Showing papers in "Theoretical Informatics and Applications in 2015"

The Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead: Post-Emancipation Transitions of an African American Family in Central Texas Vol. 1

Abstract: In conjunction with the proposed construction of the southwest segment of State Highway 45 in southern Travis County, the Texas Department of Transportation sponsored archeological testing and data recovery efforts at the Ransom Williams farmstead. Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted an interdisciplinary community-based historic archeological study of the farmstead from 2005 through 2011. Extensive archival research reveals that the 45-acre farm was owned and occupied by Ransom Williams and his wife Sarah, both former slaves, from about 1871 to ca. 1905. The Williams family lived in the predominantly white rural community of Bear Creek, but they had connections to the nearby freedmen communities of Antioch Colony in northern Hays County and Manchaca in southern Travis County. The stories of the Ransom Williams family and their connections to these communities are enhanced by extensive oral history research, with over 46 hours of taped and transcribed interviews with 27 descendant community members. Data recovery investigations focused on a landscape archeological study to define the layout and design of the entire farmstead, including a stock pond and a network of dry-laid rock walls that facilitated water drainage, demarcated property boundaries, and formed livestock pens. Intensive hand excavations were used to examine features associated with the Williams house, outbuildings and activity areas, and a large trash midden. This work recovered more than 26,000 artifacts. They constitute an impressive material culture assemblage that is associated, with few exceptions, with the Williams family tenure on the land. The combined archival data, oral history interviews, and archeological evidence tell the fascinating story of how one African American farm family lived and thrived in central Texas during Reconstruction and into the Jim Crow era.

Data Recovery Investigations: Murvaul Creek Site (41PN175), Panola County, Texas

Abstract: This report summarizes the archeological findings of the 2011 data recovery investigations at the Murvaul Creek site, 41PN175, in far northeastern Texas in Panola County. The site is located along Farmto-Market Road (FM) 10 approximately 1 mile north of Gary, Texas (Figure 1). Geo-Marine, Inc. (GMI), performed this work under contract to the Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division (TxDOT ENV) under the Texas Antiquities Permit Number 5879 (Work Authorization [WA] 579 06 SA005; WA 590 08 SA005; CSJ:1222-01-014; Geo-Marine project numbers 22005.00.06 and 22005.00.09). The fieldwork for this project was conducted in advance of the planned widening of FM 10 that was to replace three bridges and a culvert over Murvaul Creek with a larger structure and shift the road approximately 26 meters (m; 85 feet [ft]) to the east. Since the planned improvements of FM 10 would result in the loss of information at the Murvaul Creek site—a site that was recommended eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and for designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL; formerly State Archeological Landmark)—the current data recovery investigations were initiated. The data recovery investigations were conducted between February 7, 2011, and April 3, 2011. During this period, the fieldwork was conducted in several stages: site clearing, geophysical survey, 50-x-50-centimeter (cm) excavations, block excavations, and mechanical site scraping. With the exception of the site clearing stage, the results of each of the fieldwork stages are reviewed individually in this report. The investigations resulted in the documentation of numerous features that appeared to have been the remains of a small Middle-to-Late Caddo settlement or farmstead situated on the edge of an interfluve south of the Murvaul Creek floodplain. Additionally, materials pertaining to the Archaic period were documented across the site. Although the site has been intensively studied within the TxDOT rightof-way (ROW), both the current investigations and previous work were limited to the ROW (cf. Cliff and Perttula 2002). Hence, the site is very likely larger than has been adequately documented.

Computing the 2-blocks of directed graphs

Abstract: Let G be a directed graph. A 2-directed block in G is a maximal vertex set C 2d ⊆ V with | C 2d | ≥ 2 such that for each pair of distinct vertices x , y ∈ C 2d , there exist two vertex-disjoint paths from x to y and two vertex-disjoint paths from y to x in G . In this paper we present two algorithms for computing the 2-directed blocks of G in O (min { m, (t sap + t sb )n } n ) time, where t sap is the number of the strong articulation points of G and t sb is the number of the strong bridges of G . Furthermore, we study two related concepts: the 2-strong blocks and the 2-edge blocks of G . We give two algorithms for computing the 2-strong blocks of G in O (min {m, t sap n } n ) time and we show that the 2-edge blocks of G can be computed in O (min { m, t sb n } n ) time. In this paper we also study some optimization problems related to the strong articulation points and the 2-blocks of a directed graph. Given a strongly connected graph G = (V,E ), we want to find a minimum strongly connected spanning subgraph G ∗ = (V, E ∗ ) of G such that the strong articulation points of G coincide with the strong articulation points of G ∗ . We show that there is a linear time 17 / 3 approximation algorithm for this NP-hard problem. We also consider the problem of finding a minimum strongly connected spanning subgraph with the same 2-blocks in a strongly connected graph G . We present approximation algorithms for three versions of this problem, depending on the type of 2-blocks.

The Sanders Site (41LR2): A Middle to Historic Caddo Settlement and Mound Center on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas

Abstract: Repository Citation Perttula, Timothy K.; Nelson, Bo; Walters, Mark; and Selden, Robert Z. Jr. (2015) \"The Sanders Site (41LR2): A Middle to Historic Caddo Settlement and Mound Center on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas,\" Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2015 , Article 65. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.65 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2015/iss1/65

Further results on generalized conditional entropies

Abstract: We further examine some properties of the conditional Renyi and Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat (THC) entropies. Such properties are interesting from the viewpoint of applications in studying protocols of quantum information science and foundations of quantum mechanics. In particular, we consider properties of the conditional Renyi and THC entropies with respect to conditioning on more. We also exemplify that the desired property can be violated with the conditional min-entropy. Applications of such results to the TCH entropy rate are considered. Connections between generalized conditional entropies and error probability are examined. Several relations between various conditional entropies are obtained. It is shown that such relations can be used for bounding the conditional Renyi and TCH entropies.

Archaeological Data Recovery at Fish Creek Slough Site (41DL436)

Abstract: ..............................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................xxiii sectIon I — bAckground ................................................................................................................. 1 chApter

Archaeological and Geological Test Excavations at Site 41HM61, Hamilton County, Texas

Abstract: ......................................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................................. xxiii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................................................................................xxvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING.............................................................................................................. 7 .................................................................................................................. 10 Environmental Background ............................................................................................................................ 7 Geologic Context of Site Setting Stratigraphic Geological Sequence............................................................................................................ 11 Soils of the Project Area............................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 3: CULTURAL SETTING OF THE LEON RIVER BASIN........................................................................... 15 Regional Archeological Setting as Seen From Fort Hood ............................................................................ 15 Fort Hood Temporal Intervals ................................................................................................................... 16 Fort Hood Temporal Intervals and Projectile Point Frequencies .............................................................. 20 Bison and the Fort Hood Database ............................................................................................................ 22 Aboriginal Ceramics at Fort Hood ............................................................................................................ 22 Central Texas Chronology Based on Revised Assessment of C Dates ...................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4: PREVIOUS RESEARCH NEAR SITE 41HM61 ................................................................................... 29 Sprague Site (41HM43) ................................................................................................................................ 29 Site 41HM51 ................................................................................................................................................. 31 Upper Sprague Site (41HM54) ..................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 5: PREVIOUS RESEARCH AT SITE 41HM61 ........................................................................................ 35 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Reserve Alluvium...................................................................................................................................... 37 Jackson Alluvium ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Georgetown Alluvium ............................................................................................................................... 41 Fort Hood Alluvium .................................................................................................................................. 41 West Range Alluvium ............................................................................................................................... 42 Ford Alluvium ........................................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of TxDOT Trenching.................................................................................................................... 51 NRHP Testing Plans ..................................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 6: MAPPING AND ADDITIONAL BACKHOE TRENCHING...................................................................... 53 Additional Backhoe Trenching ..................................................................................................................... 53 Test Excavations at 41HM61 South Section................................................................................................................................................. 54 North Section................................................................................................................................................. 73 Trenching Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 7: WITNESS COLUMNS ....................................................................................................................... 95 South Section................................................................................................................................................. 95 Witness Column 2...................................................................................................................................... 95 Witness Column 3.................................................................................................................................... 102 Witness Column 4.................................................................................................................................... 108 Witness Column 5.................................................................................................................................... 115 North Section............................................................................................................................................... 116 Witness Column 1.................................................................................................................................... 116 Witness Column 6.................................................................................................................................... 127 Summary of Witness Columns.................................................................................................................... 134 CHAPTER 8: BLOCK EXCAVATIONS ................................................................................................................. 137 South Section............................................................................................................................................... 137 Block 2..................................................................................................................................................... 137 Block 3..................................................................................................................................................... 141 Block 4..................................................................................................................................................... 145 Block 5..................................................................................................................................................... 153 North Section............................................................................................................................................... 158 Block 1..................................................................................................................................................... 158 Summary of Block Excavations .................................................................................................................. 177 CHAPTER 9: GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................... 18

Linear grammars with one-sided contexts and their automaton representation

Abstract: The paper considers a family of formal grammars that extends linear context-free grammars with an operator for referring to the left context of a substring being defined, as well as with a conjunction operation (as in linear conjunctive grammars). These grammars are proved to be computationally equivalent to an extension of one-way real-time cellular automata with an extra data channel. The main result is the undecidability of the emptiness problem for grammars restricted to a one-symbol alphabet, which is proved by simulating a Turing machine by a cellular automaton with feedback. The same construction proves the Σ0 2 -completeness of the finiteness problem for these grammars and automata.

Caddo Sites on Patroon, Palo Gaucho, and Housen Bayous in Sabine County in the Sabine River Basin of East Texas

Abstract: The 13 ancestral Caddo sites and collections discussed in this article were recorded by G. E. Arnold of The University of Texas at Austin between January and April 1940 as part of a WPA-funded archaeological survey of East Texas. The sites are located along the lower reaches of Patroon, Palo Gaucho, and Housen bayous in abine County, Texas igure 1 . These bayous are eastwardowing tributaries to the abine iver in the Toledo end eservoir area, but only 41 30 is located below the current Toledo end eservoir ood pool. This is an area where the temporal, spatial, and social character of the Caddo archaeological record is not well known, despite the archaeological investigations of Caddo sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir in the

Effigy Vessel Documentation, Caddo Collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin

Abstract: Cite this Record Perttula, Timothy K. and Selden, Robert Z. Jr. (2015) \"Effigy Vessel Documentation, Caddo Collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin,\" Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2015, Article 11. https://doi.org/ 10.21112/ita.2015.1.11 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2015/iss1/11

The Petrographic Analysis of Sherds from the Craig Mound at the Spiro site (34Lf40), the Moore #3/Ainsworth site (34Lf31), and the Geren site (34Lf36), LeFlore County, Oklahoma

Abstract: Nine spear points were reported from a farm in northwestern Atoka County, Oklahoma. This aggregate of points appeared to bean isolate as no other prehistoric material was found in the vicinity. The following study discusses the setting and nature of the specimens, stylistic attributes of the spear points and their age, technological and functional characteristics of the pieces, and whether these items represent caching behavior. Introduction In the fall of 2013, a family from northern Atoka County reported a cluster of spear points found near their home (Figure 1). A subsequent photograph provided by the family revealed that these were large, basally-notched spear points. On October 27th 2013, I visited the family and examined the location where the materials were collected. They were very gracious in permitting me to photograph and analyze the specimens. Figure 1. The location of the spear point aggregate in Atoka County.

Woodland and Caddo Period Sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir, Northwest Louisiana and East Texas

Abstract: Toledo Bend Reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States and the largest reservoir in the South. The lake is approximately 65 miles long and contains over 1200 miles of shoreline in both Louisiana and Texas. Construction began in 1964 with completion of the power plant, with the subsequent filling of the lake in 1969. Archaeological investigations at Toledo Bend Reservoir on the Sabine River and tributaries in both Louisiana and Texas took place primarily took during the 1960s, with survey and excavations, sometimes of a very limited nature by the University of Texas (UT) and Southern Methodist University (SMU). Girard has continued archaeological investigations along the Louisiana side of the reservoir, however, focusing particularly on work at the James Pace site. In this article we review the nature of the material culture assemblage of the Woodland and Caddo sites at Toledo Bend Reservoir based on the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL). This consists of ceramic and/or lithic artifacts from 76 different sites in Louisiana and Texas. We have also examined ceramic vessels from Woodland and Caddo burial features at several Toledo Bend Reservoir sites. Our purpose in re-examining the TARL collections from the Toledo Bend Reservoir is to better understand and characterize the material culture assemblages (primarily decorated ceramic sherds) from sites that date between ca. 2500 years B.P. and the late 17thearly 18th century A.D., particularly in light of questions concerning the cultural affiliation and cultural taxonomic relationships of the ancestral Caddo sites in this part of East Texas and western Louisiana.

Algorithm design and theoretical analysis of a novel CMM modular exponentiation algorithm for large integers

Abstract: Modular exponentiation is an important operation in public-key cryptography. The Common-Multiplicand-Multiplication (CMM) modular exponentiation is an efficient exponentiation algorithm. This paper presents a novel method for speeding up the CMM modular exponentiation algorithm based on a Modified Montgomery Modular Multiplication (M4) algorithm. The M4 algorithm uses a new multi bit scan-multi bit shift technique by employing a modified encoding algorithm. In the M4 algorithm, three operations (the zero chain multiplication, the required additions and the nonzero digit multiplication) are relaxed to a multi bit shift and one binary addition in only one clock cycle. Our computational complexity analysis shows that the average number of required multiplication steps (clock cycles) is considerably reduced in comparison with other CMM modular exponentiation algorithms.

Optimal strategy synthesis for request-response games

Abstract: We show the existence and effective computability of optimal (even finite-state) winning strategies for request-response games in case the quality of a play is measured by the limit superior of the mean accumulated waiting times between requests and their responses.

Excavations at the Early Caddo Period Mound Pond Site (41HS12) in Harrison County, Texas

Abstract: This publication summarizes major archaeological findings from the July 1977 excavations at the Mound Pond site (41HS12), in the Pineywoods of Harrison County, Texas. The site lies on the south, or right, bank of Big Cypress Creek in the upper reaches of Caddo Lake, approximately 4 km north of the village of Uncertain. The Mound Pond Site was recorded by Dr. E. Mott Davis (The University of Texas at Austin) in the 1950s, during the time that he was conducting investigations at nearby Lake O’ the Pines Reservoir. Early in 1977, Forrest Murphey, of Marshall, Texas, approached Glenn Goode about assisting in a test excavation of the large mound at the site. Mr. Murphey (now deceased) had been informed that the landowners intended to build a house on the site, and that the mound would be leveled to make a flat surface. Forrest was a knowledgeable avocational archaeologist of the region, having worked for several years with Dr. Clarence H. Webb and others at the Resch site on Potters Creek south of Marshall, Texas. In preparation for this undertaking, Goode conducted a file and library search at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL) at the University of Texas at Austin, and discussed with Dr. Dee Ann Story (director of TARL) the feasibility of attempting such an effort. It was agreed that given the circumstances of impending destruction, an attempt to learn as much as possible in the three weeks available should be made. With Murphey and Goode being the only individuals committed to the entire project, and with no money to hire a crew, they turned to both the avocational and professional communities for assistance. East Texas residents David C. (Dave) Brown of Texarkana Junior College, and Rodney Still, of Kilgore, devoted significant time and expertise to the project. Dave had considerable archaeological experience in East Texas, having worked on several projects for Southern Methodist University in the 1960s. In 1974, Rodney had worked with Goode and the Texas Highway Department at the Marshall Powder Mill excavations, and he was keenly interested in all aspects of Caddo and moundbuilder archaeology.

Eligibility Assessment of the Slippery Slope Site (41MS69) in TxDOT Right-of-Way in Mason County, Texas

Abstract: A private landowner reported archeolgical materials were looted along a steep road cut on the southwestern side of Farm to Market (FM) road 1871 along the Llano River south of Mason, Texas (CSJ: 1111-04-002). The landowner was concerned that looting had undermined massive oak trees enough that they might fall directly onto the roadway below. The looting was occurring within Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) right-of-way and east of the existing fence line. In June 2004, archeologists from the Planning, Permitting and Licensing Practice of TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) Austin office conducted a site specific recording, geoarcheological investigation, and archeological testing for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) eligibility assessment at prehistoric site 41MS69, the Slippery Slope site. This cultural resource investigation was conducted for the Environmental Affairs Division of TxDOT through multiple Scientific Services Contracts, Work Authorizations, and Supplemental Work Authorizations over the years and through Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3447, issued by the Texas Historical Commission to Principal Investigator, J. Michael Quigg.

Neighbor Isolated Tenacity of Graphs

Abstract: The tenacity of a graph is a measure of the vulnerability of a graph. In this paper we investigate a refinement that involves the neighbor isolated version of this parameter. The neighbor isolated tenacity of a noncomplete connected graph G is defined to be NIT(G) = min {|X |+ c(G/X) / i(G/X) , i(G/X) ≥ 1} where the minimum is taken over all X , the cut strategy of G , i (G /X )is the number of components which are isolated vertices of G /X and c (G /X ) is the maximum order of the components of G /X . Next, the relations between neighbor isolated tenacity and other parameters are determined and the neighbor isolated tenacity of some special graphs are obtained. Moreover, some results about the neighbor isolated tenacity of graphs obtained by graph operations are given.

One quantifier alternation in first-order logic with modular predicates

Abstract: © 2015 EDP Sciences. Adding modular predicates yields a generalization of first-order logic FO over words. The expressive power of FO[ < , MOD] with order comparison x < y and predicates for x ≡ i mod n has been investigated by Barrington et al. The study of FO[ < , MOD]-fragments was initiated by Chaubard et al. More recently, Dartois and Paperman showed that definability in the two-variable fragment FO 2 [ < , MOD] is decidable. In this paper we continue this line of work. We give an effective algebraic characterization of the word languages in Σ 2 [ < , MOD]. The fragment Σ 2 consists of first-order formulas in prenex normal form with two blocks of quantifiers starting with an existential block. In addition we show that Δ 2 [ < , MOD], the largest subclass of Σ 2 [ < , MOD] which is closed under negation, has the same expressive power as two-variable logic FO 2 [ < , MOD]. This generalizes the result FO 2 [ < ] = Δ 2 [ < ] of Therien and Wilke to modular predicates. As a byproduct, we obtain another decidable characterization of FO 2 [ < , MOD].

Diversity in Ancestral Caddo Vessel Forms in East Texas Archaeological Sites

Abstract: Ceramic vessels from ancestral Caddo sites in East Texas are diverse in form, size, manufacture, and decoration, both spatially and temporally. Variation in these attributes, including vessel form, also “is connected with particular local and regional traditions.\" In this study, I am concerned with defining the character and formal identification of Caddo vessel forms on sites in the region. To both appreciate and understand the meaning of vessel form diversity in Caddo vessel assemblages in East Texas— or any other part of the much larger southern Caddo area—the consistent identification of different vessel forms and vessel shapes is crucial. The formal identification of the diverse vessel forms and vessel shapes, in conjunction with other vessel attributes, most notably decorative motifs and elements, present in Caddo vessel assemblages should contribute to delimiting the existence and spatial distribution of communities of Caddo potters that were sharing or not sharing ceramic practices and traditions in both short-term and long-term spatial scales, and illuminating small or expansive networks of social groups tied together through regional interaction.

Archaeological Investigations within San Pedro Springs Park (41BX19), San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas

Abstract: The University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research (UTSA-CAR) contracted with Adams Environmental, Inc. to provide archaeological services to Capital Improvement Management (CIMS) of the City of San Antonio (COSA) related to the archaeological investigation of selected areas of San Pedro Springs Park in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The CAR conducted archaeological testing at this National Register Site, 41BX19, from early December 2013 to mid-January of 2014. The goals of archaeological investigations were to identify and investigate any proto-historic and historic archaeological deposits associated with Colonial Period occupants of the area, including evidence of the first acequia and associated dam, and the location of the first presidio and villa. In addition, CAR was tasked with the investigation of any prehistoric cultural deposits encountered. This project was performed by staff archaeologists from the CAR. It was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 6727, with Dr. Steve Tomka serving as Principal Investigator (PI), and Kristi Nichols and Stephen Smith serving as Project Archaeologists. Dr. Tomka departed from UTSA shortly after the completion of fieldwork. At that time, Dr. Raymond Mauldin of CAR assumed PI responsibilities for the project. One hundred and eleven shovel tests, eleven 1-x-1 m test units, two 50-x-50 cm units, two backhoe trenches, and several auger holes were excavated during this effort. Minimal artifactual evidence of colonial occupants was noted during the archaeological investigations. Several Native American bone tempered sherds that could reflect either Late Prehistoric Leon Plain or Goliad ware were recovered. However, no Spanish Majolicas or lead glazed wares were uncovered, and no gunflints were identified in the lithic assemblage. Due to various utility lines and other obstructions, backhoe trenches to search for the acequia and associated dam could not be excavated. It is likely that areas proposed for investigation of the acequia and associated dam have been disturbed by aforementioned utility lines as well as earlier construction within the park. No evidence of the specific location of the first presidio or villa was located. Shovel testing and test units revealed the presence of historic and prehistoric use of the park, though mixing of historic and prehistoric material, as well as other disturbances (e.g., rodents), was common in the deposits. However, there was an increase in prehistoric material with depth as revealed in shovel testing results. Shovel testing located Feature 1, a burned rock feature that possibly was associated with a sheet midden, as well as several areas with high densities of prehistoric materials. Test excavations, based on these shovel tests, suggest that Feature 1 is a discrete feature that lies below a widespread, low-density distribution of burned rock. Shovel testing also identified a high-density cluster of lithic, bone, and burned rock. The excavation of a 1-x-1 m test unit (TU 4) in this area produced over 4,000 pieces of debitage, with over 50% of this total coming from three levels. Burned rock, a variety of tools, faunal material, and charcoal were present throughout these levels. Temporal placement of deposits relied on artifact typologies (e.g., ceramic types, lithic projectile points, lithic tool types) as well as two charcoal and four bone collagen radiocarbon dates. Artifact typologies suggest occupation as early as the Early Archaic as reflected by a possible Guadalupe tool. A series of Late Archaic Points (Castroville, Frio, Marcos, and Montell) and Late Prehistoric point forms (Edwards, Perdiz, and Scallorn) are present from several areas. In addition, a possible Middle Archaic La Jita point was recovered. The bone tempered Native American wares could date as early as AD 1250, though they could also reflect proto-historic or colonial age materials. Other ceramics primarily suggest a mid-nineteenthto midtwentieth-century occupation. Using the midpoints of the 1-sigma distribution, calibrated radiocarbon dates show use of San Pedro Park from as early as 100 AD (CAR 345; 1905 +/22 Radiocarbon Years Before Present [RCYBP]) to as recently as the early twentieth century. The more recent end of that range is a function of two late dates from two different areas of the park. The first of these is on a bison bone (CAR 344) that returned a date of 158 +/23 RCYBP. The second is on a bone consistent with a bison-sized animal (CAR 346) that produced a date of 155 +/23 RCYBP. The corrected, calibrated dates for these two samples range from AD 1670 to the early 1940s using the 1-sigma spread. The wide range of these dates is related to the flat calibration curve late in time. However, the most probable date range (ca. 36% probability) for these two dates is between AD 1729 and 1779, with a roughly 48% probability that they date prior to AD 1779. Limited testing suggests that, with a few specific exceptions, the upper 30-40 cm of San Pedro Park is extensively disturbed. However, though some disturbances are present, at least three areas have materials in what appears to be good context. These include material dating to the Late Archaic, Late Prehistoric, and possibly the Proto-historic or Colonial Period. Based on historic maps, previous work, and the current investigation, CAR proposes a series of management areas for San Pedro Park. If work in these management areas follows these suggestions for various limits on subsurface impacts, CAR recommends that

The Colony Church Site (41RA31): A Caddo Mound Center in the Upper Sabine River Basin, Rains County, Texas

Abstract: INTRODUCTION The Colony Church site (41RA31) is an ancestral Caddo mound center in the Post Oak Savannah of the upper Sabine River basin in East Texas (Figure 1); it is the westernmost Caddo mound site on the Sabine River. The site was recorded in the late 1960s, as part of an archaeological survey of the proposed Mineola Reservoir on the Sabine River (Malone 1970). The reservoir was never constructed.

Caddo Archaeological Sites on San Pedro Creek in Houston County, Texas: San Pedro de los Nabedaches

Abstract: INTRODUCTION The Nabedache Caddo that lived on San Pedro Creek in Houston County in the East Texas Pineywoods (Figure 1) were a prominent nation during the early years of European contact, from ca. A.D. 1687-1730. Their villages, hamlets, and farmsteads sat astride an aboriginal trail that came to be known as El Camino Real de los Tejas, and thus their community was a principal gateway to Europeans and other Native American Spanish mission in East Texas was established amidst the Nabedache Caddo community (Weddle 2012:2).