have proposed in this paper a conjecture of nucleotide free triplet of nucleotide and get 20 equivalence classes in the condition of mapping from free triplet vertex set to nucleotide set using group theory. It needs to be considered whether the four numbers 3, 4, 20 and 64 here have relevance inside. Then the numbers 3, 4, 20 and 64 are connected together. It is important for analysis of triplet code and protein composition.

Old-field Succession Sequence in Loess Area in Northern Shaanxi of China

Abstract: Hierarchical clustering method was applied for division of stages of old-field succession of loess area of Northern Shaanxi, and the similarity among different communities in abandoned field of different abandoned year and site condition can be learnt quantitatively, and stages or sequence of old-filed succession can be determined. The result revealed that the stages of old-field succession are: polydominant association of annual weed artemisia scoparia and other perennial herbage→Lespedeza davurica and perennial herbage association→artemisia vestita and perennial herbage association→tuft grass bothriochloa ischaemum and perennial herbage association→undershrub Buddleja alternifolia association. Among them, the appearance of shrub association (undershrub Buddleja alternifolia) contrasts results in former studies that it was impossible to form shrub association in loess area of Northern Shaanxi. Thus, this study is not only a complement of former studies, but also a new discovery and innovation.

Globale Stability in a Viral Infection Model with Beddington-DeAngelis Functional Response

Abstract: The stability of a mathematical model for viral infection with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response is considered in this paper. If the basic reproduction number

Characteristics of a Ceramic Carrier after Wastewater Treatment Process in the Model Column Cascade with Ethanol Addition

Abstract: Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater remains one of the serious environmental problems worldwide. The present study was aimed at combining the both nitrification and phosphorus accumulation processes in the laboratory-scale model system. Synthetic wastewaters (28 mg N-NH4 + L -1 ) were treated consequently in the cascade of three columns, which were designed for nitrification and phosphorus accumulation processes, respectively, and were packed with porous ceramic beads. Six treatment cycles of seven days in each column were performed. Addition of 3% ethanol to wastewater increased the efficiency of ammonium removal in the first column of the cascade during the 7 day period to 81.9 %, which was accompanied by a decrease of pH from 7.3 to 6.2. An increase of soluble phosphates was shown in Columns II and III of the cascade. Microbial enzyme activity, number of CFU and diversity of the microbial community differed among the three columns tested. The most active biofilm formation was detected in Column I. The thermal analysis of beads has revealed mass losses of 0.23% and 0.08%, due to decomposition of light volatile organic substances at 173 C and 481 C, respectively. In turn, the beads in Column II and III were not covered by thick biofilm, while blue crystals were found on the surface. Accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus on the beads was detected. Vegetation experiments have revealed some stimulation effect of the beads applied as an amendment to loamy sand soil, to the growth of rye and cress.