Black carbon (BC) is an important pool of the global C cycle, because it cycles much more slowly than others and may even be managed for C sequestration. Using stable isotope techniques, we investigated the fate of BC applied to a savanna Oxisol in Colombia at rates of 0, 11.6, 23.2 and 116.1 t BC ha -1 , as well as its effect on non-BC soil organic C. During the rainy seasons of 2005 and 2006, soil respiration was measured using soda lime traps, particulate and dissolved organic C (POC and DOC) moving by saturated flow was sampled continuously at 0.15 and 0.3 m, and soil was sampled to 2.0 m. Black C was found below the application depth of 0-0.1 m in the 0.15-0.3 m depth interval, with migration rates of 52.4 ± 14.5, 51.8 ± 18.5 and 378.7 ± 196.9 kg C ha -1 yr -1 (± SE) where 11.6, 23.2 and 116.1 t BC ha -1 , respectively, had been applied. Over 2 years after application, 2.2% of BC applied at 23.2 t BCha -1 was lost by respiration, and an even smaller fraction of 1% was mobilized by percolating water. Carbon from BC moved to a greater extent as DOC than POC. The largest flux of BC from the field (20-53% of applied BC) was not accounted for by our measurements and is assumed to have occurred by surface runoff during intense rain events. Black C caused a 189% increase in aboveground biomass production measured 5 months after application (2.4-4.5 additional dry biomass ha -1 where BC was applied), and this resulted in greater amounts of non-BC being respired, leached and found in soil for the duration of the experiment. These increases can be quantitatively explained by estimates of greater belowground net primary productivity with BC addition.

Fate of soil applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration [Approved article]

Sand and Sandstone

Eating and Healing is aimed at exploring the idea that food can heal. The underlying argument of the volume is that, around the world, indigenous and rural people do not separate food and medicine, but rather consider them in a continuum. From the use in Spain of herbal teas as digestive beverages, to the antioxidant properties of Tibetan foods, we learn that the continuum concept is not unique to a single culture, but a common way in which humans use the natural environment. The various chapters of the volume describe a range of wild and semi-domesticated foods that traditionally have been used both as food and medicine. Although most chapters focus on the use of wild and semi-domesticated plants, the consumption of other foods (i.e., fish, mushrooms, seaweed) suggests that the overlapping nature of food and medicine is not particular to the plant kingdom, but a common way of conceptualizing. The publication of this volume is timely. The book appears at a moment in which the use of food as medicine is gaining attention among the general public in Western society. The volume, however, presents a refreshing perspective of the link between food intake and health. While medical doctors recommend the intake of dietary supplements and food scientists work to develop new “miraculous” foods (such as the golden rice) containing the nutrients lacking in many diets, this book is a call to go back to the essentials, to look at the local resources around us, and to consider the cultural context interwoven with the consumption of foods and medicines. As a whole, however, the volume does not present an overly optimistic and simplistic approach. Throughout the book, different authors point at three potential caveats of generalizing the ingestion of traditional foods as medicines. First, plants that are highly nutritious also have the potential to be highly toxic, so it is not possible to generalize their consumption without further inspection. Second, the eating of traditional foods and medicines is culturally prescribed and their intake disregarding the cultural system associated to them can result in a loss of effectiveness. Last, promoting the consumption of wild foods as medicines can increase the demand of those foods with potential pernicious effects on their sustainable use because of overextraction. By addressing the interface between food, medicine, and culture, Eating and Healing fills an important gap in ethnobiological research. The volume, however, would have benefited from including more quantitative contributions testing the various hypotheses presented. For example, quantitative data should allow researchers to test whether, in fact, people maintaining traditional diets enjoy better health. Future studies on the topic would benefit from using quantitative methods to test the relations between food and medicine. Victoria Reyes-García Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambiental Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain Victoria.Reyes@uab.es

First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies

Cite this Record Perttula, Timothy K. (2018) \"8th Edition of The Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and History of the Caddo Indian Peoples of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas,\" Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2018, Article 1. https://doi.org/ 10.21112/ita.2018.1.1 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2018/iss1/1

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8th Edition of The Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and History of the Caddo Indian Peoples of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas

The plant remains

The Caddo Nation: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives

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East Texas Caddo Ceramic Sherd Database

AND MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Archeological testing at the Lang Pasture site (41AN38) and nearby Site 41AN159, was carried out in 2004 by a team of archeologists from Coastal Environments, Inc. and Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC, working under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3333. Based on these efforts, it was determined that the Lang Pasture site had considerable research potential, as it contained remains of prehistoric Caddo domestic habitation and associated burial features. 41AN159 was found to have been seriously disturbed by historic agricultural activities, and to thus have no significant research potential. Data recovery investigations were recommended for the Lang Pasture Site in anticipation of planned widening of State Highway 155, within the right-of-way of which a significant portion of the site was located. The data recovery work sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation and completed in 2006 by a team from Coastal Environments, Inc. and Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC at the Lang Pasture site (41AN38) was carried out under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4040. This work obtained a wealth of new archeological, bioarchaeological, and paleoenvironmental information about the lives and practices of prehistoric ancestors of the Caddo Indian peoples. This multi­ disciplinary work has cast a new light on the character and pace of native history of the Caddo in the East Texas region. The data recovery investigations have been particularly important in advancing the field of Caddo archeology in several different respects: (1) work completed in 14 to early 15 century A.D. domestic habitation contexts resulted in the identification of a well-defined series of features from prehistoric Caddo houses, specialized structures (i.e., granaries or ramadas/arbors), and ancillary outdoor activity areas, such that the character of a rural domestic Caddo household in much of East Texas (or at least the Neches-Angelina River basins) has come into better focus; (2) the exposure and excavation of a Caddo family cemetery— and the attempt to determine the regional context for changes in Caddo diet and health—has contributed to an understanding of the bioarcheological character of the Caddo people in the upper Neches River basin that is unparalleled anywhere in the larger Caddo archeological area. The bioarcheological information on diet, health, and pathologies obtained during the course of the Lang Pasture site work provides a sweeping view of more than 800 years of Caddo life that will be relevant to understanding different Caddo peoples and groups in other parts of the Caddo world; (3) the Lang Pasture archeological and bioarcheological investigations were done in consultation with the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. That consultation has allowed the Caddo peoples to keep abreast of the bioarcheological approach and findings, and to provide their perspectives on the meaning of the findings from these investigations. This is a first for the field of Caddo archeology, and it is a step in the right direction of making room for the Caddo peoples to be full partners in future Caddo archeological and bioarcheological investigations in their traditional homelands. Robert Cast and Bobby Gonzalez of the Caddo Nation have offered their impressions of this work and of the overall project, and these are included in the final chapter of this report; and (4) finally, the identification of the family cemetery at the Lang Pasture site—as well as the associated funerary offerings placed in each of the graves— allowed for the regional consideration of Caddo mortuary practices based on a study of a number of upper Neches River basin Caddo cemeteries. Additionally, the study of the style, manufacture, and function of Technical Report No. 174202 i Abstract and Management Summaryand Management Summary mortuary ceramic vessels in the region permitted the first examination of issues of style and stylistic change, social identity, and changes in culinary traditions as possible manifestations of changes in ceramic practice that occurred among Caddo groups living in the upper Neches River valley of East Texas between the 14 to 17 centuries A.D. The mortuary ceramics from upper Neches River basin Caddo sites illustrate broad continuities in ceramic practice, particularly in terms of vessel decoration and vessel form, but also demonstrate patterns in technical choices that are very different than what is documented in domestic Caddo ceramic assemblages of the same age and made by the same social group of potters. The ceramic-practice data from both domestic and mortuary contexts has been employed to posit the existence of a distinctive upper Neches Caddo ceramic tradition. A report on archeological testing at nearby Site 41AN159 is included as an appendix to this report. The senior author of this report, Jon C. Lohse, served as Project Archeologist, and Robert Ricklis and Timothy Perttula were Co-Principal Investigators. The non-mortuary portion of the collection from 41AN38, as well as artifacts recovered during testing at nearby 41AN159, along with associated field and laboratory records, are permanently curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin. Human remains from burials, and associated funerary offerings, are being repatriated to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma (Binger, Oklahoma). Technical Report No. 174202 ii 1 1 3 4 Archeological Investigations at the Lang Pasture Site (41AN38) in the Upper Neches River Basin of East Texas Texas Department of Transportation

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Timothy K. Perttula

Papers

8th Edition of The Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and History of the Caddo Indian Peoples of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas

The Caddo Nation: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives

East Texas Caddo Ceramic Sherd Database

Archeological Investigations at the Lang Pasture Site (41AN38) in the Upper Neches River Basin of East Texas

Prehistoric Settlement Patterns at Lake Fork Reservoir